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Hurricane Ian
Ian making its second landfall on Florida on September 28
Hurricane Ian caused severe damage in Florida in September 2022,becoming the costliest hurricane in state history.[1] Ian also became the deadliest hurricane in Florida since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane.[4]
President Biden meeting with FEMA officials in advance of the hurricane on September 29
Mandatory evacuation orders were issued for parts of multiple counties.[23] Around 300,000 people were evacuated in Hillsborough County (which centers on Tampa) with schools and other locations being used as shelters. Before the impact school closures and mandatory evacuations were made across much of the Florida peninsula. DeSantis mobilized 5,000 Florida state national guard troops.[24]
Another 2,000 were deployed on standby in neighboring states.[24] Officials in Tallahassee and nearby cities commissioned the monitoring of local power lines and scouring of storm-water systems to make sure them prepared and secure.[25] During the evacuations,intense traffic began developing on Interstate 4.[26]
Amtrak suspended its Auto Train service for September 27–28 and truncated the September 26 southbound Silver Star service,which was already on a modified schedule due to the suspension of the Silver Meteor service,at Jacksonville,Florida,on September 27. Silver Star service was canceled for September 27–28 with the northbound Silver Star for September 29 also canceled.[29] Ian's updated track forecast then prompted them to suspend those services through October 1.[30]Palmetto service was also truncated for Washington D.C.,on September 30[31] and October 1.[32] As Ian dissipated over the Carolinas,Amtrak modified its schedule,truncating the October 2 southbound Silver Star at Jacksonville,which would be the origin of the October 3 northbound Silver Star. Bus transportation was provided for Orlando and Tampa.[33] Additionally,the resumption of the Silver Meteor service,which had been suspended since January 24,2022,due to a resurgence of the Omicron variant of COVID-19,was pushed back from October 3 to 11.[34] The modified schedule and the resumption of service for the Silver Meteor was then pushed out to October 13 due to the extensive damage inflicted along the Central Florida Rail Corridor.[35] Full resumptions of both of these services would occur over a period from October 14–17.[36]
On September29,Lee County Sheriff Carmine Marceno,whose jurisdiction covers Cape Coral and Fort Myers,estimated that thousands of people may still be trapped in floodwaters.[41] President Biden said the storm could end up as the deadliest in Florida's history.[42] In an interview on September 29,Marceno said that hundreds of deaths may have occurred,but he and Governor DeSantis later downplayed the remark.[41][43]
Overall,more than 2.4million people in Florida lost power during the storm and in its aftermath.[51][52] Rainfall in Ponce Inlet,the highest in the state,was recorded at 31.52 inches (801mm).[53] Total damage in Florida was estimated at $109.5billion.[1]
Tropical-storm-force sustained wind speeds with hurricane-force wind gusts were observed at Key West International Airport before 22:00UTC (18:00 EDT) the same day;[54][55] the city of Key West subsequently recorded its third-highest storm surge since 1913.[56]Coastal flooding impacted 93homes,with 38experiencing substantial damage and 55others suffering minor damage,while several cars on the south side of the Truman Annex were flooded. Residents of approximately 24family units in that neighborhood fled their dwellings due to rising floodwaters. Additionally,a fire ignited during the storm demolished 14business and 14residential units.[57] The southwest side of Stock Island reported several impassable streets and widespread flood damage to sheds and outbuildings. Similar impacts occurred on islands north of there through Big Pine Key. Almost 10,000customers beyond the west end of the Seven Mile Bridge lost power,roughly one-third of electrical subscribers in the Lower Florida Keys. Storm surge flooding farther north briefly left some streets impassible,while winds caused isolated and sporadic power outages. Throughout the Florida Keys,the hurricane ripped about 150vessels loose from their moorings.[57]
Several tornadoes touched down in South Florida as the storm approached on September 27–28;12 tornadoes touched down with all but one of them occurring in the Miami metropolitan area.[58] One EF1 tornado severely damaged over 20aircraft and several hangars at the North Perry Airport in Broward County;additional structures and trees were also damaged.[59] An EF2 tornado on the night of September27 overturned multiple cars,shattered windows,damaged several roofs,and toppled a large tree onto an apartment building at Kings Point in Palm Beach County,injuring two people.[60][61] Another EF1 tornado damaged several roofs and caused some significant tree damage in Wellington and Loxahatchee.[62][63] The same storm quickly produced another EF1 tornado as the first one dissipated;damage was inflicted to trees and the roofs of a stable and a house.[64] The other tornadoes were rated EFU-EF0. Wind gusts reportedly did not exceed 60mph (97km/h) in the Gold Coast,but some minor wind damage was reported and power outages in the tri-county area affected 15,632customers.[65]
