Cuisine of Kerala

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The cuisine of Kerala, a state in the south of India, is linked to its history, geography, demography and culture. Kerala cuisine offers a multitude of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes prepared using fish, poultry and red meat with rice a typical accompaniment. Chillies, curry leaves, coconut, mustard seeds, turmeric, tamarind, and asafoetida are all frequently used.

Contents

Kerala is known as the "Land of Spices" because it traded spices with Europe as well as with many ancient civilizations with the oldest historical records of the Sumerians from 3000 BCE. [1] [2]

Historical and cultural influences

In addition to historical diversity, cultural influences, particularly the large percentages of Muslims and Christians, have also contributed unique dishes and styles to Kerala cuisine, especially non-vegetarian dishes. The meat eating habits of the people were historically limited by religious taboos. Brahmins eschew non vegetarian items. However, most modern-day Hindus do not observe any dietary taboos, except a few of those belonging to upper castes who do not consume beef or pork. [3] Most Muslims do not eat pork and other items forbidden by Islamic law. Alcohol is available in Kerala in many hotels and over a thousand bars and liquor stores.

Overview

A restaurant menu in Kerala Menu displayed at Indian Coffee House, Mananthawady, Wayanad, Kerala.jpg
A restaurant menu in Kerala

One of the traditional Kerala dishes is vegetarian and is called the Kerala Sadya, which is an elaborate banquet prepared for festivals and ceremonies. A full-course Sadya, which consists of rice with about twenty different accompaniments and desserts is the ceremonial meal of Kerala eaten usually on celebratory occasions including marriages, Onam and Vishu. It is served on a plantain leaf.

Because of its rich trading heritage, over time various indigenous Kerala dishes have been blended with foreign dishes to adapt them to local tastes. Coconuts grow in abundance in Kerala, so grated coconut and coconut milk are commonly used for thickening and flavouring. [4] Kerala's long coastline and numerous rivers have led to a strong fishing industry in the region, making seafood a common part of meals. Rice is grown in abundance along with tapioca. It is the main starch ingredient used in Kerala's food. [5]

Having been a major production area of spices for thousands of years, the region makes frequent use of black pepper, cardamom, clove, ginger, and cinnamon. Kerala also has a variety of breakfast dishes like idli, dosa, appam, idiyappam, puttu, and pathiri . [6]

Hindu cuisine

A typical sadya, where banana leaves are used as plates Sadhya DSW.jpg
A typical sadya, where banana leaves are used as plates
Sadya items ready to be served. Clockwise from top: paayasam, bitter gourd thoran, aviyal, kaalan, lime pickle, sambar, buttermilk with boiled rice in center Sadhya Items.jpg
Sadya items ready to be served. Clockwise from top: paayasam, bitter gourd thoran, aviyal, kaalan, lime pickle, sambar, buttermilk with boiled rice in center

The vast majority of Kerala's Hindus, except certain communities and ovo-lacto vegetarians, eat fish, and chicken. [7]

Muslim cuisine

Pathiri, a pancake made of flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes of the Mappila Muslims of Malabar region Pathiri.jpg
Pathiri, a pancake made of flour, is one of the common breakfast dishes of the Mappila Muslims of Malabar region

Muslim cuisine or Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional Kerala, Persian and Arab food culture. [8] This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes. [8]

Kallummakkaya (mussels) curry, Irachi Puttu (Irachi means meat), parottas (soft flatbread), [8] Pathiri (a type of rice pancake) [8] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine. spices like black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely. The Malabar version of Biryani, popularly known as Kuzhi Mandi in Malayalam is another popular item, which has an influnce from Yemen. [8]

The snacks include Unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, raisins and sugar), [9] pazham nirachathu (ripe banana filled with coconut grating, molasses or sugar), [9] Muttamala made of eggs, [8] Chattipathiri, a dessert made of flour, like baked, layered Chapatis with rich filling, Arikkadukka and so on. [8]

Christian cuisine

Kozhukkatta is prepared by Saint Thomas Christians on the Saturday prior to Palm Sunday and the day is hence called Kozhukatta Saturday. Kozhukatta Nasrani food.jpg
Kozhukkatta is prepared by Saint Thomas Christians on the Saturday prior to Palm Sunday and the day is hence called Kozhukatta Saturday.

