Nigerian cuisine

Suya

Asaro

Nkwobi

Egusi soup with ponmo, beef and fish

Nigerian cuisine consists of dishes or food items from the hundreds of Native African ethnic groups that comprise Nigeria. ^{[1] [2]} Like other West African cuisines, it uses spices and herbs with palm oil or groundnut oil to create deeply flavored sauces and soups. ^[3]

Nigerian feasts can be colourful and lavish, while aromatic market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are in abundance and varied. Bushmeat is also consumed in Nigeria. The brush-tailed porcupine and cane rats are the most popular bushmeat species in Nigeria. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]}

Tropical fruits such as watermelon, pineapple, coconut, banana, orange, papaya and mango are mostly consumed in Nigeria. ^{[8] [9] [10] [11]}

Nigerian cuisine, like many West African cuisines, is known for being savoury and spicy.

Entrees

Rice-based

A plate of rice that was served in Port Harcourt for combination of rice and tea for breakfast

• Coconut rice is rice made with coconut milk, ^[12] and other spices.
• Jollof rice is a rice dish made with pureed tomato and Scotch bonnet-based sauce. ^{[13] [14] [15] [16]}
• Ofada rice is a popular South West Nigerian rice variety. It is eaten with ayamase or ofada sauce. ^{[17] [18] [19] [20]}
• Fried rice is a rich dish made with mixed vegetables (cabbage, carrots, green peas), meat, poultry or prawns. ^{[21] [22] [23]}
• Pate is made with ground dry corn, rice or acha . ^{[24] [25]} Mostly combined with vegetables (spinach), tomatoes, onions, peppers, garden eggs (eggplants), locust beans, groundnuts, biscuit bones and minced meat are common in northwestern Nigeria, like Kano, Kaduna, Nassarawa and Plateau. ^{[26] [27] [28] [29] [30]}
• Tuwo masara is a corn-flour dish eaten in Northern Nigeria. ^{[31] [32]}
• Tuwo shinkafa , thick rice pudding usually eaten with miyan kuka (a thick soup) and goat meat stew or miyan taushe, a pumpkin stew made with spinach, meat (usually goat or mutton) and smoked fish. ^[33] It is primarily served in the northern part of the country. ^[34]
• White rice—White rice and local rice is usually served with stews, pepper soup and sauces. It is widely served with a thick tomato and pepper-based stew. ^[35]
• Banga rice ^[36] is a traditional Nigerian rice recipe made from palm nut and rice. It is very common in the southern (Delta State) and eastern parts of the country. ^{[37] [38] [39]}
• Palm-oil rice is often referred to as 'local rice' or 'yellow rice'; it is usually prepared with fresh palm oil, assorted fish (dried fish and smoked fish), and garnished with local spices like locust beans ('okpeyi' or 'dawa dawa'), onions and pepper. It could be made as jollof or as white rice with the palm oil stew as a separate sauce.
• Curried rice is rice made with fresh turmeric or curry powder, onions, salt and seasoning to taste and then vegetable sauce is made to go along with it.

Masa is a northern Nigerian specialty which is also known as waina among the northerners in Nigeria.

• Masa is made from 'tuwo shinkafa' rice that is blended after being destoned (onions and other spices are put in it). Then, yeast is added, and it is allowed to rise. It is later cooked with low heat in a custom-made masa pot.
• Danbu rice is also a type of rice usually made in the North. It used to be ground and mixed with pepper.
• Groundnut oil rice is prepared with groundnut oil, using fish (dry or fresh), fresh tomatoes, onions, fresh pepper and a lot of crayfish.