Southwest Florida
6-hour rainfall totals for Hurricane Ian;showing areas with a widespread amount (8–12inches) of rain on September 28
With the storm making landfall in Southwest Florida on September28 as a strong Category4 hurricane with sustained winds of 150mph (241km/h),[52] the National Weather Service in Tampa issued multiple extreme wind warnings,indicating the likelihood for damage caused by sustained winds of 115mph (185km/h) or greater.[66] Heavy precipitation across the region prompted the National Weather Service to issue a flash flood emergency for portions of Charlotte,DeSoto,Hardee,Highlands,Manatee,and Sarasota Counties due to accumulated rainfall of 20+ inches (508+ mm).[67] The National Hurricane Center's advisory at 15:00UTC warned that the "extremely dangerous eyewall of Ian" is "moving onshore."[68] Sustained hurricane-force winds were confirmed in several places at the landfall point in Southwest Florida,including one report southeast of Cape Coral,where the location recorded a wind gust of 140mph (225km/h),around the time of Ian's second landfall.[69][70] A private weather station near Port Charlotte reported a sustained wind of 115mph (185km/h),with a wind gust of 132mph (212km/h).[71]
The hardest-hit areas were in Lee County,where catastrophic damage occurred as Ian pushed a destructive 10–15ft (3.0–4.6m) storm surge into Fort Myers Beach,Sanibel Island,and Bonita Springs,just south of where its eye made landfall.[72] Combined with high winds this resulted in damage to 52,514buildings and homes,which included minor damage to 16,314structures,major damage to 14,245structures,and the destruction of 5,369others. A preliminary estimate placed building damages at $6.8billion.[70]
Additionally,a large portion of the Sanibel Causeway collapsed and washed away during the storm,cutting off all vehicle access to Sanibel.[73][74] Vehicular access to the island was re-established on October 11 for emergency workers and public access was re-established October 21 for local residents.[75] This cut off the J. N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge,forcing them to temporarily close.[76] The hurricane damaged the Pine Island Causeway and washed out the approach to it which connected Pine Island to the mainland.[77] A temporary bridge was opened for public use on October 5.[78] Both the Sanibel Causeway and the Matlacha Bridge are eligible for federal bridge rehabilitation funds.[77][70]
Electrical workers restoring power to homes in Port Charlotte. Utilities prepare for extensive damage to infrastructure when a storm of Ian's magnitude is to make landfall.
In Collier County,rising coastal floodwaters in the Naples area trapped people and prompted numerous calls for rescue. Water entered the first floor of several parking garages,impacting many cars. A fire station was completely flooded,substantially damaging nearly all of the equipment in the building.[79] Damages in Naples alone was estimated at $989million.[65] The ambulance bay and helipad were inundated at a hospital in North Naples. Multiple rescues occurred in Goodland after some people unsuccessfully attempted to flee the storm surge. Farther inland 4 to 6ft (1.2 to 1.8m) of water covered portions of US 41 near Carnestown.[79] Aside from Naples Ian caused $256million in damages in Marco Island,$7.1million in Everglades City,and $948million in unincorporated areas. Throughout the county,the hurricane caused major impacts to 3,515commercial and residential structures and demolished 33others. Building damages alone in Collier County totaled about $2.2billion.[65]
After moving across Charlotte Harbor,the eye of Hurricane Ian made landfall on the Florida Peninsula in Charlotte County,near Punta Gorda. While escaping the storm surge that occurred further to the south,catastrophic wind damage occurred in Charlotte County. In all,more than 200homes were destroyed in Charlotte County. Ian also dumped over 2 feet of rain in portions of the county,with the storm maximum rainfall total of 26 inches (660mm) being recorded in Grove City.[1]
Further inland,Winds affected 112structures in Hendry County,with damages estimated at $419,000. Parts of Glades County likely experienced hurricane-force wind gusts,destroying 3structures,causing major damage to 14structures and inflicting minor damage on 25others. An EF0 tornado in Moore Haven damaged trees and homes and tipped over two storage trailers.[65][80] Several counties inland experienced heavy rains during Ian. In Hardee County,the Peace River crested at a record height of 27.2ft (8.3m) near Zolfo Springs,while wind gusts reached 81mph (130km/h) in Wauchula. The county also reported minor damage to 367buildings and homes,major damage to 114buildings and homes,and the destruction of 18others. Wind gusts in Highlands County peaked at 78mph (126km/h) at the Sebring Regional Airport,leaving 56,690customers without power;approximately 89% of the county had no electricity. Ian spawned a brief tornado in Lake Placid and possibly another in Sebring.[70]
