Edmund the Martyr

Not to be confused with Edward the Martyr.

Edmund
The martyrdom of Edmund: Folios 14r and 14v from the 12th century Passio Sancto Eadmundi (Morgan Library & Museum, New York)
King of the East Angles
Reign	c. 855 –20 November 869
Predecessor	Æthelweard
Successor	Oswald
Died	20 November 869 East Anglia

Edmund the Martyr (also known as St Edmund or Edmund of East Anglia, died 20 November 869) ^{[note 1]} was king of East Anglia from about 855 until his death.

Few historical facts about Edmund are known, as the kingdom of East Anglia was devastated by the Vikings, who destroyed any contemporary evidence of his reign. Coins minted by Edmund indicate that he succeeded Æthelweard of East Anglia, as they shared the same moneyers. He is thought to have been of East Anglian origin, but 12th century writers produced fictitious accounts of his family, succession and his rule as king. Edmund's death was mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle , which relates that he was killed in 869 after the Great Heathen Army advanced into East Anglia. Medieval versions of Edmund's life and martyrdom differ as to whether he died in battle fighting the Great Heathen Army, or if he met his death after being captured and then refusing the Viking leaders' demand that he renounce Christ.

A popular cult emerged after Edmund's death, and he was canonised by the Church. A series of coins commemorating him was minted from around the time East Anglia was absorbed by the kingdom of Wessex in 918, and in about 986, the French monk Abbo wrote of his life and martyrdom.

During the 10th century, Edmund's remains were translated from an unidentified location in East Anglia to Beodricesworth (modern Bury St Edmunds); they were temporarily moved to London for safekeeping in 1010. Edmund's cult flourished during the Early and High Middle Ages, and he and Edward the Confessor were regarded as the patron saints of medieval England until they were replaced by Saint George in the 15th century. ^[2] Medieval manuscripts and works of art relating to Edmund include Abbo's Passio Sancti Eadmundi, John Lydgate's 15th-century Life, the Wilton Diptych, and a number of church wall paintings.

King of the East Angles

Accession and rule

The kingdom of the East Angles

The existence of Edmund is known from coins minted by his moneyers, three of whom—Dudda, Eadmund, and Twicga—minted coins for Edmund's predecessor, Æthelweard which suggests that a smooth transition of power occurred. ^[3] The number of coins issued in his name indicates that he reigned for a number of years, but the only contemporary documentary references to Edmund are the records of his death in Asser's life of Alfred the Great and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle . The twelfth-century Annals of St Neots states that Edmund succeeded on Christmas Day 855 aged fourteen and was crowned by Bishop Hunberht on Christmas Day 856 at a royal vill in Burna in Suffolk, but no source is known for these statements. ^[4] The devastation in East Anglia that was caused by the Vikings destroyed all the charters that may have referred to Edmund. ^[5]

Edmund cannot be placed within any ruling dynasty. The 10th century French monk Abbo of Fleury stated that Edmund was ex antiquorum Saxonum nobili prosapia oriundus, which according to Ridyard "was probably Abbo's rather verbose way of saying he was descended from the ancient nobility of his race". ^[6]

A variety of different coins were minted by Edmund's moneyers during his reign. ^[7] The letters AN, standing for 'Anglia', appear on the coins of only Edmund and Æthelstan, another 9th century king of the East Angles; the letters appear on Edmund's coins as part of the phrase + EADMUND REX AN[GLORUM] ("Edmund, King of the Angles"). ^[8] Edmund's later coins read + EADMUND REX ("Edmund, King"). ^{[8] [9]} Otherwise, no chronology for his coins has been confirmed. ^[10]