Bean-based

• Akara , also known as 'bean cake', is a type of fritter made from beans originating from Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria.
• Gbegiri, a bean-based soup from Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria.
• Abula soup. Abula is a combination of gbegiri, ewedu (vegetable soup) and stew. It is usually eaten with either amala (dried yam flour fufu) or lafun (dried cassava flour fufu) by the Yorubas in the southwestern part of Nigeria.
• Moi moi, also known as 'Ọ̀lẹ̀lẹ̀', originated from the Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria. It is a steamed bean pudding made from a mixture of washed and peeled black-eyed beans, blended together with onions and fresh ground peppers.
• Ekuru , a steamed savoury bean dish from the Yorubas of Southwestern Nigeria.
• Ewa aganyin, boiled beans eaten with a pepper sauce from Yorubas of Southwest Nigeria.
• Okpa , a common breakfast food made from Bambara nut flour originating from Igbos of Southeastern Nigeria.
• Adalu , a bean and sweet corn pottage from Yorubas of Southwest Nigeria.

Corn-based

• Egbo , a Yoruba specialty that can be eaten alone with pepper sauce or paired with beans.

Meat

Woman selling ponmo (cow skin)

Meat is used in most Nigerian dishes.

• Suya , from the north of Nigeria, is a grilled meat coated with ground chili pepper, peanut powder, and other local spices. It is prepared barbecue-style using a skewer. This is one of the most famous Nigerian specialties and can be found within easy reach all over the country. ^[40]
• Tsire refers specifically to meat which has a generous coating of peanut/chili powder. ^[41] The meat may or may not be on a skewer.
• Kilishi is similar to beef jerky. It is made from meat that has been cut into very thin slices, which are then spread out to dry. A preparation of chili pepper, spices and local herbs is then prepared into a paste which is lightly brushed on both sides. This is then briefly grilled.
• Balangu refers to meat that has been grilled over a wood or coal fire. Specifically, no seasoning is applied to bring out the natural flavour of the particular type of meat which may be goat, mutton or beef. Salt and spices can be added later according to taste. ^{[42] [43]}
• Dambu nama is a meat floss from Northern Nigeria.
• Nkwobi consists of cooked cow legs smothered in a thick, spicy palm oil sauce, a classic dish originating from southeast Nigeria. ^[44]
• Asun is spicy roasted goat chopped into bite-sized pieces, with bold aromatic flavors from onions, habanero, garlic and bell peppers. ^[45] It is native to the Yoruba people of Ondo, South Western Nigeria. ^[46]

Soups and stews

• Egusi soup is prepared from thickened ground melon seeds, and its origin is from the Yoruba people of Southwestern Nigeria. ^{[47] [48] [49] [50]} It contains leafy vegetables, seasonings, and meat. ^[40] It is often eaten with dishes like amala, pounded yam (iyan), fufu, and eba.
• Banga soup is made from palm nuts and is eaten primarily in the south and mid-western ^[51] parts of Nigeria. It is also known as atama soup by the Cross River and Akwa Ibom indigenes. This soup is usually made through extracting the juice from the palm nuts. It is usually served with any kind of swallow (garri, semo and pounded yam).
• Ofe akwu is also made from palm nuts, but prepared more like a stew meant to be eaten with rice. ^[52]
• Miyan kuka , very common among the Hausa people, is made from powdered baobab leaves and dried okra.
• Miyan yakuwa is a Hausa soup.
• Ewedu soup is popular amongst the Yoruba people of south-western Nigeria. Ewedu soup is usually prepared with jute leaves and cooked by pureeing the leaves with a blender or special broom. ^[53]
• Ila alasepo is an okra soup dish of the Yoruba people. It usually contains many meat, fish and seafood varieties.
• Eka soup (beniseed soup) is a popular dish among the Idomas of Benue State, the Ogojas in Cross River and the Ibirams of Kogi State. Eka is a blend of sesame seeds, roasted groundnut and palm kernel puree. ^[54]
• Margi special is common in the northeastern part of Nigeria, Borno, Adamawa and Yobe states. The soup comes from the Margi people who live in riverine areas. It is prepared with fresh fish of any kind and African soreal (yakuwa in Hausa or omblanji in Margi).
• Edikang-ikong is a vegetable soup made from ugu (pumpkin) leaves and waterleaf which originated from the Annang, Ibibio and Efik people.
• Gbegiri is a bean-based stew from southwest Nigeria. ^[55]
• Orunla is a soup made from dried okra, roughly chopped and sun-dried. ^{[56] [57]}

