Criticism of Apple Inc.

Last updated

Apple Inc. has been the subject of criticism and legal action. This includes its handling labor violations at its outsourced manufacturing hubs in China, its environmental impact of its supply chains, tax and monopoly practices, a lack of diversity and women in leadership in corporate and retail, various labor conditions (mishandling sexual misconduct complaints), and its response to worker organizing.

Contents

Antitrust and anti-competitive practices

United States v. Apple is an antitrust lawsuit by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) in 2024. [1] [2] The lawsuit contrasts the practices of Apple with those of Microsoft in United States v. Microsoft Corp. , and alleges that Apple engages in similar tactics and committing even more egregious violations. [3] This followed Epic Games v. Apple and the enforcement of the Digital Markets Act in the European Union. [4]

Apple, Google, and other major technology companies illegally conspired in a "no-poaching" pact to prevent employees from seeking improved compensation, which The New York Times called "embarrassing." [5] A class-action lawsuit was settled for $415 million in 2015. [6]

Intellectual property enforcement

Apple is litigious in enforcing its intellectual property (IP) rights including by challenging trademark applications. The New York Times called this bullying. This includes blocking a trademark of a logo with three interlocking apples used by the Appleton Area School District, a podcast named "Talk About Apples" from an artist in Atlanta; Apple Urgent Care in Riverside County, California; the stage name of a singer-songwriter, Franki Pineapple; [7] DOPi, a company that makes laptop bags and phone cases, for the lowercase i; and Woolworths Supermarkets, which shapes its W logo into an apple. [8] [9] NBC News referred to the practice as "lunacy". [10] In 2023, Apple attempted to gain IP rights over depictions of apples in Switzerland. [11] Smaller competitors told the United States Congress in 2020 that such "bullying" drives them out of business, stifling competition. [12] The Register wrote in 2006 that Apple "sues itself in the foot" for a lawsuit against a community site for deep linking to the MacBook Pro service manual claiming the site infringed on their IP rights. [13] Apple has pursued civil and criminal action against blogs over IP to maintain its culture of secrecy. [14]

Vendor lock-in practices

Apple has been criticized for the use of proprietary parts thereby thwarting self repair and servicing. [15] [16] Apple has similarly faced controversy for having proprietary content ecosystems where the corporation gets to set unilateral policy. These proprietary services include the iTunes music and the App Store where it gets to unilaterally determine what content will be hosted, margins, and pricing. [17] [18]

Culture of secrecy

Employees have criticized Apple's culture of secrecy saying that levels of disclosure create hierarchies of superiority at the company. [19] [20] They said it wears developers down and isolates them from their loved ones. [21] [22] In 2017, an Apple engineer was fired after his daughter recorded a video of the new iPhone X in the cafeteria and posted it to YouTube. [23] Employees and outsiders have described Apple's secretive culture as creating a culture of fear and oppression. [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] One employee told The New York Times, "Never have I met people more terrified to speak out against their employer." [29]

The Outline said the secrecy is a "needless cult" because it does not stop leaks. [30] Apple has issued misinformation to find leakers and keep the media unsure of current developments. [31] Apple coordinated 'controlled' leaks to the public to gauge viability of products such as the iPad. [32] [33] The Guardian reported research showing pre-release product information gives people the time and opportunity to consider their purchases carefully, but sudden product launches cause people to make purchases more impulsively. [34] [35]

Investigating leaks and tracking lost prototypes

Apple aggressively investigates potential leaks and prosecutes and litigates against employees who are caught. [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] In 2004, Apple sued several unnamed employees for leaking confidential information to two blogs. The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) opposed to Apple's request for discovery of the blogs' sources and in 2006, the court of appeals sided with the EFF. [41] In 2009, the strict secrecy drew ire from the public after a worker who lost a device died by suicide. [42]

In 2009, Gizmodo published an article titled, "Apple Gestapo: How Apple Hunts Down Leaks," which detailed Apple's Worldwide Loyalty Team responsible for tracking down leaks and lost prototypes. [43] [44] [45] Employees reportedly called the team the Gestapo, named after Nazi Germany's secret police. When the team suspects a leak, suspected departments are put on lockdown, searched, and asked to hand over their devices and sign non-disclosure agreements or face disciplinary action up to termination. Gizmodo and ZDNET compared the practice to George Orwell's novel 1984. [43] [46] [44] ZDNET referred to the operations as "raids" and characterized them as "quite scary." [46]

In 2010, a Reuters reporter was assaulted while taking photos outside of a Foxconn plant during an investigation. [47] Later that year, Apple obtained a search warrant to raid a Gizmodo blogger's home in search of an iPhone prototype that was purchased from someone who found it at a bar. The man who found it at the bar was charged with theft [48] and the blogger was cleared of all charges. [49] The New York Times described Apple's response to the events as "churlish". [50] CNN argued that constitutionally and under the Law of California, the district attorney should have issued a subpoena instead of a search warrant. [51] Columbia Journalism Review published an article about Apple's aggressive behavior toward journalists to maintain secrecy, referencing the Gizmodo case, but also three lawsuits Apple filed against bloggers for reporting on leaked trade secrets. [14]

The following year, Wired reported that Apple employees allegedly posed as San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) officers to search a home for a lost iPhone prototype left at a bar, which Apple tracked with GPS. [52] Four plain-clothed SFPD officers accompanied two Apple investigators to the home. Three officers flashed their badges and announced they were the police, but the investigators did not identify themselves as Apple employees. The resident presumed they were all officers and allowed the investigators to search the home. [53] [54] The resident did not know anything about the device. One Apple investigator was later identified as a former police sergeant. No report was ever filed and there is no public record of the visit. [54] [55] Time and The New York Times referred to the incident as "sketchy" and Time asked, "Does Apple have its own secret mafia?" [56] [53]

Employees have said that Apple's secrecy policies conflate legally-protected speech such as working conditions with protecting product development. [19] [20] The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) made a statement that Apple's rules and communication around secrecy violate federal labor laws after a recording of an employee townhall, which detailed workplace conditions, was leaked to the press. Tim Cook sent employees follow-up memo that said they were doing "everything in our power to identify those who leaked," that "people who leak confidential information do not belong here," and "whether it’s product IP or the details of a confidential meeting." [57] [58] [29] An employee who asked questions at the townhall and was known for activism at the company was investigated for the leak and subsequently fired after she deleted materials from her work devices. [59] [60]

Data privacy, transparency, and fair use

AI training data sources and transparency

In 2005, four voice actors, including Susan Bennett, made voice recordings as part of a database owned by Scansoft and licensed by Apple. None of them were compensated or told what the project was for. [61] [62]