Death and burial

For decades after the Viking raid on Lindisfarne in 793, their attacks on England were mainly raids on isolated monastic communities. According to the Annales Bertiniani and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a larger-scale attack occurred in c. 844. By the end of the decade the Vikings had started to over-winter in England. ^[11] In the autumn of 865 a force probably numbering over 5,000 combatants, described by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as "a great heathen army", came to East Anglia. Edmund made peace with them and gave them horses and other supplies, and they stayed there until the summer of 866, when they moved on to York. ^[12] The army attacked Mercia by the end of 867 and made peaceful terms with the Mercians; a year later the Vikings returned to East Anglia. ^[13]

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which generally described few matters relating to the East Angles and their rulers, relates that "here the army rode across Mercia into East Anglia, and took winter-quarters at Thetford; and that winter King Edmund fought against them, and the Danish took the victory, and killed the king and conquered all that land". ^[14] Where Edmund was killed and whether he died in battle or was murdered by the Danes afterwards is not known. ^[15] The Great Heathen Army went on to invade Wessex in late 870, where they were confronted by Æthelred of Wessex and his brother, the future Alfred the Great. ^{[16] [17]}

Edmund was buried in a wooden chapel near to where he was killed. At a date generally assumed by historians to have been during the reign of Æthelstan, who became king of the Anglo-Saxons in 924, Edmund's body was translated from Haegelisdun—the location of which has never been conclusively identified—to Beodricesworth, now modern Bury St Edmunds. ^{[18] [19]} In 925 Æthelstan founded a religious community to take care of Edmund's shrine. ^[20]

Memorial coinage

A St Edmund memorial penny (British Museum)

Following the death of the Danish Guthrum, king of East Anglia, in around 890, ^{[note 2]} the same moneyers who had minted his coins started to produce money in commemoration of Edmund. ^[22] The coins, whose design was based upon those produced during Edmund's reign, provide the earliest evidence that he was venerated as a saint. ^{[23] [24]} All the pennies and (more rarely) half-pennies that were produced read SCE EADMVND REX—'O St Edmund the king!'. Some of them have a legend that provides evidence that the Vikings experimented with their initial design. ^[25]

The St Edmund memorial coins were minted in great quantities by a group of more than 70 moneyers, many of whom appear to have originated from continental Europe; over 1800 specimens were found when the Cuerdale Hoard was discovered in Lancashire in 1840. ^[26] The coins were widely used within the Danelaw. They have mainly been found in the east of England, but the exact location of any of the mints they came from is not known with certainty, although scholars have assumed that they were made in East Anglia. ^[27]

Veneration

Cult at Bury St Edmunds

Saint Edmund the Martyr
John Lydgate prays at the shrine of St Edmund, from a folio of Lives of SS Edmund and Fremund (British Library)
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church Anglican Communion Eastern Orthodox Church
Major shrine	Bury St Edmunds, destroyed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries
Feast	20 November
Attributes	An arrow or a sword, a hand-held orb and sceptre, wolf
Patronage	Kings, pandemics, wolves, torture victims, protection from the plague

Edmund's cult was promoted and flourished, but it declined, with the production of St Edmund coins ceasing after around 910. The saint did not reappear in liturgical calendars from the 9th century until the appearance of Abbo of Fleury's Passio Sancti Eadmundi three centuries later. ^[28] In 1010, Edmund's remains were translated to London to protect them from the Vikings, where they were kept for three years before being returned to Bury. ^[20]

The Danish king Canute, who ruled England from 1016, ^[29] converted to Christianity and was instrumental in founding the abbey at Bury St Edmunds. ^[30] The new stone abbey church was completed in 1032, having possibly been commissioned by Canute in time to be consecrated on the 16th anniversary of the Battle of Assandun, which took place on 18 October 1016. ^[31] Edmund's shrine became one of the most famous and wealthy pilgrimage locations in England. The abbey's power grew upon being given jurisdiction over the western half of the county of Suffolk by the creation in 1044 of the Liberty of Saint Edmund, established by Edward the Confessor, and a larger church was built in 1095, into which Edmund's relics were translated. ^{[32] [note 3]} After the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, the abbot planned out over 300 new houses within a grid-iron pattern at a location that was close to the abbey precincts, a development which caused the town to more than double in size. ^{[34] [35]} King John is said to have given a great sapphire and a precious stone set in gold to the shrine, which he was permitted to keep upon the condition that it was returned to the abbey when he died. ^[36]