• Pepper soup is a light soup made from a mix of meat and fish with herbs and spices. This is one of the few soups in Nigerian cuisine that can be eaten alone and is not used as a sauce for a carbohydrate main dish such as fufu or pounded yam. ^[40] It can also be made with nutmeg and chili peppers. It can be garnished with fish, beef, goat meat or chicken. Pepper soup is sometimes an appetizer at official gatherings; however, it is consumed also in the evening at pubs and social gatherings.
• Afang is a vegetable soup which originated with the Efik people, Ibibio people and Ananng people in southeast Nigeria. It is prepared with waterleaf, afang (wild spinach), pomo, periwinkles and lots of assorted meat and fish.
• Corn soup, also known locally as omi ukpoka, is made with ground dry corn and blended with smoked fish. It is a common food of the Afemai, especially people from Agenebode in northern Edo state.
• Okra soup (or okoroenyeribe or draw soup) is made from okra and cooked until they are thickened. ^[40]
• Efo riro , a stew made from leafy vegetables, pepper, palm oil and other ingredients, is common amongst the Yorubas. ^[58]
• Miyan taushe , a blend of groundnut and pumpkin leaves spiced with pepper, dawadawa or iru , and bouillon cubes. It is enjoyed best with tuwo shinkafa .

Maafe

Egburegbu soup usually prepared by Ebonyi State Indigenous people

• Maafe , a stew made with groundnuts (peanuts), tomatoes and onions as the base, can be varied with chicken, beef or fish and different leafy vegetables for subtle flavours. Groundnut stew is made with ground dry groundnuts and vegetables, fish, meat, local seasoning and palm oil by the Etsakor people in Edo state.
• Buka stew, is a Yoruba stew made from goat, beef or chicken; it is mainly cooked with tomatoes, onions, and pepper. ^[43]
• Ogbono soup, also called obe apon, is made with ground ogbono seeds, with leafy greens, other vegetables, seasonings, and meat. Ogbono is also eaten with many dishes similar to pounded yam, amala, and fufu.
• White soup, also called ofe nsala, made with utazi leaves.
• Bitterleaf soup (ofe onugbu) is made with cocoyam, palm oil, assorted fish and meat and seasonings.
• Ofada stew (ayamase) is a palm-oil-based stew native to the Yoruba people. It is made with palm oil, unripe pepper and tomatoes, beef, tripe, cow skin and locust beans. It is a stew for local ofada rice, also referred to as brown rice, usually served in 'ewe' (flat, broad leaves).
• Groundnut soup (peanut soup) is made from fresh peanut ground to paste, (though some may fry the peanut), fried in palm oil with onions and then boiled in stock.
• Ora (Oha) soup is made with cocoyam that used to be cooked and pounded, palm oil and seasonings
• Edo esan (black soup) is made mainly from scent leaf, uziza leaf and bitter leaf.
• Ofe owerri is prepared with four kinds of vegetable leaves; okazi, ugu, uziza and oha leaves. A particular species of cocoyam is used as a thickener to make the soup thick. This vegetable soup is common among the igbos of eastern Nigeria. 'Ofe' means soup in igbo language and 'Owerri' is the capital city of Imo state in eastern Nigeria.
• Achara soup, mostly found in Abia State- Ndiwo, Ngwa, Umuahia, Itumbauzo.
• Okazi soup, is made with wild spinach, achi (thickener), assorted meat and fish.
• Egg soup, is made with eggs, scent leaves, fresh pepper and palm oil.
• Snail pepper soup is prepared with African giant snail as the main ingredient.
• Yam pepper soup is made using soft white Puna yam.
• Otong soup is popular among the Efik tribe, and made using ugu leaves, uziza leaves, and okra.
• Ofe Ujuju is popular among the Ika and Agbor people, and is made with ujuju leaves, meats, fish, and seasoning.

