Demographics of Penang

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Demographics of Penang
Population1,740,405 (2020) [1]
Density1,659/km2 [1]
Growth rate1.3% (2020) [1]
Birth rate11.3 births/1,000 population (2020) [2]
Death rate6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2020) [2]
Life expectancy74.2 years (2020) [2]
 • male72.0 years (2020) [2]
 • female76.7 years (2020) [2]
Fertility rate1.3 (2020) [2]
Age structure
0–14 years20.1%
15–64 years73.3%
65 and over6.6%
Nationality
Major ethnic Chinese, Malay, Indians, Peranakans, Eurasians, Siamese
Language
Official Malay
Spoken English, Malay, Penang Hokkien, Mandarin, Tamil

Penang is a diverse multiethnic and multicultural society. Residents of the state are colloquially known as Penangites or "Penang-lang". [3] Traditionally regarded as a Chinese-majority state, the Bumiputera population, which includes ethnic Malays, has reached parity with that of the Chinese in recent years.

Contents

As of 2020, the population of Penang stood at 1,740,405, growing by about 1.3% annually. 1,599,874, or 91.9%, were Malaysian citizens, while 140,531 were non-citizens. Ethnic Chinese, Malays and Indians cumulatively comprised nearly 91% of Penang's population. [1] Total fertility rate was 1.3 that year. [2]

Penang has the highest population density of all Malaysian states at 1,659/km2 (4,300/sq mi), as well as an urbanisation rate of 92.5%, the second highest after Selangor. [1] [4] Seberang Perai, Malaysia's third largest city, was home to over 54% of Penang's population, while George Town contained nearly 46%. George Town serves as the core city of the George Town Conurbation, Malaysia's second largest metropolitan area, home to a population of over 2.84 million. [1]

Islam is the state's official religion, but Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity are cumulatively proscribed by over half of the state's population. [1] [5] Within Peninsular Malaysia, Penang is the only state with a non-Muslim majority. [1] While Malay is the official language of Malaysia, English, Mandarin and Tamil are also widely used within Penang. [6] Penang Hokkien, a variant of the Southern Min group of languages, remains the unofficial lingua franca in the state. [7]

The state's diversified economy has made it one of the major recipients of interstate migrants within Malaysia. [8] Between 2015 and 2016, Penang achieved the highest migration effectiveness ratio among Malaysian states. For every 100 Malaysians that migrated into and out of Penang, the state's population increased by 58 persons. [9] [10] The bulk of the interstate immigrants came from Perak, Selangor, Kedah, Johor and Kuala Lumpur. [10]

History

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1881190,597—    
1891231,224+21.3%
1901247,808+7.2%
1911270,537+9.2%
1921292,485+8.1%
1931340,259+16.3%
1947446,321+31.2%
1957572,100+28.2%
1970776,124+35.7%
1980954,638+23.0%
19911,116,801+17.0%
20001,313,449+17.6%
20101,526,324+16.2%
20201,740,405+14.0%
Source: [1] [11] [12] [13]

Penang Island had been sparsely populated prior to the establishment of George Town. The first British visit to Penang in 1592 recorded no people on the island but did encounter a group of Orang Asli on the mainland. [14]

Founded as an entrepot by Francis Light in 1786, George Town quickly experienced population growth fueled by immigration from various parts of Asia. [15] [16] At the time of George Town's establishment, Elisha Trapaud, a member of Light's landing party, described that the island was inhabited by “58 people in Malay-style houses”. [17] Within two years, George Town's population reached 1,000, increasing to 12,000 by 1804. [16]

An official census in 1881 showed that Penang had a population of 190,597, or about 45% of the Straits Settlements’ population. Penang continued to hold the majority of the Straits Settlements’ population until 1911, when Singapore's population surpassed Penang by 311,985 to 278,003. Within the settlement of George Town, ethnic Chinese comprised nearly 63% of the population in 1911. [11] [18] By 1921, the Chinese population of Penang outstripped that of the Malays by 135,288 to 110,382. [11]

By the time Malaya gained independence in 1957, Penang held a population of more than half a million. [19] By 1991, Penang's population had exceeded one million, with mainland Seberang Perai overtaking Penang Island in population at the same time. [20] However, the state's population growth had begun to slow since the 1970s. In 2020, annual population growth was at 1.3%, a reduction from 2.1% in 2010. [1]

Population distribution

Population density by subdivisions in Penang, derived from the 2020 census. Map of population density in Penang.svg
Population density by subdivisions in Penang, derived from the 2020 census.

