Electronic gear-shifting system

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Electronic front derailleur (Shimano Di2) Electronic front derailleur.jpg
Electronic front derailleur (Shimano Di2)

An electronic gear-shifting system is a method of changing gears on a bicycle, which enables riders to shift with electronic switches instead of using conventional control levers and mechanical cables. The switches are connected by wire or wirelessly to a battery pack and to a small electric motor that drives the derailleur, switching the chain from cog to cog. An electronic system can switch gears faster and, because the system does not use Bowden cables and can calibrate itself, it may require less maintenance. [1]

Contents

History

Electronic shifting control unit and battery pack mounted to the bottom of bottom bracket and left chain stay Electronic shifting control unit and battery pack.jpg
Electronic shifting control unit and battery pack mounted to the bottom of bottom bracket and left chain stay
Electronic rear derailleur (Campagnolo Record EPS) Campagnolo Record EPS Rear Derailleur.jpg
Electronic rear derailleur (Campagnolo Record EPS)
Handlebar mounted remotely for the D1x Trail electronic shifting system from Archer Components Archer Remote.jpg
Handlebar mounted remotely for the D1x Trail electronic shifting system from Archer Components

In 1990 the Japanese bike component manufacturer SunTour introduced the Browning Electronic AccuShift Transmission (SunTour BEAST) - a triple crankset/chainset system for mountain bikes in which one quarter of the circle is hinged along a radius. During shifting, this segment is pushed sideways by a relay operated mechanism like a railroad switch and picks up the chain that is currently running on the next cog. [2]

In 1992 the French manufacturer Mavic introduced their first electronically controlled gear shift mechanism called Zap at the 1992 Tour de France. It was a prototype, but it achieved neither technical success nor commercial application. A development of this was used by Chris Boardman to win the opening time trial (prologue) of the 1997 Tour de France. [3]

In 1994 Sachs introduced the Speedtronic. [4] [5]

In 1999 Mavic introduced the Mektronic, its second electronic shift system, which suffered from reliability issues and was subsequently discontinued. [3]

In 2001 Shimano introduced a set of trekking components called Di2 (Digital Integrated Intelligence), which included electronic shifting and automatic adaption of front and rear derailleur to riding speed.

During the 2000s both Shimano and Campagnolo (2005) [6] experimented with electronic shifting in professional cycle races. [3]

The first commercially successful electronic gear shift system for road bicycles was introduced by Shimano in 2009, the Di2. [3] Three professional teams used the Di2 in the 2009 Tour of California: Columbia High Road, Garmin Slipstream, and Rabobank; [3] and several teams and riders, including George Hincapie, used it during the 2009 Tour de France [7]

Also in 2009 Giant released a bicycle equipped with the Shimano Di2 [3] [8] and Trek began providing a battery mount and Di2-specific cable routing and stops on its Madone frames. [9]

In 2015 SRAM announced its wireless electronic groupset called, SRAM RED eTap. The group was released in Spring of 2016 and is available on complete bikes and through aftermarket SRAM component dealers. [10] [11]

A wireless system that can be retrofitted onto any bicycle was announced in 2016. [12] The front and rear derailleurs remain place, while a wireless gear-change controller is added to the handlebar, with configuration of the system via an iOS/Android app, and customization can be added to the button controllers via the Bluetooth app. [13]

Implementation

Electronic rear derailleur Electronic rear derailleur.jpg
Electronic rear derailleur
Electronic shift lever Electronic shift lever.jpg
Electronic shift lever

As of 2009, one system was commercially available from a major parts manufacturer: Shimano's Di2 (Dura-Ace 7970) for road bicycles. While the traditional method of gear shifting uses mechanical control levers that pull and release Bowden cables and spring-loaded derailleurs, Di2 is controlled by electronic switches located either in the integrated shift levers and/or at the end of time trial bars. The switches send signals through a wiring harness to a battery pack, placed near the bottom bracket. The rechargeable lithium-ion battery pack supplies power to the derailleur motors, which move the derailleurs via worm gears. Shimano estimates that their 7.4-volt battery pack can last up to 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) per charge. [14] The system also has an LED light to warn when it needs a charge. [15]

The rear derailleur has shift times similar to mechanical systems and a break-away system to protect it in case of a crash. [15] The front derailleur, however, switches gears almost 30% faster than Dura-Ace’s mechanical counterpart. [1] On traditional bikes, the front derailleur is problematic because the chain can be under tension and has to make a large vertical jump between chainrings. The electronic system's controlled motion overcomes these problems. The Di2 can also trim the front derailleur to eliminate chain rub and calibrate itself to adjust for wear and tear. [16] Finally, the entire 7970 groupset weighs approximately 113 grams (4.0 oz) less than the 7800 it replaces but 68 grams (2.4 oz) more than the new 7900. [17]

In 2011 Shimano introduced the Ultegra Di2 [18] electronic gear change set, a cheaper version of the electronic Dura-Ace system. This set seemed to provide an electronic option within reach of a wider audience.