Side dishes

Dodo (fried plantain)

• Dodo is a side dish of plantains fried in vegetable or palm oil, preferably ripe plantain. ^[40]
• Gizdodo is a combination of fried Dodo and grilled gizzard.
• Peppered gizzard, Pomo (Yoruba word for Cow Skin), Shaki (Yoruba Word for Tripe)
• Funkaso , millet pancakes.
• Masa, fermented corn ground into a thick paste, fried then sprinkled with sugar. It is an acquired taste. An alternative form made from very soft plantain, is mashed into a paste, mixed with dried black pepper, fried then sprinkled with sugar. ^[59]

Puddings, pastes and porridges

• Moin moin is a savoury Yoruba steamed bean pudding made from a mixture of peeled black-eyed peas and wrapped in a leaf (like a banana leaf).
• Plantain pudding commonly known as okpo ogede.
• Corn pudding locally known as okpo oka. ^[40]
• Rice pudding made from blended 'tuwon rice' and poured into boiling water. It should be stirred continuously on a moderate fire until it is ready.
• Pap or 'akamu' or 'ogi' made from guinea corn, millet or corn.
• Tapioca pudding is made from cassava extract, it is similar to pap due to its physical appearance and the way it is prepared. ^[60]
• Ekpang nkukwo, is of freshly blended water yam and cocoyam, wrapped in fresh cocoyam leaves, cooking with periwinkles, assorted fish and meat, crayfish, palm oil and other spices. This dish is common with the Efik and Ibibio people in the Southern part of Nigeria.

Yam-based

A plate of pounded yam (iyan) and egusi with tomato stew

• Iyan, called pounded yam in English, is similar to mashed potatoes but all mashed and completely smooth with no yam chunks left. ^{[40] [61]} And eaten with soups
• Amala (or aririguzofranca) is a thick paste made from yam, which has been peeled, cleaned, dried and dark (brown) in colour.^{[ citation needed ] [62]}
• Poundo is a processed yam flour used to make a type of Okele similar to pounded yam/Iyan.
• Yam pottage is a local home-made meal popular in the eastern and southern parts of Nigeria. It is usually called Asaro by the Yorubas, a name which has been adopted generally in most parts of the country. Method of preparation differs based on taste, preference and affordability but it is basically made by boiling and lightly mashing yam in rich tomato, chili and big red pepper sauce with palm oil. Vegetable oil is sometimes used in the absence of palm oil. It can be garnished with fish, meat or crayfish as desired. ^[63]
• Ebiripo is most common amongst the Yoruba Remo people in South-West Nigeria. It is made by grating coco-yam to a paste, salt and groundnut oil is then added to taste and filled in leaves made into scoops before boiling, and usually eaten with soups like efo riro.
• Ikokore, also known as ifokore, is a popular Yoruba dish in the Ijebu areas of South-West Nigeria. It is similar to asaro in preparation but water yam ( Dioscorea alata ) is used instead of yam. The water yam (called isu ewura in Yoruba language) is grated and some bits left in ungrated and cooked with a mixture of pepper, palm oil, fish and condiments. ^[64]
• Beans and yam. Beans is cooked with spices and palm oil and yam added towards the end of the dish
• Fried yam. Yam is cut into smaller pieces and fried in vegetable oil. The yam can be pre-boiled before frying to have a different texture.

Cassava-based

• Eba , also called garri , is a very thick paste that is either rolled into balls or served like amala and made from cassava (manioc). ^[40]

• 

  fufu dish

  Fufu , a staple dish in Nigeria and most of West Africa.
• Lafun is basically like amala but much lighter in colour and made from cassava. It is not to be confused with iyan; it tastes and smells totally different from the yam-based iyan.