Tampa Bay
Florida Governor Ron DeSantis holds a press conference while touring the damage in North Port,Sarasota County on October 2,2022
Although the storm was a considerable threat to the majority of the Tampa Bay area,Ian's core remained well to the south of Tampa and St. Petersburg. Ian's blowout tide pulled a large amount of water out of Tampa Bay,[81] with tides reaching 5 to 7ft (1.5 to 2.1m) below normal at the Hillsborough County side of the bay. Parts of the county also received 5 to 8in (130 to 200mm) of precipitation and wind gusts generally ranging from 65 to 75mph (105 to 121km/h). Damages in Hillsborough County totaled $54.8million. Tides also decreased in Pinellas County,falling to 4ft (1.2m) below average along the coast and 5ft (1.5m) in Tampa Bay. A total of 191,415customers lost electricity,over one-third of the county. Overall,31dwellings reported major damage and 86others suffered minor damage. Ian caused $22.6million in damages throughout Pinellas County. Ian produced wind gusts up to 75mph (121km/h) and rainfall ranging from 4 to 12in (100 to 300mm) in Polk County. Around 35% of customers lost electricity,while wind damage varied from isolated in Lakeland to much more commonplace in Fort Meade and Frostproof. Overall,Ian caused minor damage to 799structures and major damage to 192others in the county.[70] Areas north of Tampa reported minor or sporadic wind damage,including some tree damage and a loss of shingles in Pasco,Citrus,and Levy counties.[70] The Tampa Bay Lightning hockey team was forced to postpone two preseason games due to the storm.[82]
Flooding and Damage from Hurricane Ian in North Port,Sarasota County
The most impacted areas of the western coast were in Sarasota and Manatee counties. Sarasota County reported extensive tree and structural damage due to wind,as well as significant flooding in inland areas,specifically in and around Venice and North Port.[70] Most of the southern portion of the county remained in Ian's northern eyewall for nearly five hours,subjected to extreme wind and over 20 inches (510mm) of rain,which caused catastrophic flooding.[83] In North Port,vast portions of the city were impassible due to floodwaters,while the Myakka River reached a record flood stage on September 30 of 12.55ft (3.83m),forcing a 12mi (19km) portion of I-75 to close on Friday as the Myakka River flooded portions of the highway.[84][85] As winds in the area approached the 50–60mph (80–97km/h) range,the Sunshine Skyway Bridge was also forced to close.[86] On October 2,Florida Governor Ron DeSantis visited North Port,and described the flooding as the worst he had seen across Florida.[87]Venice turned off the water supply to the island of Venice,which has since been restored.[88] Ian brought similar conditions to Manatee County. The cyclone destroyed 10structures there,297structures were majorly impacted,and 891others had minor impacts. Overall,the storm left over 1.05million cubic yards (803,000 cubic meters) of debris in Sarasota County,and over 233,000 cubic yards (155,000 cubic meters) of debris in Manatee County. As of October 10,2022,the damage estimates in Sarasota and Manatee County totaled over $230million.[89]
Across Hardee County,there were 500 miles (800km) of roads maintained by the county affected by the storm,including three collapsed bridges.[90] Strong winds also resulted in a widespread downing of electrical poles,trees and tree limbs,road signs,and traffic signals. Consequently,there were significant disruptions in communication and electrical services;falling debris blocked many roadways.[70]
Strong winds in Okeechobee County caused minor damage to 113structures,major damage to 35structures,and the destruction of 2structures. Damages there reached about $1.4million. Martin County reported mostly isolated wind impacts,which included damage to a mobile home and a tree falling onto a residence at a fishing camp along Lake Okeechobee. Along the coast,erosion damages totaled about $6million.[91] Hundreds of sea turtle eggs were destroyed and scattered across the Fort Pierce beach.[92] Ian wrought little structural impacts in Indian River County,although a loss of up to 100,000cuyd (76,000m3) of sand was reported,with a replacement expected to cost nearly $4million. In Osceola County,severe flooding affected or damaged some 900businesses and 3,200dwellings,leading to around $148million in private property damages. The worst of the floods in the county occurred near Lake Center and in parts of Kissimmee and St. Cloud.[91]
Most neighborhoods in Orlando were flooded as many of the city's numerous lakes overflowed,with the city receiving 14in (360mm) of rain. About 250people were rescued.[93] Heavy rain led to severe flooding in a Disney World resort hotel.[94] Disney suffered an estimated $65 million in economic losses from the storm.[95] Nearby,one ride sustained structural damage at Universal Orlando.[96] This heavy rain contributed to September 2022 being the wettest month on record for Orlando,[97] and combined with Hurricane Nicole in November,led to Orlando recording their wettest meteorological autumn on record in 2022.[98]Orlando International Airport recorded wind gusts of up to 74mph (119km/h).[99] Near the University of Central Florida,hundreds of students were displaced after several nearby off-campus apartment complexes flooded.[100] Property damages in Orange County were estimated at $206million.[101] A 13mi (21km) stretch of Florida's Turnpike was closed as well.[102] In Seminole County,extensive floods occurred in areas adjacent to the Little Wekiva River in Altamonte Springs,the St. Johns River at Lake Harney and in Sanford,and the larger and smaller branches of the Econlockhatchee River near Oviedo. Ian destroyed 2structures,caused major damage to 1,076structures,and inflicted minor impacts on 580others. Damages in Seminole County totaled about $241million. Heavy precipitation inundated many areas along the St. Johns River in Lake County,particularly around Astor. The cyclone caused minor damage to 61structures and major impacts to 49others,with damages in the county estimated at $4.5million. Severe flooding also occurred to the east in Volusia County,especially adjacent to Lake Monroe and the St. Johns River. Along the coast,the storm surge caused extensive impacts to seawalls in the vicinity of Daytona Beach.[91] In New Smyrna Beach,about 180residents had to be evacuated due to rising floodwaters,[103] with the coastal town receiving almost 21in (530mm) of rain according to a preliminary report released by the National Weather Service.[91]Bunnell requested that citizens ceased using non-essential water uses as their manholes were overflowing with rainwater.[104] Around 247,000customers lost power during the storm in Volusia County alone. The hurricane caused minor impacts to 1,197structures,major impacts to 181structures,and the destruction of 40others. Damages in Volusia County were estimated at $128million.[91] Near June Park to the west of Melbourne,Ian spawned a weak EF0 tornado that damaged only trees and no buildings.[105] Kennedy Space Center received wind gusts as high as 108mph (174km/h),but only minor damage occurred.[106] Storm surge and high tides in Brevard County caused about $7million in damage to dunes and beach crossovers.[91] In Lake Wales,Florida,the 17in (430mm) of rain exceeded the threshold for a one-in-1,000 year event.[107]
Elsewhere
Portions of the First Coast experienced strong winds,heavy rains,and significant storm surge heights that rivaled those observed during Hurricane Irma. In Flagler County,storm surge and high tides substantially damaged the Flagler Beach pier,rendered a few coastal roads impassable,and flooded home in Flagler Beach,lab buildings in Marineland,and a restaurant in Bunnell. Heavy precipitation and storm surge in St. Johns County flooded several roads in St. Augustine and resulted in the temporary closure of the Bridge of Lions. Floodwaters entered some homes in the Davis Shores neighborhood of Anastasia Island. In Duval County,several locations reported storm surge inundation,including along the Intracoastal Waterway and in Jacksonville's Riverside neighborhood. 22,000 power outages occurred,[108] and isolated wind damage also occurred,such as several trees downed at Naval Air Station Jacksonville,some of which struck homes,displacing two families. In Nassau County,the storm surge resulted in damage to Fernandina Beach High School and the Fernandina Beach marina and inundated numerous roads on Piney Island near the Amelia River. Abnormally high tides,storm surge,and tropical-storm-force winds in Putnam County caused flooding in areas by Lake George and the St. Johns River,with water entering dozens of residences in Fruitland,Satsuma,and Welaka,[109] with the St. John's River rising 2.7ft (0.82m).[110]
Soon after the conditions improved in impacted parts of Florida, search and rescue teams, first responders, and utility workers from un-impacted parts of Florida and across the country deployed to the area.[111][112][113] The American Red Cross mobilized and began to provide shelter and supplies to those who needed it as well.[114] Various other International, federal and local organizations also mobilized to help spread donations throughout affected populations in the form of both monetary and physical donations.[115][116] On October 3, The Guardian reported 10,000 people remained unaccounted for. However, the next day, FEMA's statement did not include numbers about people remaining unaccounted for.[117]
There were sporadic reports of looting and burglaries at several businesses in Lee County, Florida; alleged thefts of non-essential items such as sports apparel and athletic shoes during the height of the storm prompted officials to enforce a curfew in the county.[118][119] Door-to-door scams posing as charities were carried out across the nation.[120] According to DeSantis, Florida was working with SpaceX CEO Elon Musk to use the Starlink satellite Internet service to help restore communication across the state.[121]
At least eight school districts[122] suffered closures as a result of Ian.[123] The Lee County and DeSoto County Public School Districts reopened on October 17.[124] The Charlotte County Public School District reopened October 18. Sarasota County Schools were closed due to damage from storm, with classes resuming on October 10 for most of the county, while several schools that sustained more damage remaining closed until October 17.[125]
Critics have noted that federally subsidized flood insurance is one of the reasons that people continue to move to hurricane-prone areas of Florida.[126][127] Since the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) began, millions of people moved to Florida in the past 50years into areas that were part of Hurricane Ian's path in part, critics note, due to the subsidized flood insurance offered by the federal government and insurance companies.[128]NBC News described most of the deaths as preventable, blaming a lack of communication on the government's side and care on the citizen's side.[129]
Lee County also saw a sharp rise in infections and death from flesh-eating bacteria that live in warm brackish water. By October18, 2022, 29 cases and four deaths had been recorded since landfall due to infection from Vibrio vulnificus,[130] at least one of whom was from out of state.[131] At least one Lee County man was infected with Mycobacterium haemophilum.[132] In Sarasota Bay, significant ocean stratification occurred, which took over a month for the bay to recover from, and resulted in some fish dying and fewer dolphin sightings.[133]
Around 15% of the bees in the United States, which were found in Florida, were affected by Ian. Upwards of 150,000 bee hives were destroyed in the storm. Surviving bees were malnourished due to Brazilian peppertrees, which bloom in the autumn, being stripped.[134]
Weeks later several coast side condominiums and hotels damaged by Ian in Volusia County were deemed unsafe and evacuated as Hurricane Nicole approached on November10. Many structures fell into the ocean.[135]
On February10, 2024, a fire station in Sanibel was demolished after suffering wind and flood damage. The station moved temporarily into a mobile home that month.[136]
The Tampa Bay Rays were forced to move their practice facilities for the 2023 preseason due to extensive damage in Port Charlotte.[137]
↑ The Charlotte County Sheriff's Office has claimed that 24 deaths have occurred.[46] However, the Florida Medical Examiners Commission has only been able to verify 9 deaths from Ian.[45]
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Hurricane Ida was a deadly and extremely destructive tropical cyclone in 2021 that became the second-most damaging and intense hurricane to make landfall in the U.S. state of Louisiana on record, behind Hurricane Katrina in 2005. In terms of maximum sustained winds at landfall, Ida tied 2020's Hurricane Laura and the 1856 Last Island hurricane as the strongest on record to hit the state. The remnants of the storm also caused a tornado outbreak and catastrophic flooding across the Northeastern United States. The ninth named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season, Ida originated from a tropical wave in the Caribbean Sea on August 23. On August 26, the wave developed into a tropical depression, which organized further and became Tropical Storm Ida later that day, near Grand Cayman. Amid favorable conditions, Ida intensified into a hurricane on August 27, just before moving over western Cuba. A day later, the hurricane underwent rapid intensification over the Gulf of Mexico, and reached its peak intensity as a strong Category 4 hurricane while approaching the northern Gulf Coast, with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 929 millibars (27.4 inHg). On August 29, the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina making landfall, Ida made landfall near Port Fourchon, Louisiana, devastating the town of Grand Isle. Ida weakened steadily over land, becoming a tropical depression on August 30, as it turned northeastward. On September 1, Ida transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone as it accelerated through the Northeastern United States, breaking multiple rainfall records in various locations before moving out into the Atlantic on the next day. Afterward, Ida's remnant moved into the Gulf of St. Lawrence and stalled there for a couple of days, before being absorbed into another developing low-pressure area early on September 5.
Hurricane Ian was a devastating tropical cyclone which was the third costliest weather disaster on record worldwide, the deadliest hurricane to strike the state of Florida since the 1935 Labor Day hurricane, and the strongest hurricane to make landfall in Florida since Michael in 2018. Ian caused widespread damage across western Cuba, Florida, and the Carolinas. Ian was the ninth named storm, fourth hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season, and was the first Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic since Lorenzo in 2019.
Hurricane Nicole was a sprawling late-season Category 1 hurricane in November 2022. The fourteenth named storm and eighth hurricane of the 2022 Atlantic hurricane season, Nicole formed as a subtropical cyclone on November 7, from a non-tropical area of low pressure near the Greater Antilles, and transitioned into a tropical cyclone the next day. Then, taking a path similar to that of Hurricane Dorian three years earlier, Nicole made landfall on November 9, on Great Abaco and on Grand Bahama in The Bahamas, where it strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane. On November 10, it made landfall twice in Florida, south of Vero Beach and then northwest of Cedar Key, after briefly emerging over the Gulf of Mexico. Nicole then weakened to a depression while moving over the Florida Panhandle, and then was absorbed into a mid-latitude trough and cold front over extreme eastern Tennessee the following day.
Hurricane Idalia was a powerful and destructive Category 4 hurricane that caused significant damage across parts of the southeastern United States, especially in North Florida, in late August 2023. The ninth named storm, third hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season, Idalia formed from a low-pressure area that crossed Central America from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Gradual development ensued as it meandered in the western part of the Caribbean Sea; the system was upgraded to a tropical depression on August 26, 2023, and strengthened into a tropical storm a day later, receiving the name Idalia. It traversed the Gulf of Mexico where it underwent rapid intensification, briefly becoming a Category 4 hurricane before making landfall in the Big Bend region of Florida as a low-end Category 3 hurricane on August 30. Idalia remained a hurricane as it moved through Northern Florida and crossed into Southeast Georgia; it then pushed into the Carolinas as a tropical storm. On August 31, Idalia emerged into the Atlantic, where it transitioned into a post-tropical cyclone that same day. Later, it passed south of Bermuda, made a counterclockwise loop, then meandered off the coast of Nova Scotia while winding down.
Hurricane Milton was an extremely powerful and devastating tropical cyclone which became the second-most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded over the Gulf of Mexico, behind only Hurricane Rita in 2005. Milton made landfall on the west coast of the U.S. state of Florida, less than two weeks after Hurricane Helene devastated the state's Big Bend region. The thirteenth named storm, ninth hurricane, fourth major hurricane, and second Category 5 hurricane of the 2024 Atlantic hurricane season, Milton is the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2024 so far.
References
1 2 3 4 Bucci, Lisa; Alaka, Laura; Hagen, Andrew; Delgao, Sandy; Beven, Jack (April 3, 2023). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Ian(PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived(PDF) from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023.
↑ "Hurricane Ian Information". Florida Department of Education. September 26, 2022. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
↑ Florida Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2022. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022– via National Weather Service in Melbourne, Florida.
↑ Florida Event Report: EF1 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2022. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022– via National Weather Service in Melbourne, Florida.
↑ Blake, Eric (September 27, 2022). Hurricane Ian Advisory Number 14 (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.
↑ Beven, John; Papin, Philippe; Bucci, Lisa (September 28, 2022). Hurricane Ian Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 1, 2022.
↑ Vogt, Elizabeth Wolfe, Travis Caldwell, Kelly McCleary, Aditi Sangal, Adrienne. "Tropical Storm Ian pummels Florida". CNN. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
1 2 Preliminary Local Storm Report (Report). National Weather Service Miami, Florida. September 28, 2022. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
↑ Florida Event Report: EF0 Tornado (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2022. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022– via National Weather Service in Miami, Florida.
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