Christians especially Mar Thoma Nasranis (St Thomas Christians), of Kerala have their own cuisine which is a blend of Indian, Middle Eastern and Western styles and flavours of cooking. Particularly well-developed are the snacks and savouries of Christians such as "achappam" and "kuzhalappam". A favourite dish of Kerala Christians is "mappas", or chicken stew. For this dish, chicken, potatoes and onions are simmered gently in a creamy white sauce flavoured with black pepper, cinnamon, cloves, green chillies, lime juice, shallots and coconut milk. In Central Kerala this is made only with Beef or lamb, the usage of Chicken in stew is very rare. [10] Lamb and duck can replace chicken in the stew recipe. Biriyani (mutton, chicken, Beef, lamb or prawn) made as ‘dum’ tops the list of delicacies. Thalassery Biriyani the only version of biriyani in Kerala. [10]

Other dishes include piralen (chicken stir-fries), meat thoran (dry curry with shredded coconut), sardine and duck curries, and meen molee (spicy stewed fish). [10] This is eaten with parotta or appam. [10] "Meen Mulakittathu" or "Meen vevichathu" (fish in fiery red chilly sauce) is another favourite item. [10]

In addition to chicken and fish, Christians along with a section of Hindus and all Muslims in Kerala eat red meat. "Irachi ularthiathu" is a beef dish cooked with spices. [10]

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Biryani Rice dish from the Indian subcontinent

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Tamil cuisine

Tamil cuisine is a culinary style originating in the southern Indian state Tamil Nadu and other parts of South Asia such as Sri Lanka. Vegetarian cuisine is popular among the Tamil people and has been so since ancient times. However, meats along with rice, legumes and lentils are also popular. Dairy products and tamarind are used to provide sour flavors. On special occasions, traditional Tamil dishes are served in a traditional manner, using banana leaves in place of utensils. After eating, the banana leaves are then used as a secondary food for cattle. A typical breakfast meal consists of idli or dosa with chutney. Lunch includes rice, sambar, curd, kuzhambu, and rasam.

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Idiyappam Rice noodle dish

Idiyappam, also known as string hopper, nool puttu, or noolappam, chomai, indiappa is a rice noodle dish originating from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Also in Srilanka. It consists of rice flour pressed into noodles, woven into a flat disc-like shape and steamed. The dish also spread to Southeast Asia, where it is called putu mayam in Malaysia and Singapore, putu mayang in Indonesia.

Puttu

Puttu is a breakfast dish eaten in the South Indian states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu and parts of Karnataka, as well as Sri Lanka. Puttu means "portioned" in Malayalam. It is made of steamed cylinders of ground rice layered with coconut shavings, sometimes with a sweet or savory filling on the inside. Puttu is served hot with sweet side dishes such as palm sugar or banana, or with curries such as dal, chickpea, mutton, fish or chicken. In Bhatkal, puttu is served with side dishes such as ghee and sugar or Paya.

Appam

Appam is a South Indian pancake dish, made with fermented rice batter and coconut milk, common in the South Indian states of Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu as well as in Sri Lanka. It can be made and served in both sweet and savoury varieties, with the centre of the appam having either a creamy, coconut milk layer or a sunnyside up-style fried egg. Appam is usually served for breakfast or dinner.

South Indian cuisine Food cuisines in south Indian

South Indian cuisine includes the cuisines of the five southern states of India—Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana—and the union territories of Lakshadweep, Pondicherry, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.There are typically vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes for all five states. Additionally, all regions have typical main dishes, snacks, light meals, desserts, and drinks that are well known in their respective region.

Goan cuisine

Goan cuisine consists of regional foods popular in Goa, an Indian state located along India's west coast on the shore of the Arabian Sea. Rice, seafood, coconut, vegetables, meat, pork and local spices are some of the main ingredients in Goan cuisine. The area is located in a tropical climate, which means that spices and flavors are intense. Use of kokum is another distinct feature. Goan food is considered incomplete without fish.

Javanese cuisine Cuisine of the Javanese people, Indonesia

Javanese cuisine is the cuisine of Javanese people, a major ethnic group in Indonesia, more precisely the province of Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java. Though the cuisine of Sumatra is known for its spiciness with notable Indian and Arabic influences, Javanese cuisine is more indigenously developed and noted for its simplicity. Some of Javanese dishes demonstrate foreign influences, most notably Chinese.