Breakfast

Agidi or Eko

• Masa  [ ha ] originated from the north and is eaten both as lunch and breakfast. Rice is soaked and then ground. Yogurt is added, forming a thick paste, and left to ferment, or yeast and sugar is added to taste. Poured into clay forms and heated from below, a spatula is used to flip over and gouge the masa out of the form. It is traditionally served with miyan taushe (pumpkin stew) or honey.
• Sinasir is a flat masa, made by simply pouring the prepared rice paste into a frying pan, thus avoiding the need to flip it over as would be necessary with masa. This is a predominantly Hausa food.
• Alkubus is Hausa-Fulani steamed bread made from wheat, flour, yeast and water, put in moulds and steamed. It is served with miyan taushe.
• Yam with red stew or scrambled eggs with diced tomato and onion.
• Eko also known as agidi by the Yoruba speaking people of Southwest, is a popular breakfast meal in Nigeria. It is served in combination with other foods such as Akara (fried bean cake), beans, pepper soup, and other soups. ^[65]
• Ogi or akamu is corn pudding common in Nigeria, called ogi by the Yoruba and akamu by the Igbo. ^[66] Eaten with bread, akara or beans
• Egbo is a food made from corn.
• Mosa is a Yoruba food made from very ripe plantains or corn, eggs, peppers and spices

Snacks

• Chin chin are fried cookie strips made from flour, eggs and butter.
• Puff-puff, fried sweet dough balls.
• Akara is a beignet from a batter based on black-eyed peas. It is sometimes served for breakfast.
• Alkaki (doughnuts) made from wheat and sugar paste.
• Kuli-kuli is a Nupe snack made from ground peanuts.
• Kokoro is a fried dry snack made from corn and garri (cassava). There are two different kinds.
• Meat pie, beef and vegetables enclosed in a pastry case.
• Wara is a Yoruba soft cottage cheese made from fresh cow milk.
• Awara or beske is the local name for tofu amongst Yoruba-speaking people. ^[67]
• Plantain chips are a crunchy, salty or sweet Nigerian snack made with either ripe or unripe plantains fried in vegetable oil.
• Coconut candy
• Aadun is made from cornflour, chilli pepper and palm oil
• Dundu is a Yoruba meal of roasted or deep-fried slices of yam. It may be fried in palm oil or vegetable oil; water is added to soften the yam as it cooks. Dundu is usually eaten with a sauce made of groundnut or palm oil, tomatoes, chili peppers and seasoning. ^[68]
• Ojojo is a Yoruba beignet made from grated/ground water yam ( Dioscorea alata ). Peppers, onions and seasoning are mixed with the grated water yam before being deep-fried. Water yam is known as isu ewura in Southwest, Nigeria.

Beverages

Zobo

• Kunu is a very popular drink made of either millet, sorghum or maize.
• Fura is a popular drink, especially across northern Nigeria, made of cooked then pounded millet or sorghum with a little cow's milk.
• Palm wine, which may be distilled into ogogoro .
• Zobo (hibiscus leaf) is a drink made of roselle juice (the Yorubas call the white variety isapa).
• Soya bean milk is a drink made from soaked, ground, and sieved soya bean.

See also

• Food portal
• Nigeria portal

• West African cuisine
• List of African cuisines
• Dog meat consumption in Nigeria