As of 2020, Seberang Perai contained a population of 946,092, or more than 54% of Penang's population. This also made Seberang Perai the third largest city in Malaysia, after Kuala Lumpur and Kajang. George Town, the capital city of Penang, was home to 794,313 residents, or nearly 46% of the state's population. As George Town has a smaller land area, George Town's population density of 2,595.8/km2 (6,723/sq mi) was double that of Seberang Perai, which stood at 1,264.8/km2 (3,276/sq mi). [1]

Within George Town, the areas with the highest density were Jelutong, Ayer Itam and Tanjong Tokong. The city centre had a population density of 6,209/km2 (16,080/sq mi). In Seberang Perai, Mukim 14 (Mak Mandin) recorded the highest population density, at 7,565/km2 (19,590/sq mi). [21]

Population density by subdivisions in Seberang Perai [21]
DistrictSubdivisionPopulation (2020)Area (km2)Population

density (/km2)

North Mukim 18,4309.1926
Mukim 26,46416.4394
Mukim 310,28826.6387
Mukim 413,36610.51,273
Mukim 58,35718464
Mukim 653,069391,361
Mukim 7 21,20212.51,696
Mukim 818,03512.41,454
Mukim 912,3767.21,719
Mukim 104,74610.8439
Mukim 1122,15315.61,420
Mukim 12 31,16038820
Mukim 1310,69228382
Mukim 14 21,9382.97,565
Mukim 1616,0806.92,330
Butterworth 80,37814.65,505
Kepala Batas 3610.21,805
Central Mukim 1 48,78517.62,772
Mukim 2 5,5578.3670
Mukim 38,4524.71,798
Mukim 412,1028.11,494
Mukim 54,8896.4764
Mukim 6 54,41610.75,086
Mukim 76,0564.11,477
Mukim 83,3793.5965
Mukim 99,1832.24,174
Mukim 107,35423,677
Mukim 11 37,70410.53,591
Mukim 129,88116.9585
Mukim 13 24,98213.91,797
Mukim 1446,28018.82,462
Mukim 1568,097164,256
Mukim 1617,31217.21,007
Mukim 173,55922.3160
Mukim 182,60510.9239
Mukim 195,80215.8367
Mukim 2013,93510.31,353
Mukim 214,4319.3476
Bukit Mertajam 12,07943,020
Perai 16,1505.23,106
South Mukim 12,4056.1394
Mukim 21,5104.8315
Mukim 31,73010.3168
Mukim 49,88413.2749
Mukim 58,7118.9979
Mukim 67,6799.1844
Mukim 720,10218.41,093
Mukim 82,38215.3156
Mukim 918,80216.11,168
Mukim 109,03321.6418
Mukim 11 19,58645.9427
Mukim 1210,2909.61,072
Mukim 13 11,40929.5387
Mukim 14 22,99013.91,654
Mukim 1535,63818.51,926
Mukim 161911.2159
Nibong Tebal 1,4250.72,036
Sungai Bakap 2400.12,400
Population distribution by subdivisions in George Town [21]
DistrictSubdivisionPopulation (2020)Area (km2)Population

density (/km2)

Northeast Paya Terubong 226,71232.76,933
Bukit Paya Terubong1,9984.9408
Mukim 15134.83
Mukim 161,4083.7381
Mukim 172,57925103
Mukim 1818,2179.21,980
Ayer Itam 16,9741.89,430
Batu Ferringhi 9,0462.33,933
Penang Hill 3323.692
Gelugor 18,6622.96,435
City centre 158,33625.56,209
Jelutong 63,5074.414,433
Tanjong Bungah 14,2712.85,097
Tanjong Tokong 12,5501.58,367
Tanjong Pinang 11,9704.52,660
Southwest Pantai Acheh 4,30223187
Teluk Bahang 2,53120.4124
Bukit Sungai Pinang1,9196.2310
Batu Hitam3,57410357
Bukit Balik Pulau1,2825.2247
Pondok Upih7,6798.9863
Bukit Genting1,5096.1247
Bukit Pasir Panjang 1,4445.6258
Bukit Gemuruh17,3799.61,810
Bukit Relau 18,75511.51,631
Teluk Kumbar 21,4816.83,159
Bayan Lepas 130,45531.94,089
Sungai Pinang2,32321,162
Sungai Rusa2,8174.2671
Permatang Pasir2,4396407
Bagan Air Hitam3,3823.6939
Titi Teras2,3943.6665
Kongsi2,73012,730
Kampung Paya3,98113,981
Sungai Burung1,5232.9525
Pulau Betong1,5513.9398
Dataran Genting2,1792.2990
Balik Pulau 1090.11,090

Ethnicities

Ethnic composition of Penang in 2020 [1]
EthnicityPopulation
Chinese
718,362
Malay
707,861
Other Bumiputeras
8,038
Indian
155,492
Others
10,121
Non-citizens
140,531
Total
1,740,405
Ethnic composition of Seberang Perai in 2020 [21]
EthnicityPopulation
Malay
463,633
Other Bumiputeras
3,186
Chinese
311,569
Indian
90,677
Others
3,783
Non-citizens
73,244
Total
946,092
Population by ethnic groups in Seberang Perai [21]
DistrictSubdivisionPopulation (2020)
Malaysian citizensNon-citizensTotal
Malay Other