Edmund's shrine was destroyed in 1539, during the dissolution of the monasteries. According to a letter (now in the British Library's Cotton Collection), the shrine was defaced, and silver and gold to the value of over 5,000 marks was taken away. The abbot and his monks were expelled and the abbey was dissolved. ^[37]

Cult at Toulouse

In 1664, a lawyer from the French city of Toulouse publicized a claim that Edmund's remains had been taken from Bury by the future Louis VIII of France following his defeat at the Battle of Lincoln in 1217. ^[38] The relics had then been donated by Louis to the Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse. ^[39] The first record of this is a relic list for Saint-Sernin of around 1425, which included St Edmund among the church's relics. ^[39]

In 1644, after the city was saved from the plague from 1628 to 1631, which the population ascribed to the intercession of a saint known to the church authorities as Aymundus, who they decided was Edmund. In gratitude for its deliverance, the city vowed to build a new reliquary for the saint's remains. Edmund's cult flourished there for over two centuries. ^[40] The reliquary, designed by Jean Chalette, was silver and adorned with solid silver statues. ^[41] In 1644, the relics were verified and catalogued for interment in the newly-completed shrine, by which time the cult's origins had been forgotten. ^[42] Edmund's shrine was removed in 1794 during the French Revolution. The saint's relics were restored to the Basilica of Saint-Sernin in 1845 and placed in a new reliquary. ^[43]

Relics at Arundel

Arundel Castle in West Sussex

In 1901 the Archbishop of Westminster, Herbert Vaughan, received "certain relics" from the Basilica of Saint-Sernin. The relics, believed at the time to be those of St Edmund, were intended for the high altar of London's Westminster Cathedral, which was then under construction. ^[39]

The acceptance of the relics required the intercession of Pope Leo XIII, after an initial refusal by the church in France. ^[44] Upon their arrival in England they were housed in the Fitzalan Chapel at Arundel Castle prior to their translation to Westminster. Although their validity had been confirmed in 1874, when two pieces were given to Edward Manning, Archbishop of Westminster, concerns were raised about the authenticity of the Arundel relics by Montague James and Charles Biggs in The Times . The relics remained at Arundel under the care of the Duke of Norfolk while a historical commission was set up by Cardinal Vaughan and Archbishop Germain of Saint-Sernin. They remain as of 1993 ^[update] at Arundel. ^[45] In 1966 three teeth from the collection of relics from France were given to Douai Abbey in Berkshire. ^[39]

Commemoration and attributes

Monument in Hoxne, Suffolk, marking the location of an ancient oak tree, supposed to be the site of Edmund's death.

The feast day of Edmund, King and Martyr in the Catholic Church is 20 November. ^[46] He is also remembered in the Church of England, with a Lesser Festival on this day of the year. ^[47] Edmund's particular attributes are the arrow and the sword, ^[48] being an English king, his attributes include the orb and sceptre. ^[49] According to the Oxford Dictionary of Saints , his attribute can also be a wolf. ^[20]

A stone cross at Hoxne in Suffolk marks one supposed location of Edmund's death. The monument records that it was built on the site of an ancient oak tree which fell in 1848 and was found to have an arrow head embedded in its trunk. ^[50] Some fifty-five Church of England parish churches are dedicated to Edmund, perhaps the most notable being the Church of St Edmund, King and Martyr, Lombard Street in the City of London. The Benedictine community of Douai Abbey also has Edmund as its patron. ^[51] There is a St Edmunds chapel at the East end of Tewkesbury Abbey ^[52]

Medieval hagiographies and legends

Passio Sancti Eadmundi

In about 986, the monks of Ramsey Abbey commissioned Abbo of Fleury to write Edmund's passio , or account of his martyrdom. ^[53] According to Abbo, St Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury, was the source of the story of the martyrdom, which he had heard told long before, in the presence of Æthelstan, by an old man who swore an oath that he had been Edmund's sword-bearer. ^[54]