References

1. Oyibo, Emmanuel (2020-04-15). "Top 20 Nigerian Foods That Will Blow Your Taste Buds". Chef's Pencil. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
2. "Nigerian Food: 16 Popular and Traditional Dishes to Try". Nomad Paradise. 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
3. "Facts about Nigerian Soup". Ofefoods Limited. 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
4. Jori, F.; Edderai, D.; Houben, Patrick; Paoletti, M. (7 January 2005). "Potential of Rodents for Minilivestock in Africa". Ecological Implications of Minilivestock. CRC Press. pp. 39–60. doi:10.1201/9781482294439-9. ISBN   9780429078590.
5. Jori, F.; Edderai, D.; Houben, P. (2005). "Potential of rodents for minilivestok in Africa". In Maurizio, M. G. (ed.). Ecological Implications of Minilivestock. Enfield, NH: Science Publishers. pp. 25–45. ISBN   1-57808-339-7.
6. Friant, Sagan; Paige, Sarah B.; Goldberg, Tony L. (2015-05-22). "Drivers of Bushmeat Hunting and Perceptions of Zoonoses in Nigerian Hunting Communities". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (5): e0003792. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003792 . ISSN   1935-2735. PMC   4441483 . PMID   26001078.
7. Kamgaing, Towa Olivier William; Dzefack, Zeun's Célestin Brice; Yasuoka, Hirokazu (2019). "Declining Ungulate Populations in an African Rainforest: Evidence From Local Knowledge, Ecological Surveys, and Bushmeat Records". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7: 249. Bibcode:2019FrEEv...7..249K. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00249 . ISSN   2296-701X.
8. Oktay, Serdar; Sadıkoğlu, Saide (June 2018). "The gastronomic cultures' impact on the African cuisine". Journal of Ethnic Foods. 5 (2): 140–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jef.2018.02.005 .
9. Fadeiye, E. O.; Popoola, B. R.; Emuoke, D. K.; Adeoye, T. A.; Ogundana, M. T. (2019). "Factors Influencing Fruit Consumption Among Undergraduates in Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria". Ife Journal of Agriculture. 31 (2).
10. "Nigerian delicacies". www.mynigeria.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
11. Onyeakagbu, Adaobi (2022-10-25). "You probably didn't know the names of these popular Nigerian fruits". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
12. "Coconut Milk Rice Recipe". Swasthi's Recipes. 2022-02-15. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
13. "Jollof Rice". Healthier Steps. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
14. "Jollof Rice Recipe". Chili Pepper Madness. 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
15. "Jollof Rice Recipe". NYT Cooking. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
16. Imma (2022-03-01). "Jollof Rice". blackpeoplesrecipes.com. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
17. "Ofada rice, unripe plantain, Oha soup, other African food that aid weight loss". Vanguard News. 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
18. "What is 125T Ofada Rice?". Youth Entrepreneurship. 2015-08-12. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
19. "How To Cook Ofada Rice". Sisi Jemimah. 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
20. "Where is ofada rice grown in Nigeria?". Across the Sahara. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
21. "Nigerian Fried Rice". My Diaspora Kitchen. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
22. Killeen, Breana (May 1, 2020). "How to Cook Fried Rice: A Step-by-Step Guide". EatingWell. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
23. Osinkolu, Lola (2018-12-30). "Nigerian fried Rice | Chef Lola's Kitchen (Video)". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
24. "11 Foods And Soups You Have To Try If You Find Yourself In Kaduna". Zikoko!. 2020-09-20. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
25. "How to Make Nigerian Pate (Braised Maize Porridge) ~ Dee's Mealz". www.deesmealz.com. 2019-05-01. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
26. "how to make Tuwo Shikanfa and how it can be eaten". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2019-09-11. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
27. Adido, Terry (2014-07-13). "Fonio Pottage (Pate Acha)". Grated Nutmeg. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
28. "Gwete Recipe by Henrietta Jumai Danuk". Cookpad. 26 September 2018. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
29. "Pate is a traditional porridge type of food that is eaten". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2022-02-17. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
30. "Simple Way to Make Quick How to Make Nigerian Pate (Braised Maize Porridge) | Fine Recipes". mifood.web.app. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
31. "SimakTerus » SimakTerus" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-05-17.
32. Lete, Nky Lily (2013-03-30). "Tuwo Masara (Tuwon Masara)| Nigerian Corn meal". Nigerian Food TV. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