Bumiputeras

Chinese Indian Others
North Mukim 18,0678201595908,430
Mukim 25,997438343736,464
Mukim 39,75619241661519110,288
Mukim 412,89826182411320613,366
Mukim 57,3528591150432138,357
Mukim 641,7571145,7783,3331171,97053,069
Mukim 7 15,062634,0241,3474865821,202
Mukim 815,88516395196431,50018,035
Mukim 93,573976,4511,53513558512,376
Mukim 104,70111852194,746
Mukim 1114,783536,2757865120522,153
Mukim 12 24,257833,9211,434701,39531,160
Mukim 139,5871468280973410,692
Mukim 14 8047518,9901,13910882221,938
Mukim 168,697416,4777302810716,080
Butterworth 19,34621941,48911,3603677,59780,378
Kepala Batas 129013110001361
Central Mukim 1 22,14714211,0787,5934267,39948,785
Mukim 2 3,49631,910633825,557
Mukim 37,847643510414468,452
Mukim 46,269244,7148313123312,102
Mukim 54,4888293218714,889
Mukim 6 39,3872325,0121,9182927,57554,416
Mukim 74,7674696720016606,056
Mukim 83,124215484873,379
Mukim 93,575165,28522216699,183
Mukim 101,591224,730873231157,354
Mukim 11 7,61117516,8243,0923849,61837,704
Mukim 124,991183,376760486889,881
Mukim 13 7,223818,9683,1962065,30824,982
Mukim 1412,5719524,3474,3902344,64346,280
Mukim 1516,07517637,7867,8422415,97768,097
Mukim 169,080386,5851,2333534117,312
Mukim 1780992,39532010163,559
Mukim 181,8403690166502,605
Mukim 195,36442882761585,802
Mukim 2012,341191,254203219713,935
Mukim 214,3762624414,431
Bukit Mertajam 2,536318,1949816727012,079
Perai 4,012575,3494,089912,55216,150
South Mukim 12,1443212135282,405
Mukim 21,4761001321,510
Mukim 343111,0352384211,730
Mukim 42,13686,0711,197324409,884
Mukim 56,257121,1211,21012998,711
Mukim 66,0822752596813647,679
Mukim 78,348487,0633,8623674520,102
Mukim 82,0744157138092,382
Mukim 910,724455,7701,9865821918,802
Mukim 106,659171,939305111029,033
Mukim 11 5,766228,6824,8515221319,586
Mukim 121,14801,35650697,27110,290
Mukim 13 6,861171,7352,1143664611,409
Mukim 14 5,2592411,6425,12410483722,990
Mukim 1510,5569216,9357,19911174535,638
Mukim 1619100000191
Nibong Tebal 11809293671101,425
Sungai Bakap 4611425001240
Ethnic composition of George Town in 2020 [21]
EthnicityPopulation
Chinese
406,793
Malay
244,228
Other Bumiputeras
4,852
Indian
64,815
Others
6,338
Non-citizens
67,287
Total
794,313
Population by ethnic groups in George Town [21]
DistrictSubdivisionPopulation (2020)
Malaysian citizensNon-citizensTotal
Malay Other

Bumiputeras

Chinese Indian Others
Northeast Paya Terubong 52,1821,593127,51321,3052,29921,820226,712
Bukit Paya Terubong5971,6428391981,998
Mukim 15001200113
Mukim 166061,16814014201,408
Mukim 1717631,653231584582,579
Mukim 181,4696412,4442,3182391,68318,217
Ayer Itam 2,0714812,3161,9035757916,974
Batu Ferringhi 1,964384,1281,408801,4289,046
Penang Hill 6142207256332
Gelugor 8,8142816,1732,4069389518,662
City centre 31,77588090,58913,9961,16919,927158,336
Jelutong 11,57026044,4585,1095441,56663,507
Tanjong Bungah 1,4665610,0281,1033061,31214,271
Tanjong Tokong 4,217426,85272911559512,550
Tanjong Pinang 2,773195,9257692802,20411,970
Southwest Pantai Acheh 2,94021,07322910484,302
Teluk Bahang 2,13913290434422,531
Bukit Sungai Pinang1,4663399253231,919
Batu Hitam1,302151,93224117673,574
Bukit Balik Pulau295277210321081,282
Pondok Upih4,981362,28824828987,679
Bukit Genting1,256223221161,509
Bukit Pasir Panjang 6231783181181,444
Bukit Gemuruh14,288572,3334715217817,379
Bukit Relau 6,48512210,6181,0679936418,755
Teluk Kumbar 14,5321164,6801,0799997521,481
Bayan Lepas 55,05859952,6819,17270512,240130,455
Sungai Pinang1,50408088212,323
Sungai Rusa2,324147031182,817
Permatang Pasir2,2046194201142,439
Bagan Air Hitam2,393137981315423,382
Titi Teras2,12112148102472,394
Kongsi2,0223452211615212,730
Kampung Paya3,29185011528213,981
Sungai Burung1,5071102121,523
Pulau Betong1,5241563121,551
Dataran Genting1,85217239466192,179
Balik Pulau 120831301109

Maps

Chinese

The Chingay parade is perceived as a major form of expression of the Penang Chinese identity. Penang Chingay.jpg
The Chingay parade is perceived as a major form of expression of the Penang Chinese identity.

Ethnic Chinese immigrants and traders had arrived on Penang Island in the years immediately after the founding of George Town. Francis Light noted in his diary on 18 July 1786, one day after his arrival on the island, that a group of Chinese led by a “Captain China” presented him with a gift of fishing nets. Chinese settlers began arriving at what is now the city centre and Tanjong Tokong. [17] [23] Light regarded the Chinese as "a valuable acquisition" and "the only people of the [E]ast from whom a revenue [might] be raised without expense and extraordinary efforts of government". Under his successor George Alexander William Leith, the Chinese population grew to approximately 6,000, with the wealthier class owning "valuable estates, in land and houses", while artisans, labourers, fishermen and market. Gardeners commanded high wages because they were "laboriously good workmen". [16]

The Peranakan Chinese soon evolved as an influential sub-group within George Town's Chinese community. [24] [25] Descendants of mixed Malay and Chinese ancestries who had inhabited the region for generations, the Peranakans adopted Malay socio-cultural traditions in terms of cuisine, attire and language, amalgamated with Chinese beliefs. There was a distinct preference for English-medium education and consequently, the Peranakans were known as the "King's Chinese" for their loyalty to the British Crown rather than China. [26] [27] They also retained significant influence in the city's commercial and societal spheres. [26] [25]

The Peranakans were distinct from waves of newer arrivals from China, known colloquially as “sin-kheh”. Originating from Fujian and Guangdong provinces, the “sin-kheh” were divided along dialect lines, establishing clan associations to assist new arrivals in accommodation, protection and employment. The Hokkiens and the Teochews formed the bulk of the new arrivals, and dominated trade, real estate, large plantation-scale commercial agriculture, and retail shopkeeping. The Cantonese arrived in smaller numbers, but were considered more hardy and robust, and they predominated as artisans and traders. Other dialect groups included the Hakkas and the Hainanese. [16] The waves of Chinese immigration also created predominantly Chinese areas within George Town such as the Clan Jetties, while in mainland Province Wellesley (now Seberang Perai), cash crop industries attracted Teochew planters to areas like Bukit Mertajam, Bukit Tambun and Batu Kawan. [16] [28]

Malay

Native merchants from Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula actively traded in Penang following the establishment of George Town. Malay merchants traded rattan, agricultural produce such as sago, rice, pepper, spices, ivory, ebony, tin and gold, in exchange for European goods. [16] [29] On the island, Malays originally resided at the outskirts of the new settlement, such as at the Pinang River, Jalan Perak, Dato Keramat Road, Batu Uban and Teluk Duyung. [16] By 1798, a "Malay town" had emerged to the south of Acheen Street. [30]

In Province Wellesley (now Seberang Perai), Malays were primarily engaged in rural subsistence rice farming and coastal fishing. The Siamese invasion of neighbouring Kedah in 1821 forced an influx of Malay refugees into Province Wellesley, leading to an increase in the mainland territory's population to approximatelt 67,000 by 1858. [16]

Apart from indigenous Malays, Penang also attracted immigrants from Sumatra and Java. [29] Pepper trade drew in merchants from Aceh, which gradually assimilated with the local Malay community through commercial ties and intermarriages. Acehnese prominence in the pepper trade led to the emergence of a Malay Muslim entrepreneurial enclave centred at Acheen Street. Meanwhile, early Javanese settlers in Penang were engaged as workers in the spice and sugar plantations in Province Wellesley, as well as at the Eastern Smelting Company, George Town's sole tin smelting company. Dutch restrictions limited Javanese immigration to Penang, and the Javanese community in the colony was similarly assimilated into the wider Malay group. [16]

Local academics and politicians allege that in the decades following Malaya's independence, rapid development and rising living costs have resulted in the displacement of ethnic Malays from the city centre of George Town to mainland Seberang Perai. [31] [32] By 1975, the majority of the land within the city centre was estimated to be owned by ethnic Chinese. [18] This led to underlying communal tensions, with Malay organisations such as the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) and the Penang Malays Association (Pemenang) aggressively advocating for development initiatives specifically tailored to Malays. [33] Proposals have been made to establish a Malay enclave within downtown George Town, raising concerns about potential shifts in voting patterns. [31]

Indian

In George Town, Thaipusam is celebrated with processions taking place throughout the city. Thaipusam Festival The Golden Chariot and the Followers.jpg
In George Town, Thaipusam is celebrated with processions taking place throughout the city.

Convicts from the Indian subcontinent were brought to Penang soon after the founding of George Town for public works. The transfer of convicts to Penang increased with the designation of Penang as a penal station in 1795, replacing Port Blair in the Andaman Islands. These arrivals were joined by soldiers from Madras – both Hindu and Muslim – who were deployed as Penang's garrison force. Commercial links with the Indian subcontinent also attracted merchants and labourers from Mumbai and Coromandel to Penang; the south Indian Muslim traders from the latter were referred to as “Chuliahs” by Francis Light himself. [16]

North Indian arrivals included Bengalis, Parsees, Punjabis, Sindhis and Gujeratis. The northern Indians and Indian Muslims were prominently involved in wholesaling, retail and distribution trade. However, the Tamils of southern India soon formed the bulk of the Indian community in Penang. Tamils primarily worked as labourers, stevedores, plantation workers and in petty trading. Money lending also became the forte of the “chettiar”, a Hindu clan. [16]

George Town has long been a home to the distinct Jawi Peranakan community, which descended from intermarriages between Indians and local Malay womenfolk, particularly from Kedah. The Jawi Peranakan traditionally dominated in money changing, jewellery, newspaper distribution, publishing, petty trading, and bakery and bread distributions. Staple dishes of the Jawi Peranakans such as nasi kandar and mee goreng have become among the more popular foods in Penang to this day. [16]

Eurasian

Penang is home to a small Eurasian community, largely clustered around Kampung Serani in George Town. Descended from intermarriages between Europeans and Asians, Eurasians made up among the earliest immigrants to Penang; in 1786, soon after the establishment of George Town, a group of Eurasians from Kuala Kedah settled at China Street and Bishop Street. In the 1910s, another community of Eurasians from Phuket settled at what is now Kampung Serani. [16] [34] Those of Portuguese ancestry proscribed to the Catholic faith, while those with Anglo-Dutch lineage tended to be Protestants. The Eurasians in Penang share a common affinity with the Peranakan Chinese due to their mixed ancestries and their Western-oriented educational background, which also allowed the Eurasians to serve in clerical positions in the colonial bureaucracy, European businesses and the professions. [16]

Siamese

Revellers celebrating Songkran at Wat Chayamangkalaram in George Town. Songkran penang.jpg
Revellers celebrating Songkran at Wat Chayamangkalaram in George Town.

Kampung Siam in George Town is an enclave established by Siamese immigrants, centred around Wat Chayamangkalaram. The area had been cleared in 1795 and by 1830, there were 648 Siamese and Burmese residents in the new settlement. Siamese and Burmese settlers worked in cash crop plantations and petty trade. Intermarriages were common between the two ethnicities and the Chinese. [35]

The close links between Siam and Penang were retained into the 20th century. In 1915, King Rama VI visited George Town, during which he laid the foundation stone of the Kek Lok Si's pagoda. In 1962, King Bhumibol Adulyadej unveiled the Reclining Buddha statue within Wat Chayamangkalaram, in a ceremony attended by thousands of local residents. [35] To this day, Thailand maintains a consulate at Pulau Tikus, within the vicinity of Kampung Siam. [36]

Religion

Religions in Penang in 2020 [1]
ReligionPopulation
Islam
792,187
Buddhism
654,808
Hinduism
145,871
Christianity
75,345
Other
42,025
No religion
30,169
Total
1,740,405
Penang Malaysia Sunrise at Tanjong Bungah Mosque-04and (4461552447).jpg
Kek Lok Si at dusk.jpg
A Hindu temple in Penang Malaysia.jpg
Cmglee Penang Anglican church night.jpg
Clockwise from top left: Tanjong Bungah Floating Mosque, Kek Lok Si, St. George's Church and Arulmigu Karumariamman Temple

Islam is the official religion in Penang, prescribed by over 45% of the state's population in 2020. [1] [5] Penang is one of only two states where Islam is not in the majority, the other being Sarawak. Non-Muslims collectively formed almost 55% of Penang's population. [1]

Buddhism is the second most proscribed religion in Penang, with nearly 37% of the population being adherents of either Theravada, Mahayana or Vajrayana sects. [1] Notably, Theravada Buddhism is influenced by various countries of origin, with Thai, Burmese and Sinhalese temples established throughout George Town since the colonial era. [37] Hindus made up the third largest religion in Penang, at over 8%, followed by the Christians at 4%. [1] The first Eurasian settlers in George Town brought along Catholicism, while small numbers of missionaries from the London Missionary Society sought to evangelise the non-Christian population into Protestanism. Both sects also established some of George Town's oldest mission schools, including St Xavier's Institution, Convent Light Street and St. George's Girls' School. [38] [39]

The Penang state government maintains a policy of freedom of religion and religious assembly, and is also one of only three states in Malaysia to have a dedicated department for non-Muslim affairs. [5] [40] In 2021, the state government formed the Penang Harmony Corporation to further enhance interreligious harmony in the state. [41] In particular, Pitt Street, within George Town's Central Business District (CBD), houses multiple places of worship belonging to Muslim, Taoist, Hindu and Christian communities, all located in close proximity to each other. This unique arrangement has earned Pitt Street the nickname "Street of Harmony". [42]

Languages

A bilingual street sign in George Town. Bilingual street signs that display either English, Chinese, Tamil or Arabic names have been installed throughout the city since 2008. Victoria St, George Town, Penang.jpg
A bilingual street sign in George Town. Bilingual street signs that display either English, Chinese, Tamil or Arabic names have been installed throughout the city since 2008.

In Penang's diverse urban community, Malay, English, Hokkien, Mandarin, and Tamil are commonly used languages. [6] Penang is particularly renowned for its unique Penang Hokkien dialect. [44]

Like the rest of Malaysia, Malay is the official language in Penang. The Jawi Peranakans in the state also use a variant of the Kedah Malay dialect, slightly modified to suit the conditions of a cosmopolitan society. [45]

English had been the official language in Penang during British rule. The growth of English and mission schools throughout George Town contributed significantly to the widespread use of the language in the state. [46] The importance of English for global trade has also encouraged its adoption by the Chinese and Indian communities. [6] In recent years, there have been calls to reinstate English as one of Penang's official languages. [47] [48]

Tamil is the most widely spoken language amongst ethnic Indians. In addition to Tamil, the other Indian languages used by minority Indians are Telugu and Punjabi, who hailed from diverse ancestries in the Indian subcontinent. [46] [49] [50] On the other hand, Penang's Chinese population uses a variety of Chinese dialects, including Teochew, Hakka and Cantonese. [46] [6] Mandarin, which is more commonly used by youths for pragmatic reasons, has been the medium of instruction in Chinese schools throughout the state. [7]

Penang Hokkien serves as the lingua franca between the various ethnicities in Penang. [44] [51] [52] Originally a variant of the Southern Min group of languages, the dialect has absorbed numerous loanwords from Malay and English, yet another legacy of the Peranakan Chinese culture. Community efforts have been made to preserve the relevance of Penang Hokkien in the face of the rising prevalence of Mandarin and English among youths. [53] [54]

Age distribution

As of 2020, Penang was the second “oldest” state in the country after Perak. 14.9% of Penang's population were aged 60 and older, and it was anticipated that the state will have the highest proportion of residents over 60s in Malaysia by 2040. [55] The state and local governments have begun formulating age-friendly policies to support a rapidly ageing population, including more inclusive infrastructure, improving access to healthcare and encouraging active ageing. [56] [57]

Age distribution of residents in Seberang Perai in 2020 [21]
DistrictSubdivisionPopulation by age group (2020)Overall dependency ratio
0-1415-6465+
20102020201020202010202020102020
North Mukim 12,5551,8305,5715,98056962056.141.0
Mukim 21,9791,5484,1204,32851258860.549.4
Mukim 32,8011,8816,2287,96076844757.329.2
Mukim 44,0843,0987,0389,67760759166.738.1
Mukim 52,3522,2065,3615,72760442455.145.9
Mukim 612,07913,77423,18737,4161,3991,87958.141.8
Mukim 7 5,1034,44911,92615,4271,0821,32651.937.4
Mukim 84,2273,86710,87713,0629161,10647.338.1
Mukim 92,8352,1678,9449,0288821,18141.637.1
Mukim 101,2611,0932,8183,24541240859.446.3
Mukim 115,5125,23713,00315,4571,2251,45951.843.3
Mukim 12 7,8937,57416,49521,6691,6471,91757.843.8
Mukim 132,2302,6104,4567,60947647360.740.5
Mukim 14 3,9673,43414,48116,4481,1582,05635.433.4
Mukim 163,0423,9337,86511,0506721,09747.245.5
Butterworth 14,98215,55551,09359,0654,8395,75838.836.1
Kepala Batas 10752377253755648.342.7
Central Mukim 1 9,2729,85232,53236,2292,0722,70434.934.7
Mukim 2 1,3721,3653,4883,83340235950.945.0
Mukim 32,2342,1614,5395,88239940958.043.7
Mukim 42,4982,8627,5168,46766977342.142.9
Mukim 51,2901,1062,7223,43232835159.442.5
Mukim 6 10,98111,20635,98241,8709631,34033.230.0
Mukim 71,4511,5463,4754,17921433147.944.9
Mukim 89867682,3152,34027427154.444.4
Mukim 91,8371,7845,6496,82675257345.834.5
Mukim 101,3501,4913,9025,28251658147.839.2
Mukim 11 5,3156,24425,51228,9721,6872,48827.430.1
Mukim 121,8882,0644,8077,16545365248.737.9
Mukim 13 4,7484,44113,82819,4586351,08338.928.4
Mukim 148,3249,50723,55934,2742,1582,49944.535.0
Mukim 1513,86412,42741,71951,2022,9734,46840.433.0
Mukim 163,7213,9899,20812,40393592050.639.6
Mukim 176078012,2462,51326224538.741.6
Mukim 185777462,7791,67724618229.655.3
Mukim 199821,6112,4073,88125631051.449.5
Mukim 203,4643,2919,1099,64975999546.444.4
Mukim 211,2981,1762,7312,89225336356.853.2
Bukit Mertajam 2,3092,3529,3318,3041,4571,42340.445.5
Perai 3,2193,04310,58012,28363482436.431.5
South Mukim 19005071,9941,78221611656.035.0
Mukim 26742981,2581,1681104462.329.3
Mukim 35623351,3671,2827911346.934.9
Mukim 42,6712,0336,1577,34746850451.034.5
Mukim 52,9601,9905,3516,43938628262.535.3
Mukim 61,0412,3912,0365,1835110553.648.2
Mukim 74,8893,86313,32615,53581870442.829.4
Mukim 85916121,9191,60921516142.048.0
Mukim 96,0963,85113,32613,7998551,15252.236.3
Mukim 102,9141,7346,0316,67674462360.735.3
Mukim 11 5,8984,05315,29614,2951,5711,23848.837.0
Mukim 125205851,4849,52629717955.18.0
Mukim 13 2,0833,0553,3038,13515121967.640.2
Mukim 14 6,6824,96416,93017,04496698245.234.9
Mukim 158,3487,79619,13426,4011,1831,44149.835.0
Mukim 1610934263129192848.748.1
Nibong Tebal 3922191,4081,04624516045.236.2
Sungai Bakap 7647265183571050.231.1
Age distribution of residents in George Town in 2020 [21]
DistrictSubdivisionPopulation by age groupOverall dependency ratio
0-1415-6465+
20102020201020202010202020102020
Northeast Paya Terubong 40,07640,879151,915170,74811,48215,08533.932.8
Bukit Paya Terubong2912081,1971,54721124341.929.2
Mukim 15004130000
Mukim 162372341,13998218419237.043.4
Mukim 179223422,4991,93015730743.233.6
Mukim 182,1942,9129,38713,7641,2191,54136.432.4
Ayer Itam 2,5032,92511,84511,1452,9342,90445.952.3
Batu Ferringhi 3,7671,5678,6746,6371,04584255.536.3
Penang Hill 3451100253392873.031.2
Gelugor 1,9702,5499,58315,1281,30998534.223.4
City centre 24,25427,778105,542115,33715,58615,22137.737.3
Jelutong 13,15813,47247,89943,9655,1616,07038.244.4
Tanjong Bungah 2,5081,83111,03810,4461,5981,99437.236.6
Tanjong Tokong 2,5942,5809,7848,6051,5401,36542.345.8
Tanjong Pinang 7862,5172,4748,80115765238.136.0
Southwest Pantai Acheh 1,3448883,4143,00834040649.343.0
Teluk Bahang 6925841,7581,75617419149.344.1
Bukit Sungai Pinang1474524441,3004416743.047.6
Batu Hitam7328482,0452,46124926548.045.2
Bukit Balik Pulau30288127916237841.740.0
Pondok Upih2,0951,6325,0305,50852253952.039.4
Bukit Genting38739395095312516353.958.3
Bukit Pasir Panjang 272425824945897443.852.8
Bukit Gemuruh4,5185,0269,83411,67957367451.848.8
Bukit Relau 7894,2321,68013,87220465159.135.2
Teluk Kumbar 4,7314,84910,74315,80858482449.535.9
Bayan Lepas 28,69825,32987,78696,6415,8238,48539.335.0
Sungai Pinang4435001,0991,60415421954.344.8
Sungai Rusa5316151,0362,0259117760.039.1
Permatang Pasir7717051,5451,58817114661.053.6
Bagan Air Hitam4637931,3132,30918128049.046.5
Titi Teras5195991,2991,66718012853.843.6
Kongsi6877281,9051,83425316849.348.9
Kampung Paya8931,1281,8632,73810611553.645.4
Sungai Burung2754267641,013898447.650.3
Pulau Betong3433828791,0871118251.642.7
Dataran Genting2735856991,46713012757.748.5
Balik Pulau 46241617738852.241.6