In Abbo's version of events, the king refused to meet the Danes in battle, preferring to die a martyr's death. According to Ridyard, Edmund's martyrdom cannot be proven and the nature of his fate—whether he died fighting or was murdered after the battle—cannot be read from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Ridyard notes that the story that Edmund had an armour-bearer implies that he would have been a warrior king who was prepared to fight the Vikings on the battlefield, but she acknowledges the possibility that such later accounts belong to "the realm of hagiographical fantasy". ^[55]

Edmund's death, according to Ælfric of Eynsham

"King Edmund, against whom Ivar advanced, stood inside his hall, and mindful of the Saviour, threw out his weapons. He wanted to match the example of Christ, who forbade Peter to win the cruel Jews with weapons. Lo! the impious one then bound Edmund and insulted him ignominiously, and beat him with rods, and afterwards led the devout king to a firm living tree, and tied him there with strong bonds, and beat him with whips. In between the whip lashes, Edmund called out with true belief in the Saviour Christ. Because of his belief, because he called to Christ to aid him, the heathens became furiously angry. They then shot spears at him, as if it was a game, until he was entirely covered with their missiles, like the bristles of a hedgehog (just like St Sebastian was).

When Ivar the impious pirate saw that the noble king would not forsake Christ, but with resolute faith called after Him, he ordered Edmund beheaded, and the heathens did so. While Edmund still called out to Christ, the heathen dragged the holy man to his death, and with one stroke struck off his head, and his soul journeyed happily to Christ."

Ælfric of Eynsham, Old English paraphrase of Abbo of Fleury, 'Passio Sancti Eadmundi' ^[56]

Abbo named one of Edmund's killers as Hinguar, who can probably be identified with Ivarr inn beinlausi (Ivar the Boneless), son of Ragnar Lodbrok. ^[57] After describing the horrific manner of Edmund's death, the Passio continued the story. His severed head was thrown into the wood. As Edmund's followers searched for him, calling out "Where are you, friend?" the head answered, Her, her, her ("Here! Here! Here!") until at last they found it, clasped between a wolf's paws, protected from other animals and uneaten. The followers then recovered the head. ^{[58] [59]}

Abbo failed to date these events surrounding Edmund's translation to Beodericsworth, although from his text it can be seen that he believed that the relics had been taken to Beodericsworth by the time that Theodred became Bishop of London in around 926. ^[60] Upon exhumation of the body, a miracle was discovered. All the arrow wounds upon Edmund's undecayed corpse had healed and his head was reattached. ^[58] The last recorded inspection of the body whilst at Bury St Edmunds was in 1198. ^{[39] [61]}

A 19th century carving depicting the wolf guarding Edmund's head, in St Andrew's Church, Greensted-juxta-Ongar.

The resemblance between the deaths of St Sebastian and St Edmund was remarked upon by Abbo: both saints were attacked by archers, although only Edmund is supposed to have been decapitated. His death bears some resemblance to the fate suffered by other saints: St Denis was whipped and beheaded and the body of Mary of Egypt was said to have been guarded by a lion. ^[62] The English medievalist Antonia Gransden described Abbo's Passio as "little more than a hotch-potch of hagiographical commonplaces" and argues that Abbo's ignorance of what actually happened to Edmund would have led him to use aspects of the Lives of well-known saints such as Sebastian and Denis as models for his version of Edmund's martydom. Gransden acknowledged that there are some aspects of the story—such as the appearance of the wolf that guards Edmund's head—that do not have exact parallels elsewhere. ^[63]