33. "Tuwo Shinkafa (Rice Meal) And Miyan Taushe (Pumpkin Soup)". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2019-07-21. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
34. Brown, Ed (2020-03-30). "How to Prepare Tuwo Shinkafa and Miyan Taushe". Royac Shop. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
35. "Nigerian Pepper Sauce - Ata dindin". Chef Lola's Kitchen. 2019-11-21. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
36. "How To Prepare Banga Rice". whatsdalatest.com. 8 November 2020.
37. "Banga Rice". All Nigerian Recipes. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
38. "Banga Rice - African Food Network". 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
39. "How To Make Banga Rice". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2017-10-24. Retrieved 2022-05-17.
40. Hudgens, Jim (2004). Rough Guide to West Africa . City: Rough Guides Limited. p.  1007. ISBN   1-84353-118-6.
41. The Epicentre. "Tsire: Tsire spice powder".
42. "The Arewa Kitchen: Specialty Meats (or Suya Plus)". Kitchen Butterfly. 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2022-02-21.
43. Food Culture and Cuisine in Nigeria (PDF). Budapest, Hungary: Nigerian Embassy Budapest. 2020.
44. Okafor, C. (2014, April 14). Popularising African Delicacies. Realnews Magazine.
45. Nkewa, Guylene. "Asun (Spicy Roast Goat) By Sisi Jemimah". African Vibes Magazine. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
46. "DestinationOndo: Ondo Celebrates Biggest And First Ever Asun Carnival." First Yoruba Indigenous Community News Platform. 2021-05-03. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
47. Echeruo, Michael J. C. (2001). Igbo–English Dictionary: A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Igbo Language with an English–Igbo Index. Yale University Press. p. 66. ISBN   978-0-300-07307-2. "Egusi, n. the seeds of the melon."
48. Crowther, Samuel Àjàyí. Vocabulary of Yoruba Language. 1843. Published by the Church Missionary Society. Google Books.
49. Bowen, T. J. (1857). Central Africa: Adventures and Missionary Labors in Several Countries in the Interior of Africa, from 1849 to 1856. Charleston: Southern Baptist Publication Society. p. 314. The telfairia, which is common in Yoruba, as on the eastern coast, would grow equally well in Liberia... This is doubtless a valuable plant.
50. Bascom, William (1951). "Yoruba Cooking". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 21 (2). Cambridge University Press: 125–137. doi:10.2307/1156465. JSTOR   1156464. Melon is included... Melon-seed or gourd-seed is shelled, ground on a grinding stone, boiled, and added to soup or meat stew as in making vegetable stew.
51. "Banga Soup (Ofe Akwu)". All Nigerian Recipes. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
52. "Look at good pictures of Nigerian dishes". news-af.feednews.com. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
53. "Ewedu soup, best delicacy for toddlers". Vanguard News. 2017-07-18. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
54. "Eka Soup (Beniseed Soup) Recipe". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
55. "Best Clay Mix Nigeria". www.ilfornaioecologico.it. Retrieved 2020-05-28.^{[ permanent dead link ]}
56. Dictionary of the Yoruba Language: Part I—English-Yoruba, Part II—Yoruba-English (PDF). Lagos: Church Missionary Society Bookshop. 1913. p. 211.
57. Nigerian Foods: Dried Okro. Natural Nigerian. Accessed 9 July 2025.
58. "How To Make Efo Riro". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 2020-10-18. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
59. "Plantain Mosa". Cooking Sense Magazine. 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
60. Ikenwa, Chizoba (2019-10-19). "How To Prepare Tapioca (Recipe & Procedure)". Nigerian Infopedia. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
61. Osinkolu, Lola (2019-06-13). "Pounded Yam". Chef Lola's Kitchen. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
62. "Amala- lump free and fluffy". K's Cuisine. 2019-10-30. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
63. "How to make the perfect "Amala"". Vanguard News. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2022-03-15.
64. "Ikokore: Here's how to make this Ijebu staple dish". Pulse Nigeria. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
65. "How to Make Agidi or Eko". All Nigerian Recipes. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
66. "Process of making Ogi (pap, akamu)". Vanguard News. 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
67. "How to Make Beske from Scratch". 9jafoodie | Nigerian Food Recipes. 2020-11-14. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
68. "Fried yam (Dundun) and fried sauce". My Active Kitchen. 2015-04-10. Retrieved 2020-05-08.

External links

• Media related to Cuisine of Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons