Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh

The Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh is awarded by the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine to a person who has made any highly important and valuable addition to Practical Therapeutics^{[ clarification needed ]} in the previous five years. The prize, which may be awarded biennially, was founded in 1878 by Andrew Robertson Cameron of Richmond, New South Wales, with a sum of £2,000. The University's senatus academicus may require the prizewinner to deliver one or more lectures or to publish an account on the addition made to Practical Therapeutics. ^[1] A list of recipients of the prize dates back to 1879.

Cameron Prize Recipients

Year	Image	Laureate	Institution	Interest	Ref
1879		Paul Bert	Faculty of Sciences, Paris The Sorbonne	Decompression sickness, toxicity of high concentrations of oxygen	[2]
1880		William Roberts	Owens College, Manchester	Discovered the antibacterial effects of penicillium moulds, coined the word "enzyme"	[3]
1889		Louis Pasteur	Pasteur Institute	Principles of vaccination, first vaccines for rabies and anthrax, microbial fermentation, pasteurization first resolution of optical isomers	[4]
1890		Joseph Lister	King's College Hospital, London	Pioneer of antiseptic surgery	[5]
1891		David Ferrier	King's College Hospital, London	Cortical localisation	[6] [7]
1893		Victor Horsley	National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy	Developed the Horsley–Clarke apparatus, stereotactic neurosurgery, epilepsy	[8]
1894		Emil von Behring	University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany	Diphtheria antitoxin	[9]
1896		William Macewen	University of Glasgow	Aseptic procedures in the operating theatre, a pioneer of brain surgery and for the development of a number of successful operating techniques and procedures in bone surgery	[10]
1897		Thomas Fraser	Department of Materia Medica Edinburgh	Introduced strophanthus and physostigmine	[11]
1898		Sydney Copeman	Ministry of Health. UK	Authority on vaccination	[12]
1899		David Bruce	Netley Hospital at Netley, UK	Investigated brucellosis and trypanosomes, identifying the cause of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)	[13]
1900		Waldemar Haffkine	Pasteur Institute in Paris	Vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague	[14]
1901		Patrick Manson	The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine	Discoveries in parasitology and a founder of the field of tropical medicine
1902		Ronald Ross	University College, Liverpool, United Kingdom	Malaria, by which he showed how it enters the organism. Won Nobel Prize in 1902	[9]
1904		Niels Ryberg Finsen	Copenhagen University Hospital	Treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation. Won Nobel Prize in 1903	[9]
1910		August Bier	Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin	Spinal anesthesia using cocaine and intravenous regional anesthesia	[15]
1911		Simon Flexner	Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research	Studies into poliomyelitis and the development of serum treatment for meningitis	[16]
1914		Paul Ehrlich	Frankfurt University, Germany	Hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy, discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis, concept of a silver bullet. Nobel Prize in 1908	[17]
1915		Thomas Lauder Brunton	St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London	Use of amyl nitrite to treat angina pectoris, dissertation on digitalis
1920		Robert Jones	Military orthopaedic hospital at Liverpool	Radiography in orthopaedics, described the Jones fracture.	[18]
1921		Jules Bordet	Université Libre de Bruxelles	Development of serological tests for syphilis, isolated Bordetella pertussis in pure culture in 1906 and posited it as the cause of whooping cough. Nobel Prize 1921.	[19]
1922		Frederick Hopkins	University of Cambridge	Discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins, the amino acid tryptophan and the discovery and characterization of glutathione. Nobel Prize 1929.	[20]
1923		J J R Macleod	University of Toronto	Isolation of insulin, Nobel Prize 1923	[21]
1924		Harvey Cushing	Harvard Medical School [22]	Cushing's disease	[23]
1925		Rudolf Magnus	University Medical Center Utrecht	Diuretic effect of the excretions of the pituitary gland, the reflexes involved in mammal posture, studied the effects of narcotics and poison gasses on the lungs	[24]
1926		Henry Hallett Dale	National Institute for Medical Research	Study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. Nobel Prize 1936	[25]
1927		Frederick Banting	University of Toronto	Treated dogs so that they no longer produced trypsin, insulin could then be extracted and used to treat diabetes. Nobel Prize 1923	[26]
1928		Constantin Levaditi	Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy	Discovered in the presence of the polio virus in tissues other than nervous and this was the basis for the development of vaccine (by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin)	[27]
1929		Leonard Rogers	Hospital for Tropical Diseases	Effects of hæmostatic and other drugs on the intravascular coagulability of the blood and treatment of cholera with hypertonic saline, worked on Entamoeba histolytica, which he correctly associated with both dysentery and hepatic abscess	[28]
1930		George R Minot	Harvard University	Discovered an effective treatment for pernicious anemia. Nobel Prize 1934	[29]
		William P. Murphy	Brigham Hospital, Boston	Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Minot and George Whipple combined work in devising and treating macrocytic anemia (specifically, pernicious anemia). :iver had been tried on people with pernicious anemia and later were able to isolate Vitamin B12	[30]
1931		Marie Curie	École Normale Supérieure	First woman to win a Nobel Prize with her husband, coined the word "radioactivity", and isolated radium chloride and pure radium. Nobel Prizes 1903 and 1911	[31]
1932		Edward Mellanby	University of Sheffield	Determined that cause of rickets is lack of vitamin D	[32]
1933		Gladys Rowena Henry Dick	University of Chicago	Isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the Dick Test	[33]
		George Frederick Dick	University of Chicago	Isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the Dick Test	[33]
1935		Edward Albert Sharpey Schafer	University of Edinburgh	Founder of endocrinology, coined the word "insulin" after theorising that a single substance from the pancreas was responsible for diabetes mellitus. Schafer's method of artificial respiration, introduced the use of suprarenal extract (containing adrenaline as well as other active substances)	[34]
1936		Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases in Vienna	Introduced malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica (neurosyphilis) and research on goiter, cretinism, and iodine. Nobel Prize 1927	[35]
1937		Carl Hamilton Browning	University of Glasgow	Worked in Germany with Paul Ehrlich, discovered the therapeutic qualities of acridine dyes	[36]
1938		James B Collip	McGill University in Montreal	Working with the Toronto group that isolated insulin he prepared a pancreatic extract pure enough to be used in clinical trials, pioneering work with parathyroid hormone. Nobel Prize 1923	[37]
1938		Karl Landsteiner	University of Vienna Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research	Discovered three human blood groups (O, A, and B), the Rhesus factor, and isolated the polio virus. Nobel Prize 1930	[38]
1939		Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk	Bayer laboratories at Wuppertal	Discoverer of sulfonamidochrysoidine (Prontosil) effective against streptococci, eventually led to the development of the antituberculosis drugs thiosemicarbazone and isoniazid. Nobel Prize 1939, lectured in 1954 (forced until then to decline Nobel Prize)	[39]
1940		Charles Dodds	Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry	Pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH, the discovery of stilboestrol, a synthetic and powerfully active non-steroid analogue of the naturally occurring oestrogenic hormone	[40]
1944		Otto Loewi	New York University College of Medicine	Showed Acetylcholine to be released by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and augmentation of adrenaline release by cocaine, a connection between digitalis and the action of calcium. Invented the mydriatic test in which an experimental form of diabetes in dogs led a change in the response of the eye to adrenaline. Nobel Prize 1936	[41]
1945		Alexander Fleming	St Mary's Hospital, London	Discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928. Nobel Prize 1945 with Florey	[42]
1945		Howard Florey	University of Oxford	Carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941. Nobel Prize 1945 shared with Fleming	[43]
1946		Albert Szent-Györgyi	National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland	Discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what became known as the Krebs cycle. Nobel Prize 1937	[44]
1947		Neil Hamilton Fairley	London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine	Saved thousands of Allied lives from malaria and other diseases during World War II, researched quinine, sulphonamides, atebrin, plasmoquine, and paludrine	[45]
1948		Edwin B. Astwood	Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston	Hormonal control of the mammary gland, the initial rise in uterine weight in response to estrogen could be suppressed by progesterone and the basic mechanisms of thyroid physiology and assessment of relative potency of antithyroid drugs in man, established rational therapeutic regimens for most thyroid diseases, identification of a third pituitary gonadotropin, which he named luteotrophin.	[46]
1949		Daniel Bovet	University of Rome La Sapienza.	Antihistamines discovered succinylcholine to be a depolarizing muscle relaxant. He also synthesized gallamine, the first completely artificial curariform drug to be clinically useful, work on synthetic analogs of bioactive amines and antihistamines. Nobel Prize 1957.	[47]
1950		Rudolph Albert Peters	Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham	British Anti-Lewisite (Dimercaprol) and treatment of post-arsphenamine jaundice researched pyruvate metabolism, focussing particularly on the toxicity of fluoroacetate	[48]
1951		Tadeusz Reichstein	Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Basel	Synthesized vitamin C by what is now called the Reichstein process, isolated aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal cortex. Nobel Prize 1950 Jointly with Kendall	[49]
		E C Kendall	Princeton University	Isolation of thyroxine, the active principle of the thyroid gland, the crystallization of glutathione, the hormones of the cortex of the adrenal glands and the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisone. Nobel Prize 1950	[50]
1954		Russell Claude Brock	Guy's and the Brompton hospitals	Cardiac surgeon, operated on Fallot's tetralogy patients with pulmonary stenosis and mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever, introduced new developments, notably hypothermia and the heart-lung machine	[51]
1956		William D.M. Paton	University of Oxford	Interest in hyperbaric physiology, cholinergic transmission in particular decamethonium and hexamethonium, histamine release by licheniform and other basic substances, mechanism of action of gaseous anaesthetic agents, pharmacology of cannabis, the rate theory of drug action	[52]
		Eleanor J Zaimis	The Royal Free Hospital, London	muscle relaxants and ganglionic blockers, the structure-activity relationships of methonium compounds	[53]
1958		Charles B Huggins	University of Chicago	Discovered in 1941 that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers, specializing in prostate cancer, castration or estrogen administration led to glandular atrophy, androgen ablation of metastases, development of biomarker based on serum phosphatase. Nobel Prize 1966	[54]
1960		John F Enders	Children's Hospital Boston	In vitro culture of poliovirus, isolated measles virus and began development of measles vaccine and conducted trials on 1,500 mentally retarded children in New York City and 4,000 children in Nigeria. Nobel Prize 1954	[55]
1962		Alan Sterling Parkes	University College, London	Reproductive biology, research in low-temperature biology leading to the discovery that glycerol protected spermatozoa against damage during freezing and storage at very low temperatures	[56]
1964		Willem J Kolff	University of Utah	Pioneer of hemodialysis for kidney failure and the development of artificial organs, in particular the artificial heart	[57]
1966		Gregory Pincus	Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts	Confirmed earlier research that progesterone would act as an inhibitor to ovulation, co-inventor the combined oral contraceptive pill, in vitro fertilization in rabbits	[58]
1968		Robert Gwyn Macfarlane	Oxford University	Deciphered the enzymic cascade of blood coagulation and the treatment of haemophilia, studied the venom of many different snakes and isolated the poison of the Russell's Viper	[59]
1970		Georges Mathé	Hôpital Paul-Brousse	Performed the first bone marrow graft and first successful kidney grafts between unrelated donors, the development of several important immunosuppressant molecules such as acriflavine, bestatine, ellipticine, oxaliplatin, triptoreline and vinorelbine	[60]
1972		George H Hitchings	Wellcome Research Laboratories, Tuckahoe, New York	Work included 2,6-diaminopurine (a compound to treat leukemia) and p-chlorophenoxy-2,4-diaminopyrimidine (a folic acid antagonist), new drug therapies for malaria (pyrimethamine), leukemia (6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine), gout (allopurinol), organ transplantation (azathioprine) and bacterial infections (co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim) pointed the way that led to major antiviral drugs for herpes infections (acyclovir) and AIDS (zidovudine). Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Black	[61]
1974		John Charnley	Wrightington Hospital, Lancashire	British orthopaedic surgeon pioneered hip replacement, development of the low friction arthroplasty concept, use of bone cement that acted as a grout rather than glue	[62]
1976		Norman Shumway	Stanford University	Human heart transplant operation, pioneered the use of cyclosporine to prevent rejection.	[63]
1978		Sune K Bergstrom	Karolinska Institute, Stockholm	Succeeded in producing pure prostaglandins and determining the chemical structures of two important examples, PGE and PGF, showed that these are formed through the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, used to trigger contractions during childbirth, induce abortions, or reduce the risk of gastric ulcer. Nobel Prize 1982 Shared with John Vane
1980		James Black	King's College Hospital Medical School, London	Developed propranolol, a beta-blocker that has a calming effect on the heart by blocking the receptor for adrenaline, [64] developed cimetidine that suppresses the formation of gastric acid and is used to fight ulcers. Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Hitchings
1988		Hans W Kosterlitz	University of Aberdeen	Endorphins, used electrically stimulated strip of guinea pig intestine to assess opiate activity in pig brain homogenates.	[65]
1990	Roy Yorke Calne	University of Cambridge	organ transplantation pioneer, improvement of immunosuppression techniques
1993		Virgil Craig Jordan	Georgetown University	Discovered the breast cancer prevention properties of tamoxifen, the prevention of multiple diseases in women using his new discovery, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene trial. [66]	[67]
1996		Patrick Humphrey	Glaxo	Pharmacological profile of selective 5-HT 4 receptor agonists, TD-5108, tegaserod, adenosine A1 receptor agonists. [68] 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, triptans as the most important breakthrough in headache medicine – Sumatriptan, naratriptan, alosetron, ondansetron, vapiprost and salmeterol	[69]
2004		Ravinder Nath Maini	Imperial College School of Medicine	Identified TNF alpha as a key cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis and discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment	[70]
		Marc Feldmann	Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford	Discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, infliximab and etanercept, treatments for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis	[71] [72]
2007		Garret A. FitzGerald	University of Pennsylvania	Prostanoid research, pharmacological inhibition of COXs versus the microsomal PGE synthase– 1, [73] involved in the interdisciplinary PENTACON consortium, integration of basic and clinical research in yeast, mammalian cells, fish, mice and humans with the objective of predicting NSAID efficacy and cardiovascular hazard in patients	[74]
2017		Sally Davies	Chief Medical Officer for England	Disorders of the blood and bone, sickle cell disease.
2020		Michael Sofia	Arbutus Biopharma	sofosbuvir, a cure for Hepatitis C. [75]	[76]
2022		Katalin Karikó	University of Pennsylvania	for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19	[77]
		Drew Weissman	University of Pennsylvania	for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19	[77]
2023

See also

• List of medicine awards

References

1. "The Cameron Prize Lectures". Lancet. 206 (5332): 979. 1925. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)69072-X.
2. Hart, Ernest, ed. (9 August 1879). "University of Edinburgh:Cameron Prize". British Medical Journal. London. II: 235.
3. "Fellowships, Scholarships, Bursaries and Prizes in Medicine". The Edinburgh University Calendar. Edinburgh: James Thin. 1888–1889. p. 421.
4. Hart, Ernest, ed. (6 July 1889). "Edinburgh". British Medical Journal. London. II (1488): 343.
5. Fisher, Richard B. (1977). Joseph Lister, 1827–1912. New York: Stein and Day. p. 292. ISBN   978-0812821567. OCLC   2595463.
6. "Fellowships, Scholarships, Bursaries and Prizes in Medicine". The Edinburgh University Calendar. Edinburgh: James Thin. 1893–1894. p. 520.
7. Sandrone, S (2014). "David Ferrier (1843-1928)" (PDF). J Neurol. 261 (6): 1247–1248. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-7023-y. hdl:20.500.11850/383939. PMID   23846770. S2CID   2849337.
8. Aminoff, Michael J. (2022). "Measures of the Man". The World's First Neurosurgeon and His Conscience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 89–104.
9. Schlessinger, Bernard S.; Schlessinger, June H., eds. (1996). "Medicine and physiology". The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 94.
10. "Scotland". The Lancet. London. II: 497. 15 August 1896.
11. "Sir Thomas Richard Fraser, M.D., F.R.S., LL.D.Aberd., Glasg., Edin., Sc.D.Camb., Etc., Emeritus Professor Of Materia Medica And Clinical Medicine In The University Of Edinburgh". The British Medical Journal. 1 (3081): 100–101. 17 January 1920. ISSN   0007-1447. JSTOR   20339801.
12. MacNalty, A. S.; Craigie, J. (1948). "Sydney Arthur Monckton Copeman. 1862-1947". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6 (17): 37–50. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1948.0018. ISSN   1479-571X. JSTOR   768910. S2CID   162306021.
13. "Major-General Sir David Bruce KCB". Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps Volumes 118–119. Royal Army Medical Corps. 118–119: 144. 1903.
14. Hawgood, Barbara J (February 2007). "Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India" (PDF). Journal of Medical Biography. 15 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59. PMID   17356724. S2CID   42075270.
15. "Bier, August Karl Gustav (1861 - 1949)". Plarr’s Lives of the Fellows. The Royal College of Surgeons of England. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
16. Rous, Frances Peyton (November 1949). "Simon Flexner, 1863-1946". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 6 (18): 408–445. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1949.0006. ISSN   1479-571X. S2CID   159733258.
17. Mechnikov, Ilya. "Paul Ehrlich". Nobel Prize. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
18. American Orthopedic Association; British Orthopædic Association (1920). "News notes". The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. University of Chicago. 2: 483. LCCN   52032149.
19. "Curriculum Vitae Professor Dr Jules J. B. V. Bordet" (PDF). German National Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina. Halle (Saale): Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina e. V. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
20. Hopkins, F. G. (27 October 1923). "Cameron Prize Lectures ON THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE VITAMIN PROBLEM: Delivered in the University of Edinburgh, June 27th and 28th, 1923". BMJ. 2 (3278): 748–750. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3278.748. PMC   2317579 . PMID   20771329.
21. "Biography of John James Rickard Macleod (1876-1935)". The Discovery and Early Development of Insulin. University of Toronto Library. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
22. Feldberg, W. S. (November 1970). "Henry Hallett Dale. 1875-1968". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society. 16: 77–174. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0006. ISSN   0080-4606. JSTOR   769587. PMID   11615480. S2CID   7383038.
23. "Scientific Notes and News". Science. 62 (1607): 347–349. 16 October 1925. doi:10.1126/science.62.1607.347.
24. "Cameron Prize Lectures ON SOME RESULTS OF STUDIES IN THE PHYSIOLOGY OF POSTURE". The Lancet. 208 (5377): 585–588. September 1926. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)10017-6.
25. Feldberg, W. S. (1970). "Henry Hallett Dale. 1875-1968". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Royal Society. 16: 77–174. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1970.0006. ISSN   0080-4606. JSTOR   769587. PMID   11615480. S2CID   7383038.
26. "Notice for Banting's Cameron Prize Lecture". The Discovery and Early Decvelopment of Insulin. Toronto: University of Toronto Library. 30 October 1928. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
27. "Scientific Notes and News". Science. 67 (1729): 187–191. 1928. doi:10.1126/science.67.1729.187. ISSN   0036-8075. JSTOR   1652570.
28. Scott, Henry Harold (1939). A History of Tropical Medicine: Based on the Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered Before the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1937-38. Vol. 1. E. Arnold & Company. p. 645.
29. Schlessinger, Bernard S.; Schlessinger, June H., eds. (1996). "Medicine and physiology". The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 286.
30. Schlessinger, Bernard S.; Schlessinger, June H., eds. (1996). "Medicine and physiology". The who's who of Nobel Prize winners, 1901-1995. Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. p. 287.