Miracles of St Edmund

Herman the Archdeacon, who was an excellent Latinist, wrote another hagiography of Edmund, the Miracles of St Edmund, at the end of the eleventh century. His original text does not survive, but a shortened version is part of a book dating to around 1100 produced by Bury St Edmunds Abbey, which is composed of Abbo's hagiography, followed by Herman's. The hagiographer and musician, Goscelin, soon afterwards produced a revised version of Herman's Miracles, which was hostile to Herman personally. ^[64] Both versions are printed and translated by Tom Licence. ^[65]

Other legends

A 12th-century depiction of Edmund's martyrdom (Morgan Library & Museum, New York)

De Infantia Sancti Edmundi, a fictitious 12th-century hagiography of Edmund's early life by the English canon Geoffrey of Wells, represented him as the youngest son of 'Alcmund', a Saxon king of Germanic descent. 'Alcmund' may never have existed. ^[66] Edmund's fictitious continental origins were later elaborated upon in the 15th century by the poet John Lydgate in his The Lives of Saints Edmund and Fremund. ^[67] Lydgate spoke of his parentage, his birth at Nuremberg, his adoption by Offa of Mercia, his nomination as successor to the king and his landing at Old Hunstanton on the North Norfolk coast to claim his kingdom. ^[68]

Biographical details of Edmund in the Catholic Encyclopedia, published in 1913, include that "he showed himself a model ruler from the first, anxious to treat all with equal justice, and closing his ears to flatterers and untrustworthy informers". ^[66] It was written that he withdrew for a year to his royal tower at Hunstanton and learned the whole Psalter, so that he could recite it from memory. ^[69]

Edmund may have been killed at Hoxne, in Suffolk. ^[70] His martyrdom is mentioned in a charter that was written when the church and chapel at Hoxne were granted to Norwich Priory in 1101. Place-name evidence has been used to link the name of Hoxne with Haegelisdun, named by Abbo of Fleury as the site of Edmund's martyrdom, but this evidence is dismissed by the historian Peter Warner. ^[71] The association of Edmund's cult with the village has continued into modern times. ^{[note 4]} Dernford in Cambridgeshire, ^[72] and Bradfield St Clare ^[73] (near Bury St Edmunds) are other possible sites for where Edmund was martyred. ^{[note 5]} In a preface to Lydgate's Life, in which Edmund's banner—depicting three crowns set on a blue background—is described, ^[74] the crowns are said to represent Edmund's martyrdom, virginity and kingship. ^{[75] [note 6]}

The ancient wooden St Andrew's Church, Greensted-juxta-Ongar in Essex, is said to have been a resting place for his body on the way to Bury St Edmunds in 1013. ^[77]

Patronages

Edmund is the patron saint of pandemics as well as kings, ^[78] the Roman Catholic diocese of East Anglia, ^[79] and Douai Abbey. ^[80] England did not ever have a single patron saint before the Tudor period; ^[81] during the Middle Ages, several saints were considered to have a close association with England and to be nationally important: St Edmund; St Gregory the Great; St Edward the Confessor; St Thomas Becket; and St George. Of these saints, Edmund was the most consistently popular with English kings, ^[82] although Edward III raised the importance of George when he associated him with the Order of the Garter. ^[34]

In 2006, BBC Radio Suffolk radio presenter Mark Murphy and David Ruffley, the Member of Parliament for Bury St Edmunds, failed in their campaign to reinstate Edmund as the patron saint of England. ^{[83] [note 7]} In 2013, BBC News reported a new campaign launched by Murphy and the brewer Greene King, which is based in Bury St Edmunds, to reinstate St Edmund as England's patron saint. Supporters of the campaign stated their hopes that a petition could be used to force Parliament to debate the issue. ^{[85] [86]}

In art

The veneration of Edmund throughout the centuries has created a legacy of noteworthy works of art. An illustrated copy of Abbo of Fleury's Passio Sancti Eadmundi, made at Bury St Edmunds in around 1130, is now kept at the Morgan Library in New York City. ^[20] The copy of John Lydgate's 15th-century Life, written for Henry VI of England, is held at the British Library. ^[87] The Wilton Diptych was painted during the reign of Richard II of England and is the most famous representation of Edmund in art. Painted on oak panels, it shows Edmund and Edward the Confessor as the royal patrons of England presenting Richard to the Virgin and Child. ^{[20] [88]} The poet John Lydgate (1370–1451), who lived all his life in Bury St Edmunds, presented his twelve-year-old king Henry VI of England with a long poem (now known as Metrical Lives of Saints Edmund and Fremund) when Henry came to the town in 1433 and stayed at the abbey for four months. ^[89] The book is now kept by the British Library in London. ^[76] Edmund's martyrdom features on several medieval wall-paintings to be found in churches across England. ^{[note 8]}

• 
  St Edmund (2011), Bury St Edmunds, pierced by arrows
• 
  Brian Whelan  –The Martyrdom of St Edmund, St Edmundsbury Cathedral
• 
  Statue, Salisbury Cathedral
• 
  The Wilton Diptych
• 
  Edmund's martyrdom on a wall painting at St Andrew's Church, Stoke Dry, Rutland
• 
  A statue of the saint outside St Edmund's Church, Southwold.

The saint features in a romantic poem, Athelston , whose 15th-century author is unknown. In the climactic scene of the poem, Edyff, the sister of King 'Athelston' of England, gives birth to Edmund after passing through a ritual ordeal by fire. ^[90]

See also

• List of Catholic saints
• Ragener – reputedly a relative of St Edmund, who shared in his martyrdom.

Notes

1. The year of Edmund's death may have been 870, according to some calculations. The uncertainty has arisen because the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle sometimes began in September, meaning that an event that took place in November 869 (according to the modern calendar) would have been recorded by the Anglo-Saxons as having taken place in 870. ^[1]
2. Guthrum who ruled East Anglia under the baptismal name of Æthelstan. ^[21]
3. The Liberty remained a separate jurisdiction under the control of the abbot of Bury St Edmunds Abbey until the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s. ^[33]
4. Until 1849, an old tree stood in Hoxne Park that was believed to be where Edmund had been martyred. In the heart of the tree, an arrowhead was found. A piece of the tree was used to form part of an altar of a church dedicated to Edmund. Another legend relates that after being routed in battle, Edmund hid under the Goldbrook bridge at Hoxne, but his hiding place was revealed to a wedding party, who gave him away to his enemies.
5. However, there is a spot where places named in the early accounts occur close together. A field called 'Hellesdon' lay just south of Pitcher's Green at Bradfield St Clare; Sutton Hall stands a mile south of Bradfield St Clare on the parish boundary; Kingshall Farm, Kingshall Green and Kingshall Street occur in Rougham, two miles to the north. Bradfield St Clare is approximately six miles from Bury St Edmunds, which was an Anglo-Saxon royal vill (settlement). A monastery already existed, founded by King Sigeberht in 633AD. There was also a building called Bradfield Hall that stood within the St Edmund's Abbey, and accounts show that the Abbey's Cellarer paid rent for small pieces of land at Bradfield St Clare Hall (6 shillings 8d pence) and Sutton Hall (3s 2d.).
6. The three crowns banner (representing the coat of arms of Bury St Edmunds) appears in Lydgate's book. ^[76]
7. Ruffley had taken up the cause and helped deliver a large petition to the government in London. Prime Minister Tony Blair rejected the request; however, their attempt was successful on another level: "St Edmund (was) named patron saint of Suffolk...the high point of a successful campaign which was launched by Breakfast show presenter Mark Murphy and producer Emily Fellows in the autumn of 2006". ^[84]
8. Churches with surviving wall paintings of Edmund can be found at Medieval Wall Painting in the English Parish Church Archived 12 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine website: D to F.

References

1. Swanton 1997, p. xv.
2. Farmer 2011, pp. 136–139.
3. Young 2018, p. 40.
4. Gransden 2004.
5. Yorke 2002, p. 20.
6. Ridyard 1988, p. 217.
7. "Treasure hunters found nearly 1,000 items in 2012". BBC News . 16 January 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
8. Young 2018, p. 7.
9. Grierson & Blackburn 1986, p. 294.
10. Grierson & Blackburn 1986, p. 588.
11. Oliver 2013, p. 168.
12. Abels 1998, pp. 113–115; Whitelock 1979, p. 191.
13. Oliver 2013, p. 172.
14. Swanton 1997, p. 70.
15. Butler, Thomas & Burns 1997, p. 173.
16. Yorke 1995, p. 109.
17. Ridyard 1988, p. 211.
18. Young 2018, p. 75.
19. Ridyard 1988, p. 213.
20. Farmer 2011, pp. 136–137.
21. Costambeys 2008.
22. Young 2018, p. 72.
23. Young 2018, pp. 69, 72.
24. Grierson & Blackburn 1986, p. 305.
25. Grierson & Blackburn 1986, p. 320.
26. Grierson & Blackburn 1986, p. 319.
27. Grierson & Blackburn 1986, pp. 319–320.
28. Gransden 1992, pp. 82–83.
29. Lawson 2013.
30. Young 2018, p. 89.
31. Young 2018, p. 90.
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33. Redstone 1914, p. 202.
34. Cantor 1982, p. 176.
35. Waller 2000, p. 98.
36. Yates 1843, part II p. 40.
37. Pinner 2015, pp. 1–2.
38. Young 2018, p. 12–13.
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42. Young 2018, pp. 133–134.
43. Young 2018, pp. 135–136.
44. Houghton 1970, p. 78.
45. Gem 2020, p. 45.
46. Young 2018, p. 100.
47. "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
48. Olderr 2012, pp. 20, 198.
49. Olderr 2012, p. 177.
50. Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1458357)". National Heritage List for England . Retrieved 24 May 2022.
51. Mackinlay 1893, pp. 324–325
52. "The Project Gutenberg eBook of the Abbey Church of Tewkesbury, by H.J.L.J. Massé".
53. Gransden 1992, p. 47.
54. Ridyard 1988, p. 63.
55. Ridyard 1988, pp. 66–67.
56. "Medieval Sourcebook: Abbo of Fleury: The Martyrdom of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia, 870". Fordham University. 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
57. Ridyard 1988, p. 67.
58. Ridyard 1988, p. 212.
59. Young 2018, p. 55.
60. Ridyard 1988, p. 231.
61. Houghton 1970, p. 51.
62. Gransden 1992, p. 87.
63. Gransden 1992, pp. 86–87.
64. Licence 2014, pp. xci, cix, cxiv–cxxix.
65. Licence 2014.
66. Phillips 1909, p. 295.
67. Reimer 2004, p. 169.
68. Reimer 2004, p. 179.
69. Houghton 1970, p. 16.
70. Warner 1996, p. 219.
71. Warner 1996, pp. 139, 141.
72. Houghton 1970, p. 24.
73. Reimer, Stephen R. "The Lives of Ss. Edmund and Fremund: Introduction". The Canon of John Lydgate Project. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
74. Frantzen 2004, pp. 68–69.
75. Preble 1917, p. 123.
76. British Library online Catalogue of Illuminated Manuscripts: Harley 2278 f.3v Archived 10 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Arms of Bury).
77. Westwood 1986, p. 152.
78. Ball 2003, p. 276.
79. Roman Catholic diocese of East Anglia website Archived 17 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine .
80. "Our Patron St Edmund". Douai Abbey: Under the Patronage of St Edmund, King & Martyr. Trustees of Douai Abbey. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
81. Young 2018, pp. 11, 154.
82. Young 2018, p. 11.
83. Young 2018, p. 153.
84. "St Edmund, Patron Saint of Suffolk". BBC News . 25 April 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
85. Woodger, Andrew; Haugh, Richard (4 June 2013). "St Edmund takes on St George for England's patron saint honour". BBC News . Retrieved 6 June 2013.
86. "Campaign for St Edmund to be England's patron saint". BBC News . 5 June 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
87. "Detailed record for Harley 2278". British Library. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
88. "The Wilton Diptych". Richard II's Treasure: the riches of a medieval king. University of London. 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
89. Frantzen 2004, pp. 66–67.
90. Field & Brewer 2010, p. 140.

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• Farmer, David Hugh (2011). The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (5th revised ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-959660-7.
• Field, Rosalind; Brewer, Derek (2010). Christianity and Romance in Medieval England. Christianity and Culture. Woodbridge: Brewer. ISBN   978-1-84384-219-4.
• Frantzen, Allen J. (2004). Bloody Good: Chivalry, Sacrifice, and the Great War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN   978-0-226-26085-3.
• Gem, Richard (2020). "A Scientific Examination of the Relics of St Edmund at Arundel Castle". In Gransden, Antonia (ed.). Bury St Edmunds: Medieval Art, Architecture, Archaeology and Economy. British Archaeological Association. pp. 45–59. ISBN   978-09012-8-687-1.
• Gransden, Antonia (1992). Legends, Traditions and History in Medieval England. London; Rio Grande: Hambleton Press. ISBN   978-1-85285-016-6.
• Gransden, Antonia (2004). "Edmund [St Edmund] (d. 869)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8500. ISBN   978-0-19-861412-8.(subscription or UK public library membership required)
• Grierson, Philip; Blackburn, Mark (1986). Medieval European Coinage 1. The Early Middle Ages (5th–10th centuries). Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-26009-1.
• Houghton, Bryan (1970). Saint Edmund King and Martyr. Lavenham & Sudbury, Suffolk: Terence Dalton Limited. ISBN   978-0-900963-18-6.
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• Julien, Pascal (1996). "A Design by Jean Chalette for the Silver Reliquary of St. Edmund". Master Drawings. 34 (4). Master Drawings Association: 418–420. JSTOR   1554276 – via JSTOR.
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Further reading

• Ælfric of Eynsham (1881). "Of Saint Edmund"  . Ælfric's Lives of Saints. London, Pub. for the Early English text society, by N. Trübner & co.
• Altmann, Barbara K.; Carroll, Carleton W., eds. (2003). The Court Reconvenes: Courtly Literature Across the Disciplines. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Brewer. ISBN   978-0-85991-797-1.
• Bale, Anthony, ed. (2009). St Edmund, King and Martyr: Changing Images of a Medieval Saint. York, USA: York Medieval Press. ISBN   978-1-903153-26-0.
• Briggs, Keith (2011). "Was Hægelisdun in Essex? A new site for the martyrdom of Edmund" (PDF). Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology . XLII (3). Suffolk Institute of Archaeology: 277–291.
• Taylor, Mark (2013). Edmund: The Untold Story of the Martyr-King and His Kingdom. Wakefield: Fordaro. ISBN   978-0-9927211-0-7.
• Whitelock, Dorothy (1969). "Fact and Fiction in the Legend of St Edmund" (PDF). Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology . 31: 217–233.

External links

• Edmund 6 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
• Illuminated manuscripts depicting Edmund, from the British Library:

- Harley 1766 Archived 18 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine (The Fall of Princes)

- Royal 2 B VI Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Psalter and Canticles 13th century)

• Here Followeth The Life of S. Edmund in Caxton's translation of The Golden Legend from the Christian Iconography website
• Images and information about the Passio Sancti Eadmundi at the Morgan Library & Museum, New York
• The Relics of St. Edmund: The Little Box from Toulouse by Michael P. Peyton from the Saints and Relics website
• Passio Sancti Edmundi Regis et Martyris by Abbo of Fleury, from The Latin Library (in Latin)
• Drawing of the model for the reliquary of St Edmund by Jean Chalette

English royalty
Preceded by Æthelweard	King of East Anglia 25 December 855 (trad.) –20 November 869	Succeeded by Oswald