Telugu cuisine

Telugu cuisine is a cuisine of South India native to the Telugu people from the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Generally known for its tangy, hot and spicy taste, the cooking is very diverse due to the vast spread of the people and varied topological regions.

Malaysian Indian cuisine Cuisine of ethnic Indian communities of Malaysia

Malaysian Indian cuisine, or the cooking of the ethnic Indian communities in Malaysia consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Malaysia. Because the vast majority of Malaysia's Indian community are of South Indian descent, and are mostly ethnic Tamils who are descendants of immigrants from a historical region which consists of the modern Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka's Northern Province, much of Malaysian Indian cuisine is predominantly South Indian inspired in character and taste. A typical Malaysian Indian dish is likely to be redolent with curry leaves, whole and powdered spice, and contains fresh coconut in various forms. Ghee is still widely used for cooking, although vegetable oils and refined palm oils are now commonplace in home kitchens. Before a meal it is customary to wash hands as cutlery is often not used while eating, with the exception of a serving spoon for each respective dish.

Thalassery cuisine

Thalassery Cuisine refers to the distinct cuisine from Thalassery town of northern Kerala, that has blended in Arabian, Persian, Indian and European styles of cooking as a result of its long history as a maritime trading post. Thalassery is known for its Tellicherry biriani. Unlike other biriyani dishes Thalassery biryani that is made using Kaima/ Jeerakasala, an Indian aromatic rice instead of the usual basmati rice. The influence of Arabian and Moghul cultures is evident, especially in the dishes of the Muslim community, although many have become popular among all communities.

Street food of Chennai

Street food, as in other areas of India, are popular in Chennai, despite the common belief in India that street food is unhealthy. The Idly Sambhar is a popular dish, which is served as breakfast or dinner. Apart from regular South Indian street food, the city's streets are also filled with several North Indian street food outlets, most of them established by North Indian migrants themselves. Gujarati and Burmese are also available. Street food in Chennai is so popular that a game had developed based on the TV show The Amazing Race where contestants have to follow clues to Street-food spots in the city.

Acehnese cuisine Cuisine of the people of Aceh, Indonesia

Acehnese cuisine is the cuisine of the Acehnese people of Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia. This cuisine is popular and widely known in Indonesia. Arab, Persian, and Indian traders influenced food in Aceh although flavours have changed a lot their original forms. Combination of spices in Acehnese cuisine just as are commonly found in Indian and Arab cuisine, such as ginger, pepper, coriander, cumin, cloves, cinnamon, cardamom and fennel. A variety of Acehnese food is cooked with curry and/or coconut milk, which is generally combined with meat such as buffalo, beef, mutton, fish, or chicken.

Indian Indonesian cuisine Cuisine of the people of Indian Indonesians

Indian Indonesian cuisine is characterized by the mixture of Indian cuisine with local Indonesian-style. This cuisine consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from India, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of Indonesia. Indian influence can be observed in Indonesia as early as the 4th century. Following the spread of Islam to Indonesia and trading, Muslim Indian as well as Arab influences made their way into Indonesian cuisine. Examples include Indian biryani, murtabak, curry and paratha that influenced Acehnese, Minangkabau, Malay, Palembangese, Betawi and Javanese cuisine.

References

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  2. Striving for sustainability, environmental stress and democratic initiatives in Kerala, p. 79; ISBN   81-8069-294-9, Srikumar Chattopadhyay, Richard W. Franke; Year: 2006.
  3. Social mobility in Kerala Kanjirathara Chandy Alexander
  4. Zero Oil South Indian Cook Book. Dr. Bimal Chhajer. 21 February 2008. ISBN   9788128805127.
  5. India, [report prepared by] Planning Commission, Government of (2008). Kerala development report. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. ISBN   978-8171885947.
  6. Bhandari Laveesh (2009). Indian States at a Glance 2008–09: Performance, Facts and Figures – Kerala. Pearson Education India. pp. 36–. ISBN   978-81-317-2340-1 . Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  7. Chatterjee, editors: Ashok K. Dutt, H.N. Misra, Meera (2008). Explorations in applied geography (Eastern economy ed.). New Delhi: Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India, Private Limited. ISBN   9788120333840.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). "Straight from the Malabar Coast". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  9. 1 2 Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014). "Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast". The Hindu. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Marks, Gil (2010), Encyclopedia of Jewish Food, John Wiley and sons