31. "Marie Curie". Physics History Network - People. American Institute of Physics. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
32. "OBITUARY". BMJ. 1 (4909): 355–361. 5 February 1955. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4909.355. S2CID   220164122.
33. Stanley, Autumn (1995). Mothers and Daughters of Invention: Notes for a Revised History of Technology. Rutgers University Press. p. 157. ISBN   978-0-8135-2197-8.
34. "Sir Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer, 1850-1935". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (4): 400–407. December 1935. doi: 10.1098/rsbm.1935.0005 .
35. Whitrow, Magda (August 1993). "Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857–1940)". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (3): 137–143. doi:10.1177/096777209300100302. PMID   11615254. S2CID   30909638.
36. Oakley, C. L. (1973). "Carl Hamilton Browning. 1881-1972". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 173–215. ISSN   0080-4606. JSTOR   769560. PMID   11615721.
37. Barr, ML; Rossiter, RJ (1973). "James Bertram Collip, 1892-1965". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19: 235–67. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1973.0009. PMID   11615724. S2CID   35038024.
38. Shaw, Lily BZL; Shaw, Robert A (August 2016). "The Pre- Anschluss Vienna School of Medicine – The medical scientists: Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) and Otto Loewi (1873–1961)". Journal of Medical Biography. 24 (3): 289–301. doi:10.1177/0967772014533062. PMID   25052151. S2CID   20840435.
39. "Prof. Gerhard Domagk Dead; Won '39 Nobel Prize for Drug; Developed Prontosil, the First Sulfonamide — Studied Cancer and TB". The New York Times Company. The New York Times. 26 April 1964. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
40. Dickens, Frank (November 1975). "Edward Charles Dodds, 13 October 1899 - 16 December 1973". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 21: 227–267. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1975.0006. PMID   11615718. S2CID   1912525.
41. Kurian, George Thomas (2002). The Nobel Scientists: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Prometheus Books. p. 283. ISBN   978-1-57392-927-1.
42. "Sir Alexander Fleming, F.R.C.S." History. Rockville: The American Association of Immunologists. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
43. "Announcements". Nature. 155 (3932): 299. March 1945. doi: 10.1038/155299e0 .
44. "Albert Szent-Györgyi". The Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
45. Woodruff, AW (1966). "Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley". Munks Roll. Royal College of Physicians. VI: 171.
46. Greep, Roy O.; Greer, Monte A. (1985). Edwin Bennett Astwood 1909—1976 (PDF). Washington: National Academy of Sciences. p. 30.
47. "Daniel Bovet". The Nobel Foundation. Nobel Prize Outreach AB 202. 1957. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
48. Thompson, R. H. S.; Ogston, A. G. (1983). "Rudolph Albert Peters. 13 April 1889-29 January 1982". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 29: 495–523. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1983.0018. ISSN   0080-4606. JSTOR   769811. S2CID   71876050.
49. Rothschild, Miriam (1999). "Tadeus Reichstein. 20 July 1897-1 August 1996". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 45: 451–467. ISSN   0080-4606. JSTOR   770287. PMID   11624287.
50. "Announcements" (PDF). Nature. 167 (4254): 756. 12 May 1951. doi:10.1038/167756e0.
51. "Russell Claude Brock". Edinburgh Medical Journal. Oliver and Boyd: 313. 1954.
52. "OBITUARY Sir William Paton, CBE DM FRCP FRS". British Journal of Pharmacology. Macmillan Press Ltd. 113: 1079–1080. 1994.
53. Paton, William; Wolstenholme, Gordon; Luniewska, Valérie. "Eleanor Zaimis". Munk's Roll. London: Royal College of Physicians. VII, 1915–1982: 628.
54. Lindsten, Jan (1999). Nobel Lectures Physiology Or Medicine, 1963-1970. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 248. ISBN   978-981-02-3412-6.
55. Enders, JF (12 February 1961). "Vaccination against measles: Francis Home redivivus". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 34 (3–4): 239–60. PMC   2605051 . PMID   13890171.
56. Lamming, G.E., ed. (1994). Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction. Vol. 3 (4th ed.). Chapman & Hall. pp. xviii. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1286-4. ISBN   978-94-010-4561-2. S2CID   36620187.
57. Appropriations, United States Congress Senate Committee on (1964). Labor-Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1965: Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, Eighty-eighth Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 10809, Making Appropriations for the Departments of Labor and Health, Education, and Welfare, and Related Agencies, for the Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1965, and for Other Purposes . . Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2451.
58. Ingle, Dwight J. (1971). Gregory Goodwin Pincus (PDF). Washington: National Academy of Sciences.
59. Born, Gustav Victor Rudolf; Weatherall, David John (March 1990). "Robert Gwyn MacFarlane, 26 June 1907 — 26 March 1987". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 35: 209–245. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1990.0010. PMID   11622278. S2CID   32223845.
60. Gaston-Mathé, Catherine (2017). "Georges Mathé : a pioneer of modern immunotherapy and oncology" (PDF). Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Santé. Paris. OCLC   972902883 . Retrieved 26 January 2023.
61. Garfield, Eugene (24 July 1989). "The 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine: Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings Ennoble Pharmaceutical Research" (PDF). Essays of an Information Scientist. 12 (30): 201–212.
62. Waugh, William (6 December 2012). John Charnley: The Man and the Hip. Springer Science & Business Media. p. Appendix. ISBN   978-1-4471-3159-5.
63. Robbins, Robert C (2000). "Profiles in Cardiology, Norman E. Shumway". Clinical Cardiology. 23 (6): 462–466. doi:10.1002/clc.4960230620. PMC   6654789 . PMID   10875041.
64. Hothersall, J (2011). "The design, synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists". Br J Pharmacol. 164 (2): 317–31. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01269.x. PMC   3174413 . PMID   21323900.
65. Hughes, J (1975). "Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity". Nature. 258 (5536): 577–580. Bibcode:1975Natur.258..577H. doi:10.1038/258577a0. PMID   1207728. S2CID   95411.
66. Piana, Ronald (10 September 2022). "V. Craig Jordan, CMG, OBE, PhD, DSc, FMedSci, the 'Father of Tamoxifen,' Recounts a Life of Adventure and Science". The Asco post. HSP News Service, L.L.C. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
67. Piana, Ronald (10 September 2022). "V. Craig Jordan, CMG, OBE, PhD, DSc, FMedSci, the 'Father of Tamoxifen,' Recounts a Life of Adventure and Science". Alexandria, VA: HSP News Service, L.L.C., American Society of Clinical Oncology. The Asco Post. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
68. Humphrey, P (2007). "The discovery of a new drug class for the acute treatment of migraine". Headache. 47 Suppl 1: S10-19. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2007.00672.x . PMID   17425704. S2CID   12201740.
69. "Patrick P A Humphrey". International Headache Society. London. Retrieved 26 January 2023.
70. Who's Who in Science and Engineering 2008-2009. Marquis Who's Who. December 2007. p. 1127. ISBN   978-0-8379-5768-5.
71. Who's Who in Science and Engineering 2008-2009. Marquis Who's Who. December 2007. p. 517. ISBN   978-0-8379-5768-5.
72. "Professor Sir Marc Feldmann". Faculty of Medicine, Densistry and Health Sciences. University of Melbourne. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
73. FitzGerald, Garret (2001). "COX-2 inhibitors and the cardiovascular system". Clin Exp Rheumatol. 19 (6 Suppl 25): S31-6. PMID   11695249.
74. "Garret A. FitzGerald CV" (PDF). Membership directory. Halle: eutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina e. V. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
75. "Inventor of Hepatitis C cure receives prestigious prize". News. University of Edinburgh. 1 May 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
76. "Inventor of Hepatitis C cure receives prestigious prize". News. University of Edinburgh. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
77. "Covid-19 vaccine scientists win prestigious prize". University of Edinburgh. News. 6 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.