Gender composition

Gender composition in Seberang Perai in 2020
DistrictSubdivisionPopulationSex ratio
MaleFemale
North Mukim 14,2804,150103
Mukim 23,2703,194102
Mukim 35,2105,078103
Mukim 46,8816,485106
Mukim 54,2594,098104
Mukim 627,34125,728106
Mukim 7 10,69410,508102
Mukim 89,6108,425114
Mukim 96,3676,009106
Mukim 102,3122,43495
Mukim 1111,22710,926103
Mukim 12 15,95915,201105
Mukim 135,6755,017113
Mukim 14 11,14110,797103
Mukim 168,1297,951102
Butterworth 39,92440,45499
Kepala Batas 16919288
Central Mukim 1 26,12222,663115
Mukim 2 2,8192,738103
Mukim 34,3484,104106
Mukim 46,1825,920104
Mukim 52,4142,47598
Mukim 6 29,98924,427123
Mukim 73,0902,966104
Mukim 81,6561,72396
Mukim 94,6324,551102
Mukim 103,6803,674100
Mukim 11 19,21018,494104
Mukim 125,2134,668112
Mukim 13 14,36410,618135
Mukim 1424,82921,451116
Mukim 1536,84731,250118
Mukim 169,1908,122113
Mukim 171,8151,744104
Mukim 181,3271,278104
Mukim 192,8602,94297
Mukim 207,0066,929101
Mukim 212,2202,211100
Bukit Mertajam 5,9946,08599
Perai 8,8997,251123
South Mukim 11,2271,178104
Mukim 2765745103
Mukim 3872858102
Mukim 45,2314,653112
Mukim 54,5004,211107
Mukim 63,9943,685108
Mukim 711,2668,836128
Mukim 81,2731,109115
Mukim 99,7019,101107
Mukim 104,5874,446103
Mukim 11 10,2469,340110
Mukim 121,5898,70118
Mukim 13 6,0335,376112
Mukim 14 12,19910,791113
Mukim 1518,33617,302106
Mukim 169110091
Nibong Tebal 724701103
Sungai Bakap 131109120
Gender composition in George Town in 2020
DistrictSubdivisionPopulationSex ratio
MaleFemale
Northeast Paya Terubong 114,008112,704101
Bukit Paya Terubong1,008990102
Mukim 1513--
Mukim 1668872096
Mukim 171,2811,29899
Mukim 188,9949,22398
Ayer Itam 8,3968,57898
Batu Ferringhi 4,5594,487102
Penang Hill 189143132
Gelugor 9,2319,43198
City centre 82,75775,579109
Jelutong 31,70031,807100
Tanjong Bungah 7,2717,000104
Tanjong Tokong 6,3836,167104
Tanjong Pinang 5,9546,01699
Southwest Pantai Acheh 2,2322,070108
Teluk Bahang 1,2811,250102
Bukit Sungai Pinang998921108
Batu Hitam1,8401,734106
Bukit Balik Pulau677605112
Pondok Upih3,9123,767104
Bukit Genting831678123
Bukit Pasir Panjang 741703105
Bukit Gemuruh9,0858,294110
Bukit Relau 9,6519,104106
Teluk Kumbar 10,68310,79899
Bayan Lepas 65,38965,066100
Sungai Pinang1,1871,136104
Sungai Rusa1,4111,406100
Permatang Pasir1,2331,206102
Bagan Air Hitam1,7011,681101
Titi Teras1,1421,25291
Kongsi1,3951,335104
Kampung Paya2,1411,840116
Sungai Burung73778694
Pulau Betong774777100
Dataran Genting1,1111,068104
Balik Pulau 5158107

Fertility and mortality

Fertility and mortality in Seberang Perai by constituencies [58]
State constituencyLive births per 1,000 peopleDeath rate per 1,000 people
Penaga 23.66.4
Bertam 23.86.0
Pinang Tunggal 23.36.2
Permatang Berangan 23.86.3
Sungai Dua 23.66.4
Telok Ayer Tawar 23.26.2
Sungai Puyu 22.86.1
Bagan Jermal 21.16.0
Bagan Dalam 23.46.2
Seberang Jaya 23.26.0
Permatang Pasir 23.56.4
Penanti 23.26.3
Berapit 23.65.9
Machang Bubuk 24.16.2
Padang Lalang 23.66.4
Perai 25.66.2
Bukit Tengah 24.55.8
Bukit Tambun 19.25.6
Jawi 24.66.4
Sungai Bakap 24.46.3
Sungai Acheh 22.96.0
State average23.16.1
Fertility and mortality in George Town by constituencies [58]
State constituencyLive births per 1,000 peopleDeath rate per 1,000 people
Tanjong Bunga 23.26.3
Air Putih 235.528.9
Kebun Bunga 22.96.4
Pulau Tikus 20.35.6
Padang Kota 23.24.7
Pengkalan Kota 22.25.2
Komtar 21.74.2
Datok Keramat 23.06.2
Sungai Pinang 22.96.4
Batu Lancang 23.66.4
Seri Delima 23.26.2
Air Itam 22.46.0
Paya Terubong 22.36.0
Batu Uban 21.86.2
Pantai Jerejak 25.56.3
Batu Maung 22.96.4
Bayan Lepas 24.06.4
Pulau Betong 24.56.5
Telok Bahang 23.96.4
State average23.16.1

See also

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