In 2017, Apple announced Face ID as a neural network technology that was private and safe because it was stored locally on the device and never uploaded to the cloud. [63] [64] [65] The Verge questioned Apple's intent for future uses of the data. [66] Minnesota senator Al Franken questioned the privacy and security asking the source of Apple's facial training data (reported to be over a billion images), the diversity of the data set, and how Apple planned to respond to law enforcement requests for any facial data. Apple said in their response, "We worked with participants from around the world to include a representative group of people accounting for gender, age, ethnicity and other factors," and that studies were conducted with informed consent. [64] [67] In August 2021, The Verge published "Apple cares about privacy, unless you work at Apple," which detailed an internal tool called "Glimmer" (formerly "Gobbler") employees used to test Face ID. [68] One employee later suggested the billion images came from Apple's dogfooding, [69] a practice CEO Steve Jobs started in the 1980s. [70] In 2020, Apple said they 3D scanned hundreds off ears for the development of the AirPods in user studies which invited participation of Apple employees. [71] [72]

In 2024, Apple announced its generative artificial intelligence product was coming to devices under the name Apple Intelligence. Artists criticized Apple's lack of transparency around the sources of its training data. Apple has publicly stated that it uses a proprietary web crawler called AppleBot that scrapes "public data" from the web to train its models. Apple says it requests publisher opt-out through the use of robots.txt, which tells crawlers not to scrape certain web pages. Engadget questioned from a technological perspective if opting out was even possible once data has been added to the model. [73] CNN criticized the procedure saying it places the burden on publishers to safeguard their data from Apple. [74] John Giannandrea, head of Apple's AI and machine learning department said large amounts of training data are created by Apple. [73] CNN also questioned how Apple would use consumer data after it announced a partnership with OpenAI for use of ChatGPT. [74] Earlier in the year, Apple apologized for a "dystopian" advertisement for the iPad, which crushed art tools and musical instruments with a hydraulic press, after the ad was widely criticized by artists. [75]

In 2012, multiple groups of Chinese writers were awarded compensation of over $200,000 from Apple for hosting apps that contained unlicensed versions of their books, according to Chinese state media. [76] [77] [78] Also in 2012, a US district judge ruled that Apple infringed on The Tetris Company's copyrights when it cloned Tetris into a game called Mino. [79]

In 2023, Dan Ackerman sued Apple alleging that the film Tetris copied material from his 2016 book The Tetris Effect. [80]

In 2022 and 2023, the United States International Trade Commission ruled that Apple had infringed on health company AliveCor's electrocardiogram technology and Masimo's blood oxygen sensor patent on the Apple Watch. [81] [82] AliveCor's antitrust lawsuit was dismissed in 2024. [83] [84]

Device scanning and recording

In 2019, Apple contractor Thomas le Bonniec filed complaints with European privacy regulators and went to the press with allegations that Apple had been recording, storing, and using audio of its consumers without their knowledge or consent using Siri. [85] [86] [87] In 2020, Apple apologized and suspended the program. [88]

In 2022, Apple scrapped a plan to scan iCloud for child pornography, which received widespread criticism for its privacy and surveillance implications. [89] [90]

Environmental impact

Apple has received praise and criticism for its environmental practices. Praise was for reduction of hazardous chemicals in products and transition to clean energy supplies. Criticism was for its wasteful use of raw materials in manufacturing, its vigorous opposition to right to repair laws, and the amount of e-waste created by its products. [91] [92] [93] [94] Apple has been fined numerous times by environmental authorities for improper handling of hazardous waste under state and federal regulations by various divisions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). [95] [96] [97] In June 2024, the EPA published a report about an electronic computer manufacturing facility in Santa Clara, California that found Apple may have violated the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. [98]

Government surveillance and censorship

Leaked National Security Agency documents obtained by The Guardian [99] and The Washington Post [100] in June 2013 included Apple in the list of American companies that allegedly cooperate with PRISM, which authorizes the government to secretly access data of non-American citizens hosted by American companies without a warrant. Following the leak, government officials acknowledged [101] the existence of the program. According to the leaked documents, the NSA has direct access to servers of those companies, and the amount of data collected through the program had been growing fast in years prior to the leak. Apple has denied having any knowledge of the program. [102]

In 2019, The Atlantic published the article "Apple’s Empty Grandstanding About Privacy," which alleged that Apple enables surveillance while the CEO claims that "privacy is a fundamental human right." [103]

Apple has been criticized for censorship in compliance with authoritarian governments around the world, including during 2020 Belarusian protests, [104] during the 2022 COVID-19 protests in China, [105] [106] the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests, [107] [108] [109] the 2021 Russian legislative election, [110] the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, [111] [112] [113] [114] and for filtering out terms like "democracy" and "human rights" for iPhone engravings in Chinese and banning Muslim content from the App Store. [115] [116] Apple has also been criticized for censoring various media in the United States including books, music, podcasts, newspaper articles, and television shows. [117] [118] [119] [120] [121]

Labor conditions in corporate and retail

Apple retail employees have unionized or formed work councils worldwide in response to wages, excessive overtime, health and safety concerns, and employee surveillance. [122] [123] [124] In the United States, the company has been criticized for alleged anti-union stance and stifling worker organizing, resulting in unfair labor practice charges with the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). [125] [126] Charges have come from corporate workers, [57] who formed a solidarity union called Apple Together as a "global network of solidarity between [Apple] unions". [127] On September 30, 2024, the NLRB charged Apple with forcing employees to sign "illegal" employment contracts and "interfering" with and "restraining" their rights under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. [128] On October 10, 2024, the NLRB charged Apple with illegally firing an employee involved in #AppleToo and restricting social media and slack usage in violation of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. [129]

Privacy and surveillance

Corporate employees have criticized Apple's employee privacy rules, including a rule that says that employees have "no expectation of privacy" when using a personal device to conduct Apple-related business. They also spoke out about a practice of being discouraged from keeping a separate device for work and are expected to test software with informed consent. [68] [130] [131] Retail employees involved in unionizing used Android phones due to surveillance concerns from software Apple installs on employee devices and practices such as bag checks. [132] [133] [134]

Diversity, equity, and inclusion

Apple has been criticized for a lack of diversity [135] and a culture of sexual harassment and mishandling of complaints by human resources and management. [136] [137] [138] In particular, wage gaps and the failure to promote women into leadership have been criticized since the early 1990s. [139] [140] [138] In 2022, Apple removed concealment clauses from its employment agreements after a practice of offering severance in exchange for non-disclosure agreements was reported by Financial Times , corroborated by a third-party audit, and reported to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. [137] [141] [142] Employees remarked that it was a part of Apple's culture of secrecy. [143] A gender pay bias and sexual harassment lawsuit was filed in June 2024 seeking class status. [144]

Labor conditions in supply chain

Contract manufacturers

Apple manufactures most of its products in China through partners like Foxconn. Apple's decision to outsource its manufacturing has received significant criticism, due to allegations of poor working conditions, long work hours, and other labor rights violations. [145] [146] A total of 18 suicide attempts were recorded at the Foxconn facility in 2010, with 14 attempts resulting in deaths. [147] [148] [149] At least one suicide was due to the company's culture of secrecy after the worker lost a prototype. [40] The Guardian reported an audit of Apple's supply chain found two-thirds of its factories did not properly compensate its workers, lacked proper safety and environmental credentials, and several instances of 15-year old workers. [150]

Apple, Foxconn and Chinese workers are stakeholders in high-technology production, but relations between the three are perceived by analysts as imbalanced. Apple was able to capture 58.5 percent of the value of the iPhone, despite the fact that the manufacture of the product is entirely outsourced. Particularly notable is that labor costs in China account for the smallest share: 1.8 percent, or nearly US$10, of the US$549 retail price. While both Apple and Foxconn rely on Chinese workers to perform 12-hour working days to meet demand, the costs of Chinese labor in processing and assembly are insignificant in the overall commercial success of Apple. Other major component providers—such as Samsung and LG—captured slightly over 14 percent of the value of the iPhone, while the cost of raw materials was just over one-fifth of the total value (21.9 percent). [151]

In 2020, The Information published "Apple Took Three Years to Cut Ties With Supplier That Used Underage Labor," [152] an article which detailed the company's reluctance to sever partnerships in their supply chain, even when they violate its ethics policies using child labor. [153] Also in 2020, report by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute listed Apple as a company that was "potentially directly or indirectly benefiting" from forced Uyghur labor. [154] In 2020, Apple lobbyists tried to weaken the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act, a U.S. bill against forced labor in Xinjiang, China. [155]

Conflict minerals and cobalt suppliers

An Amnesty International report on cobalt mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo linked Apple to suppliers using child labor, some children as young as seven in 2016. [156] The following year, The Washington Post reported Apple's intention to stop buying cobalt from the region until conditions were improved. [157] Victims of child labor in the cobalt mines attempted to sue Apple and other technology companies, but were dismissed by the courts on procedural grounds. [158] In 2023, an investigation into corporate technology supply chains carried out by The Independent found that Apple was among 400 companies associated with the Responsible Minerals Initiative (RMI) to root out child labor and human rights violations. Issues reported ranged from mines burying workers alive—including children—to sexual assault and birth defects caused by exposure to toxins. RMI said that the audits do not include site visits, despite being aware of the conditions at mines. Siddharth Kara, author of Cobalt Red, told The Independent, "there’s not much happening of any merit to assist the people of the Congo in addressing the human rights and environmental violations taking place every day as a consequence of cobalt mining." [159] The Congolese government threatened legal action against Apple in 2024, [160] later alleging they had evidence linking Apple to conflict areas. [161]

Marketing

In July 2024, Apple released the short commercial film The Underdogs: Out of Office, which promoted Apple products' usage for businesses abroad. The commercial was set and filmed in Bangkok, Thailand. The film is about three employees from a paper box manufacturer, who were told to find their business partner in Thailand. Facing struggles and difficulties, they were able to find their way through with assistance from Apple their devices. The settings of the film depicted their office in the U.S. in cold tone, reflecting modernity, and at the same time, using vintage filters to portray Thailand as underdeveloped third-world state, including settings that does not reflect the country's current state of development, such as the unpleasant look and feel of the airport, the accommodations and the transport modes. [162] The film received criticism from the Thai public and foreigners, both residences and previous visitors, as "a stereotypical and dated portrayal of Thai society". [163] On August 2, 2024, Apple apologized and removed access to the film on YouTube. [164]

Security practices

Apple's advertising has promoted a perception that its products are more secure than others. [165] It says Apple products are less likely to breached by a hacker or infected by a virus or malware, and others contend this is mainly due to the lack of interest by hackers to attack Apple products. [166] [167] A 2006 report by McAfee found a 228% increase of the annual rate of vulnerabilities in Apple's products in 2003–2005, more than three times that of Microsoft's. [168] [169] The public's lack of awareness over the security vulnerabilities of Apple products has created criticism over Apple misleading the public. [165] [170] [171] In 2022, hackers exploited a security flaw to take full control of devices including the Mac. [172] Security experts believe that Apple plays down security concerns, [173] does not pay researchers on par with the industry, and is slow to acknowledge and fix reported security bugs. [174]

CNET said Apple's delay to fix security flaws puts users at risk and attributed it to the company's culture of secrecy. In 2011, Apple took nearly three years to fix the vulnerability that led to the exploit of the FinFisher trojan. [173] Apple took six months to update a security flaw in Java, far longer than other companies, drawing sharp criticism by experts and journalists. [171] [175] [176] It took five months to fix security flaw in Find My, reported by a former Apple security engineer. [177] Apple's AirTag was identified as a stalking vector upon launch in 2021, on a much larger scale than similar products from Tile. [178] In 2024, a judge denied Apple's motion to dismiss a lawsuit on behalf of stalking victims who allege that Apple has not done enough to "diminish the ability of stalkers to use AirTags effectively". [179]

Taxes

The EU Commission's diagram of Apple's "Double Irish" BEPS tool EU State Aid Case Ireland Apple.jpg
The EU Commission's diagram of Apple's "Double Irish" BEPS tool

Apple has created subsidiaries in low-tax places such as Ireland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and the British Virgin Islands to cut the taxes it pays around the world. According to The New York Times, in the 1980s Apple was among the first tech companies to designate overseas salespeople in high-tax countries in a manner that allowed the company to sell on behalf of low-tax subsidiaries on other continents, sidestepping income taxes. In the late 1980s, Apple was a pioneer of an accounting technique known as the "Double Irish with a Dutch sandwich", which reduces taxes by routing profits through Irish subsidiaries and the Netherlands and then to the Caribbean. [180] [181]

There is a decade-long dispute between Apple and the European Commission regarding the tax arrangements between Apple and Ireland, which allowed the company to pay close to zero corporate tax over 10 years. [182] In September 2024, The European Court of Justice ruled that Apple must pay $14.3 billion (€13 billion) in back taxes, determining that Ireland's tax breaks to the company were unlawful. This decision reverses a 2020 ruling that favoured Apple and Ireland, covering profits earned by Apple's Dublin units from 1991 to 2014. The unpaid taxes had been placed in an escrow account since 2018. [183]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple Inc.</span> American multinational technology company

Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered and incorporated in Cupertino, California, in Silicon Valley. It is best known for its consumer electronics, software, and services. Founded in 1976 as Apple Computer Company by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne, the company was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. the following year. It was renamed Apple Inc. in 2007 as the company had expanded its focus from computers to consumer electronics. Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with US$391.04 billion in FY 2024.

Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. (鴻海精密工業股份有限公司), doing business as Hon Hai Technology Group (鴻海科技集團) in Taiwan, Foxconn Technology Group (富士康科技集团) in Mainland China, and Foxconn (富士康) internationally, is a Taiwanese multinational electronics contract manufacturer established in 1974 with headquarters in Tucheng District, New Taipei City, Taiwan. In 2023, the company's annual revenue reached 6.16 trillion New Taiwan dollars and was ranked 20th in the 2023 Fortune Global 500. It is the world's largest contract manufacturer of electronics. While headquartered in Taiwan, the company earns the majority of its revenue from assets in China and is one of the largest employers worldwide. Terry Gou is the company founder and former chairman.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fair Labor Association</span>

The Fair Labor Association (FLA) is a non-profit collaborative effort of universities, civil society organizations, and businesses.

iPhone Line of smartphones by Apple Inc.

The iPhone is a line of smartphones developed and marketed by Apple that run iOS, the company's own mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by then–Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007, at Macworld 2007, and launched later that year. Since then, Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS versions; the most recent models being the iPhone 16 and 16 Plus, and the higher-end iPhone 16 Pro and 16 Pro Max. As of January 1, 2024, more than 2.3 billion iPhones have been sold, making Apple the largest vendor of mobile phones in 2023.

China Labor Watch (CLW) is a U.S.-based non-profit organization founded in 2000 by labor activist Li Qiang. The organization focuses on investigating labor conditions affecting Chinese workers and raising awareness of labor rights issues. CLW conducts investigations, produces reports, offers educational programs for workers, and operates a hotline to provide support and resources for workers facing labor-related issues.

As of 2021, Apple, Inc. uses components from 43 countries. The majority of assembling is done by Taiwanese original design manufacturer firms Foxconn, Pegatron, Wistron and Compal Electronics with factories mostly located inside China, but also Brazil, and India.

Pegatron Corporation is a Taiwanese electronics manufacturing company that mainly develops computing, communications and consumer electronics for branded vendors. It also develops, designs and manufactures computer peripherals and components. Pegatron's primary products include notebooks, netbook computers, desktop computers, game consoles, handheld devices, motherboards, video cards and LCD TVs, as well as broadband communication products such as smartphones, set-top boxes and cable modems.

The Foxconn suicides were a spate of suicides linked to low pay and brutal working conditions at the Foxconn City industrial park in Shenzhen, China, that occurred alongside several additional suicides at various other Foxconn-owned locations and facilities in mainland China. The series of suicides drew media attention, and employment practices at Foxconn—one of the world's largest contract electronics manufacturers—were investigated by several of its customers, including Apple and Hewlett-Packard (HP).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ANT catalog</span> Classified catalog of hacking tools by the NSA

The ANT catalog is a classified product catalog by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) of which the version written in 2008–2009 was published by German news magazine Der Spiegel in December 2013. Forty-nine catalog pages with pictures, diagrams and descriptions of espionage devices and spying software were published. The items are available to the Tailored Access Operations unit and are mostly targeted at products from US companies such as Apple, Cisco and Dell. The source is believed to be someone different than Edward Snowden, who is largely responsible for the global surveillance disclosures during the 2010s. Companies whose products could be compromised have denied any collaboration with the NSA in developing these capabilities. In 2014, a project was started to implement the capabilities from the ANT catalog as open-source hardware and software.

ExpressVPN is a company providing online privacy and security solutions, including a virtual private network (VPN) service and a password manager. Since September 2021, ExpressVPN has been a subsidiary of Kape Technologies, a company wholly owned by Israeli billionaire Teddy Sagi.

A tech union is a trade union for tech workers typically employed in high tech or information and communications technology sectors. Due to the evolving nature of technology and work, different government agencies have conflicting definitions for who is a tech worker. Most definitions include computer scientists, people working in IT, telecommunications, media and video gaming. Broader definitions include all workers required for a tech company to operate, including on-site service staff, contractors, and platform economy workers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple Inc. and unions</span> Apple Inc.-related worker organizations and unions

Apple Inc. workers around the globe have been involved in organizing since the 1990s. Apple unions are made up of retail, corporate, and outsourced workers. Apple employees have joined trade unions and or formed works councils in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

With over 1 million union members in China, the Foxconn Trade Union is the world's largest trade union, and is also a company union. Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd., better known as Foxconn, is the largest private employer in China, with 1.4 million employees. In 2006, Foxconn workers established the first trade union in Shenzhen, China.

#AppleToo was a movement at Apple Inc. that started in August 2021 during a period of employee unrest centered primarily on the maltreatment of women at the company. Since the early 1990s, Apple has been criticized over a lack of women in leadership. In 2016, employees made anonymous allegations of sexual harassment and sexual assault, discrimination, and mismanagement of concerns by human resources at Apple. In 2021 and 2022, women at the company began speaking on the record to the press and on social media. After an employee-run wage survey found a 6-percent gender-based wage gap, employees began sharing personal stories under the hashtag #AppleToo, inspired by the #MeToo movement, which in turn spawned other corporate movements, such as #GeToo at General Electric.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cher Scarlett</span> American software engineer, writer, labor activist, and corporate whistleblower

Cher Scarlett is an American software engineer, workers' rights activist, and writer who is known for starting #AppleToo. She has organized staff at Apple, Activision Blizzard, and Starbucks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ashley Gjøvik</span> Program manager

Ashley Gjøvik is an American program manager and activist who is known for her labor complaints against Apple Inc. Gjøvik was terminated in 2021 by Apple for allegedly leaking confidential intellectual property, which she denied. Gjøvik alleged her firing was retaliation for speaking out against the company.

Luxshare Precision Industry Co. Ltd., also known as Luxshare-ICT, is a Chinese electronic components manufacturer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Janneke Parrish</span> Program manager and labor activist

Janneke Parrish is an American program manager and workers' rights activist living in the Netherlands known for being a leader of the #AppleToo movement. Parrish was fired in 2021 for interfering with an investigation into a leak; in 2024, the National Labor Relations Board charged Apple with illegally firing Parrish for her advocacy.

The Zhengzhou Foxconn protests, officially referred to by Foxconn Technology Group as the "Zhengzhou Mass Gathering Incident", began in November 2022. These protests, strikes, and violent clashes were initiated and participated in by some employees at the Zhengzhou factory in Henan Province, China, a subsidiary of Foxconn Technology Group, in response to Foxconn Technology Group's breach of contract and the Chinese government's "dynamic zero-COVID" policy.

References

  1. ↑ McCabe, David; Mickle, Tripp (March 21, 2024). "U.S. Sues Apple, Accusing It of Maintaining an iPhone Monopoly". The New York Times . Retrieved March 22, 2024. The Justice Department and 16 state attorneys general filed an antitrust lawsuit against Apple on Thursday, the federal government's most significant challenge to the reach and influence of the company that has put iPhones in the hands of more than a billion people.
  2. ↑ "Justice Department Sues Apple for Monopolizing Smartphone Markets". U.S. Department of Justice. 20 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
  3. ↑ Song, Victoria (2024-03-21). "US v. Apple: everything you need to know". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-03-21.
  4. ↑ Radel, Felecia. "What the DOJ lawsuit against Apple could mean for consumers". USA Today. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
  5. ↑ Streitfeld, David (2015-01-14). "Bigger Settlement Said to Be Reached in Silicon Valley Antitrust Case". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  6. ↑ "Judge approves settlement in Apple, Google wage case". Los Angeles Times. 2015-09-03. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  7. ↑ Mac, Ryan; Browning, Kellen (2022-03-11). "Apps and Oranges: Behind Apple's 'Bullying' on Trademarks". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  8. ↑ Moses, Julian Lee and Asher (2010-03-12). "Apple's future won't be brought to you by the letter 'i'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  9. ↑ Bleby, Michael (2015-01-09). "Apple's bite the ultimate accolade for Hulsbosch, the lord of logos". Australian Financial Review. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  10. ↑ Raphael, JR (2009-10-15). "Apple's logo lunacy: 5 previous trademark tiffs". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  11. ↑ Galindo, Gabriela. "Apple Is Taking On Apples in a Truly Weird Trademark Battle". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  12. ↑ Nylen, Leah; Lima, Cristiano (January 17, 2020). "Big Tech's 'bully' tactics stifle competition, smaller rivals tell Congress". Politico. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  13. ↑ Orlowski, Andrew (May 4, 2006). "Apple sues itself in the foot (again)". The Register. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  14. 1 2 Chittum, Ryan. "Apple's Aggression Against the Press (Yep, Gizmodo Counts)". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  15. ↑ "If There's a Screw, There's a Way: Custom Screws Won't Stop the DIY Community". Wired. 2012-08-08. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  16. ↑ "MacBook Pro with Retina display dismantled by iFixit, revealing soldered RAM". The Verge. Vox Media. 2012-06-13. Retrieved February 12, 2015.
  17. ↑ Thompson, Bill (September 19, 2007), "Time for Apple to face the music?", BBC News
  18. ↑ Spangler, Todd (2022-11-28). "Apple Has Threatened to Pull Twitter From App Store, Musk Claims". Variety. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
  19. 1 2 Schiffer, Zoë (2021-09-30). "Apple's fortress of secrecy is crumbling from the inside". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  20. 1 2 Turton, William (June 20, 2017). "Inside Apple's global war on leakers". The Outline. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  21. ↑ Bort, Julie (2017-01-16). "Apple's culture of secrecy is wearing down its developers". The Economic Times. ISSN   0013-0389 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  22. ↑ Edwards, Jim (2016-12-16). "Apple employees break their vow of secrecy to describe the best — and worst — things about working for Apple | The Independent". The Independent. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  23. ↑ Gilbert, Ben. "Apple fired an iPhone X engineer after his daughter's hands-on video went viral". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  24. ↑ Crothers, Brooke (October 11, 2009). "Apple 'gag order' and the fear factor". CNET. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  25. ↑ Dickey, Megan Rose. "The Most Extreme Examples Of Secrecy At Apple". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  26. ↑ Brustein, Joshua (February 11, 2019). "What It's Like to Work Inside Apple's 'Black Site'". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  27. ↑ Chen, Michelle (2012-03-21). "Even With Daisey's Lies Peeled Away, Apple's Rotten Core Exposed". In These Times. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  28. ↑ Price, Rob (September 15, 2016). "Leaked Apple Employee Emails Reveal Alleged Workplace Sexism". Inc. Magazine. Retrieved June 28, 2024.
  29. 1 2 Nicas, Jack; Browning, Kellen (September 17, 2021). "Tim Cook Faces Surprising Employee Unrest at Apple". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2021-09-29. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
  30. ↑ Turton, William. "Apple's needless cult of secrecy". The Outline. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  31. ↑ Stone, Brad (2009-06-22). "Apple's Obsession With Secrecy Grows Stronger". New York Times.
  32. ↑ Fallon, Sean (2010-01-06). "How Apple "Unofficially" Leaks Information". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  33. ↑ Appleinsider Staff (2010-01-06), Former Apple marketing manager describes company's 'controlled leaks', Appleinsider
  34. ↑ Arthur, Charles (2008-02-21). "Why Apple's secretive approach is so effective". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-06-20.
  35. ↑ Grant, Susan Jung; Tybout, Alice M. (2008). "The Effect of Temporal Frame on Information Considered in New Product Evaluation: The Role of Uncertainty". Journal of Consumer Research. 34 (6): 897–913. doi:10.1086/527342. ISSN   0093-5301.
  36. ↑ Mark, Gurman (April 13, 2018). "Apple Warns Employees to Stop Leaking Information to Media". Bloomberg. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  37. ↑ Browning, Kellen (2021-11-02). "Another Apple Worker Says the Company Retaliated Against Her". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  38. ↑ Brodkin, Jon (2021-03-12). "Apple alleges ex-MacBook Pro designer leaked secret details to reporter". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  39. ↑ Khalid, Amrita (2024-03-29). "Apple sues former iOS engineer for allegedly leaking Vision Pro, Journal app details". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  40. 1 2 Topping, Alexandra (2009-07-22). "Apple factory worker kills himself after disappearance of prototype". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  41. ↑ "Apple v. Does". Electronic Frontier Foundation. 2011-07-01. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  42. ↑ Barboza, David (2009-07-27). "IPhone Maker in China Is Under Fire After a Suicide". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  43. 1 2 Diaz, Jesus (2009-12-15). "Apple Gestapo: How Apple Hunts Down Leaks". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  44. 1 2 Karlis, Nicole (2018-09-13). "Secrecy-obsessed Apple can't keep a secret". Salon. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  45. ↑ Bosker, Bianca (2010-03-18). "Apple 'Gestapo': How Apple Hunts Down Leaks". HuffPost. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  46. 1 2 O'Grady, Jason D. (December 17, 2009). "The anatomy of an Apple raid". ZDNET. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  47. ↑ "For Apple suppliers, loose lips can sink contracts". February 17, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  48. ↑ Sandoval, Greg; McCullagh, Declan (October 11, 2011). "iPhone theft suspects enter no-contest plea". CNET. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  49. ↑ Poulsen, Kevin. "Gizmodo Cleared in Prototype iPhone Police Probe". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  50. ↑ Carr, David (2010-05-03). "A Lost iPhone Shows Apple's Churlish Side". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  51. ↑ Scheer, Peter (May 3, 2010). "Missing iPhone case led to 'virtual strip-search' - CNN.com". CNN. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  52. ↑ Bonnington, Christina. "Apple Investigators Allegedly Posed as Cops in iPhone Prototype Hunt". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  53. 1 2 Streitfeld, David; Kopytoff, Verne G. (2011-09-02). "Apple's Unusual Hunt for a Missing iPhone". The New York Times. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  54. 1 2 Bonnington, Christina. "San Francisco Police Assist Apple to Recover 'Lost Item'". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  55. ↑ Rothman, Wilson (2011-09-02). "Did Apple snoops pose as cops in iPhone hunt? (UPDATED)". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  56. ↑ Ho, Erica (2011-09-02). "The Case of the Missing iPhone 5 Gets Even Sketchier". Time. ISSN   0040-781X . Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  57. 1 2 Mickle, Tripp (2023-01-31). "Regulators Find Apple's Secrecy Violates Workers' Rights". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  58. ↑ Schiffer, Zoe (2021-09-22). "Tim Cook says employees who leak memos do not belong at Apple, according to leaked memo". The Verge. Archived from the original on January 3, 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  59. ↑ "Apple Employee Who Led #AppleToo Anti-Harassment Effort Says She Was Fired". CBS News. October 15, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2022.
  60. ↑ Browning, Kellen (2021-10-15). "Leader of Apple activism movement says she was fired". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 15, 2021. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  61. ↑ "The real voice of Siri wasn't paid by Apple | Fox Business Video". Fox Business. 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  62. ↑ Parkinson, Hannah Jane (2015-08-12). "Hey, Siri! Meet the real people behind Apple's voice-activated assistant". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  63. ↑ Kelion, Leo (2017-09-27). "IPhone X to use 'black box' anti-spoof Face ID tech" . Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  64. 1 2 Yurieff, Kaya (2017-09-14). "Senator writes letter to Apple's Tim Cook on Face ID privacy concerns". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  65. ↑ Brandon, John (2017-09-14). "Apple is using machine learning for Face ID. Is that a good thing?". VentureBeat. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  66. ↑ Brandom, Russell (2017-09-12). "The five biggest questions about Apple's new facial recognition system". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  67. ↑ Lomas, Natasha (2017-10-17). "Apple responds to Senator Franken's Face ID privacy concerns". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  68. 1 2 Schiffer, Zoe (August 30, 2021). "Apple cares about privacy, unless you work at Apple". The Verge . Archived from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
  69. ↑ Lomas, Natasha (2022-04-11). "Ex-Apple employee takes Face ID privacy complaint to Europe". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  70. ↑ Ditlea, Steve (October 1, 1981). "Inc.'s October 1981 Cover Story: Steve Jobs, the Man Who Changed Business Forever". Inc. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  71. ↑ White, Jeremy. "The secrets behind the runaway success of Apple's AirPods". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  72. ↑ Cameron, Dell (2021-10-15). "Apple Wanted Her Fired. It Settled on an Absurd Excuse". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  73. 1 2 Dixit, Pranav (2024-07-03). "Artists criticize Apple's lack of transparency around Apple Intelligence data". Engadget. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  74. 1 2 Fung, Brian (2024-06-13). "What is Apple's AI doing with your data? | CNN Business". CNN. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  75. ↑ Madarang, Charisma (2024-05-10). "Apple Apologizes for Dystopian Ad That Crushes Art Tools". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  76. ↑ "Apple loses another copyright lawsuit in China-Xinhua". Reuters . 28 December 2012.
  77. ↑ "Apple to pay Chinese authors $118,000 for violating copyrights". Engadget . 25 April 2013.
  78. ↑ Olesen, Alexa (19 March 2012). "Chinese writers sue Apple over e-book piracy". The Mercury News . Associated Press.
  79. ↑ Brown, Mark. "US judge declares Tetris clone 'infringing'". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  80. ↑ Spangler, Todd (2023-08-08). "Apple Sued Over 'Tetris' by Gizmodo Editor, Who Alleges Film Stole From His Book About Soviet Game". Variety. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  81. ↑ Brittain, Blake (December 23, 2022). "Apple Watches violate AliveCor patents but import ban on hold -U.S. ITC". Reuters. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  82. ↑ Allyn, Bobby (December 18, 2023). "Apple stops selling latest Apple Watch after losing patent case". npr. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  83. ↑ Ewe, Koh (2024-02-08). "Apple Watch: What to Know About the Legal Disputes". TIME. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  84. ↑ "I lead one of the startups accusing Apple of patent infringement. Here's why Congress should side with us". Fortune. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  85. ↑ Smith, Adam (May 20, 2020). "Apple's Siri violated 'the privacy of millions,' says whistleblower". The Independent. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  86. ↑ Coldewey, Devin (2019-07-26). "Siri recordings 'regularly' sent to Apple contractors for analysis, claims whistleblower". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  87. ↑ Hern, Alex (2019-07-26). "Apple contractors 'regularly hear confidential details' on Siri recordings". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  88. ↑ Hamilton, Isobel Asher. "An Apple whistleblower has publicly slammed the company, claiming it violated 'fundamental rights' after Siri recorded users' intimate moments without consent". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  89. ↑ Newman, Lily Hay. "Apple Kills Its Plan to Scan Your Photos for CSAM. Here's What's Next". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  90. ↑ Newman, Lily Hay (2023-09-04). "Apple's decision to kill Its CSAM photo-scanning tool sparks fresh controversy". WIRED. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  91. ↑ Dayaram, Sareena (September 26, 2023). "How Green Is Apple? A Closer Look at the iPhone-Maker's Sustainability Credentials". CNET. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  92. ↑ Vinocur, Nicholas (2018-10-24). "Italy hits Apple, Samsung with fines over 'planned obsolescence'". POLITICO. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  93. ↑ Koebler, Jason (2017-04-20). "Apple Forces Recyclers to Shred All iPhones and MacBooks". Vice. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  94. ↑ Maja, Van der Velden (2020-06-11). "Apple uses trademark law to strengthen its monopoly on repair". Right to Repair Europe. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  95. ↑ "Apple pays $450,000 for alleged hazardous waste violations". AP News. 2016-12-07. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  96. ↑ Turner, Melanie (April 16, 2017). "Apple fined for air quality violation in Elk Grove". Business Journals. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  97. ↑ Carrington, Don (2017-10-06). "Apple clean energy project fined for environmental violations". Carolina Journal. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  98. ↑ Roscoe, Jules (2024-06-25). "California Apple Manufacturing Facility Has 19 'Potential Violations' of EPA Regulations". 404 Media. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  99. ↑ Greenwald, Glenn (June 6, 2013). "NSA taps in to internet giants' systems to mine user data, secret files reveal". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  100. ↑ Gellman, Barton; Poitras, Laura (June 6, 2013). "U.S. intelligence mining data from nine U.S. Internet companies in broad secret program". The Washington Post . Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  101. ↑ Savage, Charlie; Wyatt, Edward; Baker, Peter (June 6, 2013). "U.S. says it gathers online data abroad". The New York Times .
  102. ↑ "Google, Facebook, Dropbox, Yahoo, Microsoft And Apple Deny Participation In NSA PRISM Surveillance Program". TechCrunch. June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  103. ↑ Bogost, Ian (2019-01-31). "Apple's Empty Grandstanding About Privacy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  104. ↑ "Apple claims it has not requested blocking of Telegram channels on Belarus". TASS . Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  105. ↑ Steven Jiang and Juliana Liu. "Apple curbs AirDrop file sharing on devices in China." CNN. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  106. ↑ Zachary M. Seward. "Apple hobbled a crucial tool of dissent in China weeks before widespread protests broke out." Quartz. 27 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  107. ↑ McCarthy, Kieren (October 2, 2019). "Here's that hippie, pro-privacy, pro-freedom Apple y'all so love: Hong Kong protest safety app banned from iOS store". The Register. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  108. ↑ Sullivan, Mark (2019-10-18). "AOC, Ted Cruz, and others blast Apple's Cook for 'censorship' of HKmap.live". Fast Company. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  109. ↑ Jordan Valinsky (11 October 2019). "Apple CEO Tim Cook defends decision to remove an app used by Hong Kong protesters". CNN. Retrieved 2019-10-27.
  110. ↑ Hay Newman, Lily (17 September 2021). "Apple and Google Go Further Than Ever to Appease Russia". Wired. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  111. ↑ "Apple under fire for labelling Crimea as part of Russia in its apps". The Guardian. 28 November 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  112. ↑ "Apple changes Crimea map to meet Russian demands". 2019-11-27. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  113. ↑ Dixon, Robyn (2019-11-29). "In Russia, an Apple app shows an annexed Crimea. In Ukraine, a tweetstorm of anguish". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  114. ↑ Meredith, Sam (28 November 2019). "Ukraine condemns Apple for calling Crimea part of Russia in its apps". CNBC. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  115. ↑ James Vincent (August 19, 2021). "The four numbers Apple won't let you engrave on your iPad in China". The Verge. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
  116. ↑ Ian Carlos Campbell (October 15, 2021). "Apple removed a popular Quran app in China". The Verge. Retrieved December 13, 2021.
  117. ↑ Blake, Heidi (June 27, 2010). "Apple accused of censorship after porn disappears from iPad book chart". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
  118. ↑ The songs that are too rude for iTunes Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Michael Cragg, The Guardian October 27, 2008. Retrieved October 27, 2008.
  119. ↑ Nicas, Jack (6 August 2018). "Alex Jones and Infowars Content Is Removed From Apple, Facebook and YouTube". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  120. ↑ Jack Schofield (May 10, 2010). "Wikipedia's porn purge, and cleaning up for the iPad". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
  121. ↑ Zengerle, Patricia; Martina, Michael (2023-11-15). "US lawmakers question Apple over Jon Stewart's China content". Reuters . Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  122. ↑ Zhuang, Yan (October 18, 2022). "New Crack in Apple's Armor as Dozens Strike at Its Stores in Australia". New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  123. ↑ "Neuer Betriebsrat: Apple-Beschäftigte kritisieren miese Arbeitsbedingungen" [Apple employees criticize lousy working conditions]. Der Spiegel (in German). February 16, 2012. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  124. ↑ Martinelli, Nicole (October 28, 2011). "Italian Apple Employees Strike Before iPhone 4S Launch". Cult of Mac. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2021-08-28.
  125. ↑ Eidelson, Josh (December 16, 2022). "Apple Created a Pseudo-Union to Defeat Organizers in Ohio, Complaint Claims". Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2023-01-06.
  126. ↑ Vincent, James (May 19, 2022). "Apple accused of union busting in its stores for the second time this week". The Verge . Retrieved 19 May 2022.
  127. ↑ Corrales, Roberto; Aguiar, Alberto R. (November 3, 2022). "Los sindicatos de Apple crean una red de solidaridad mundial, de Maryland a Tokio pasando por Barcelona: qué demandan en España". Business Insider España (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-15.
  128. ↑ Dalloo, Rachel (October 10, 2024). "Apple is being accused of 'illegally' violating workers rights by the U.S. labor board". Quartz Magazine.
  129. ↑ Wiessner, Daniel (October 11, 2024). "US labor board accuses Apple of restricting workers' Slack, social media use". Reuters.
  130. ↑ Roach, Sarah (2021-09-20). "Worker surveillance is making employees miserable". Protocol — The people, power and politics of tech. Archived from the original on September 21, 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  131. ↑ Schiffer, Zoë (2021-10-16). "A brief chat with the fired #AppleToo organizer". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  132. ↑ Albergotti, Reed (18 February 2022). "Some U.S. Apple Store employees are working to unionize, part of a growing worker backlash". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  133. ↑ Bodurtha, Phoebe (1 April 2019). "Apple's Disregard of Employee Privacy". onlabor.org.
  134. ↑ Hearing, Alice (August 18, 2022). "Apple settles $30.5 million lawsuit for mandatory bag checks on California staff". Fortune.
  135. ↑ Silberling, Amanda (2023-05-18). "Apple retail still has a diversity problem, union says". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  136. ↑ Anguiano, Dani (2021-09-03). "#AppleToo: employees organize and allege harassment and discrimination". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-06-15.
  137. 1 2 McGee, Patrick (August 4, 2022). "The women calling out Apple's handling of misconduct claims". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  138. 1 2 Benner, Katie (2016-02-26). "Apple Shareholders Show Their Support for Tim Cook". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  139. ↑ Fenton, Erfert (September 1991). "Inside Apple". MacWorld. No. 9109. pp. 180–181.
  140. ↑ Lecher, Colin (2017-09-12). "As gender diversity battles roil Silicon Valley, Apple puts just one woman onstage". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  141. ↑ McGee, Patrick (December 9, 2022). "Apple to end employee gagging clauses after activist campaign". The Financial Times. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  142. ↑ Roth, Emma (December 10, 2022). "Apple will let its employees talk about discrimination and abuse". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  143. ↑ Fox, Kevin (November 23, 2021). "Apple Reportedly Lied in Recent Memo about NDAs and Silencing Employees". Paste Magazine. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  144. ↑ Marcus, Josh (14 June 2024). "Apple employees sue saying female workers are 'systematically' paid less than men". The Independent. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  145. ↑ "Study Casts Doubts on Apple's Ethical Standards". China Labor Watch . February 24, 2016.
  146. ↑ "Poor Working Conditions Persist at Apple Supplier Pegatron". China Labor Watch . October 22, 2015. hdl:1813/102320.
  147. ↑ Lau, Mimi (December 15, 2010). "Struggle for Foxconn girl who wanted to die". South China Morning Post . Wuhan, Hubei.
  148. ↑ Tam, Fiona (October 11, 2010). "Foxconn factories are labour camps: report". South China Morning Post .
  149. ↑ "Foxconn worker plunges to death at China plant: report". Reuters . November 5, 2010.
  150. ↑ Johnson, Bobbie; Francisco, San (2010-03-01). "Will child labour claims stop you buying Apple?". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  151. ↑ Chan, Jenny; Ngai Pun; Mark Selden (2013). "The politics of global production: Apple, Foxconn and China's new working class". New Technology, Work and Employment. 28 (2): 104–105. doi:10.1111/ntwe.12008. S2CID   154073206.
  152. ↑ Ma, Wayne (December 21, 2020). "Apple Took Three Years to Cut Ties With Supplier That Used Underage Labor". The Information. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  153. ↑ Sonnemaker, Tyler. "Apple knew a supplier was using child labor but took 3 years to fully cut ties, despite the company's promises to hold itself to the 'highest standards,' report says". Business Insider. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  154. ↑ Xu, Vicky Xiuzhong; Cave, Danielle; Leiboid, James; Munro, Kelsey; Ruser, Nathan (February 2020). "Uyghurs for Sale". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on 2020-08-24. Retrieved 2021-01-20.
  155. ↑ Albergotti, Reed (November 20, 2020). "Apple is lobbying against a bill aimed at stopping forced labor in China". The Washington Post.
  156. ↑ Toor, Amar (2016-01-19). "Apple and Samsung suppliers linked to child labor in Africa, report says". The Verge. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  157. ↑ Frankel, Todd C. (March 3, 2017). "Apple cracks down further on cobalt supplier in Congo as child labor persists". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  158. ↑ "Apple, Tesla Beat Bid to Revive Cobalt Mine Labor Case (Correct)". news.bloomberglaw.com. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  159. ↑ Boyle, Louise (2023-02-23). "Cobalt mining for Big Tech is driving child labor, deaths in the Congo". The Independent. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  160. ↑ Carter, Sarah (2024-04-29). "African nation threatens Apple with legal action over alleged "blood minerals" in its gadgets - CBS News". CBS. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  161. ↑ "Lawyers representing Congo claim to have new evidence on Apple's use of conflict minerals". MINING.COM. 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  162. ↑ "หนังสั้น Apple มองกันในมุมไหน ? โปรโมทเที่ยวเมืองไทย หรือแฝงไว้ในการดูถูก" [Apple short commercial film perspective: Promoting Thai tourism, or an insult?] (in Thai). Manager Online. 31 July 2024. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  163. ↑ "เมื่อ "Apple" ไม่ทำการบ้าน? "ภาพจำ" ของ "เมืองไทย" จึงไม่เคยเปลียนแปลง" [When Apple didn't do enough research, the stereotypical views of Thailand never changes] (in Thai). Post Today. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  164. ↑ "เคลื่อนไหวแล้ว Apple ขออภัย ยุติการเผยแพร่โฆษณา" [Apple's response: Apologized and pulled the commercial film] (in Thai). Manager Online. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
  165. 1 2 Viega, J. (2009). The Myths of Security: What the Computer Security Industry Doesn't Want You to Know. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN   978-0596523022.
  166. ↑ "20 zero-day security holes in Mac OS X to be revealed". May 20, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  167. ↑ "Apple's Mac OS 'lagging behind Vista on security". 27 August 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  168. ↑ Gonsalves, Antone. "Security Threats Rising For Apple Macs | CRN". www.crn.com. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  169. ↑ "The new Apple of Malware's Eye: Is Mac OS X the next Windows?" (PDF). 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  170. ↑ "Apple is the new hacker bulls-eye". June 17, 2010. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  171. 1 2 "It's time for the FTC to investigate Mac security". May 26, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  172. ↑ Hern, Alex (2022-08-19). "Apple security flaw 'actively exploited' by hackers to fully control devices". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  173. 1 2 Rosenblatt, Seth (February 25, 2014). "Apple's culture of secrecy delays security response -- again". CNET. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  174. ↑ Albergotti, Reed (September 9, 2021). "Apple pays hackers six figures to find bugs in its software. Then it sits on their findings". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  175. ↑ "Apple lags on Java security fix in OS X". May 20, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  176. ↑ "Angered by Apple delay, hacker posts Mac Java attack code". May 20, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2010.
  177. ↑ Lovejoy, Ben (September 27, 2023). "After acrimonious parting, Apple credits former engineer for identifying Find My privacy flaw". 9to5Mac. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
  178. ↑ Cahn, Albert Fox. "Apple's AirTags Are a Gift to Stalkers". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028 . Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  179. ↑ "Judge rejects Apple's request to toss out lawsuit over AirTag stalking - CBS News". CBS news. 2024-03-20. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  180. ↑ Duhigg, Charles; Kocieniewski, David (April 28, 2012). "How Apple Sidesteps Billions in Taxes". The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 1, 2022. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  181. ↑ Drawbaugh, Kevin; Temple-West, Patrick. "Untaxed U.S. corporate profits held overseas top $2.1 trillion: study". Reuters . Archived from the original on November 14, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.; "Apple Earnings Call". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on May 1, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  182. ↑ Houlder, Vanessa; Barker, Alex; Beesley, Arthur (30 August 2016). "Apple's EU tax dispute explained" . Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  183. ↑ "Top EU court orders Apple to pay €13 billion in back taxes to Ireland". TRT WORLD. 10 September 2024. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.