Campagnolo introduced their first system of electronic shifting, EPS, in the same year. [19] By 2012 Campagnolo had three electronic shifting groupsets available. [20] Cyclists began to see a growing range of electronic alternatives to traditional mechanical shifting for derailleur gears.

Wireless shifting

Electronic front derailleur (front view) Electronic front derailleur (front view).jpg
Electronic front derailleur (front view)
Mavic Mektronic rear derailleur Deragliatore elettronico.jpg
Mavic Mektronic rear derailleur
Production SRAM RED eTap rear derailleur installed on bike Production SRAM RED eTap rear derailleur.jpg
Production SRAM RED eTap rear derailleur installed on bike
SRAM RED eTap HRD brake lever SRAM RED eTap HRD Lever.jpg
SRAM RED eTap HRD brake lever
SRAM RED eTap HRD caliper and rotor installed on bike SRAM RED eTap HRD caliper and rotor.jpg
SRAM RED eTap HRD caliper and rotor installed on bike

A wireless system was announced by Tiso in 2012, but this did not achieve widespread use. [21]

In August 2015 SRAM Corporation announced its wireless shifting system, eTap. [22] The system had been extensively developed and secretly tested over several years from initial design to a stage win in the 2015 Tour de France. The front and rear derailleurs use direct-mount batteries and communicate wirelessly with the shifters through a proprietary wireless protocol developed by SRAM called, Airea (pronounced: area). A set of small satellite shifter buttons, called Blips, can be connected to the shift levers or aero shift module (BlipBox) and placed anywhere along the handlebars as part of the system. A maximum of four Blips can be used per bike. The company also took the opportunity to introduce a new shifting convention with this system. The right lever shifts the rear derailleur outboard, the left lever shifts the rear derailleur inboard, and pressing both levers together shifts the front derailleur. SRAM made the groupset available for purchase on complete bikes and as aftermarket components sold through dealers from Spring 2016. Eventually, extension of the system is expected to the company's lower group sets, such as SRAM Force. In May 2016 the company announced a hydraulic disc brake version of its wireless road group called SRAM RED eTap HRD. The new brakes make use of a hydraulic lever design with both lever reach adjustment and lever contact point adjustment, a first for road disc brakes.

At Eurobike 2015, held in Friedrichshafen, Germany, the FSA company displayed their working prototype of a wireless gear shifting system. [23] The system was trialled at the 2016 Tour de France in stage 17, and at Eurobike 2016 the final form of the WE (Wireless Electron) groupset (which includes wireless shifting) was displayed. [24] FSA plans to make this available from May 2017.[ needs update ]

At Interbike 2016, in Las Vegas, Nevada, Paul Gallagher displayed a working prototype of his XSHIFTER universal wireless gear shifting system. [25] It is a patent pending device that is claimed to convert any bike with mechanical derailleurs to wireless smart shifting in a few minutes. The XSHIFTER will be seeking funding for development in November 2016.[ needs update ]

Archer Components, a California based company, sells a wireless shifting retrofit kit for mountain bikes. The first version of the product was released on February 9, 2018, and called the D1x Electronic Shifter. A subsequent version of the product was released one year later and called the D1x Trail. The D1x Trail uses a linear servo to pull up to 46mm of standard shift cable using a programmable servo controller. The shifter can be programmed to shift any number of gears from 2 to 20. The shifter connects to the handlebar mounted remote using Bluetooth Low Energy 4.2 and is programmed using an iOS or Android app.[ citation needed ]

Advantages and disadvantages

An electronic system can have several advantages over a comparable mechanical system:

An electronic system may have some disadvantages when compared to a mechanical system:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Derailleur</span> Variable-ratio transmission system commonly used on bicycles

A derailleur is a variable-ratio bicycle gearing system consisting of a chain, multiple sprockets of different sizes, and a mechanism to move the chain from one sprocket to another.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hub gear</span> Device for changing gear ratio on bikes

A hub gear, internal-gear hub, internally geared hub or just gear hub is a gear ratio changing system commonly used on bicycles that is implemented with planetary or epicyclic gears. The gears and lubricants are sealed within the shell of the hub gear, in contrast with derailleur gears where the gears and mechanism are exposed to the elements. Changing the gear ratio was traditionally accomplished by a shift lever connected to the hub with a Bowden cable, and twist-grip style shifters have become common.

Shimano, Inc., originally Shimano Iron Works (島野鐵工所) and later Shimano Industries, Inc. (島野工業株式会社), is a Japanese multinational manufacturing company for cycling components, fishing tackle and rowing equipment, who also produced golf supplies until 2005 and snowboarding gear until 2008. Named after founder Shozaburo Shimano and headquartered in Sakai, Osaka Prefecture, the company has 32 consolidated and 11 unconsolidated subsidiaries, with the primary manufacturing plants based in Kunshan (China), Malaysia and Singapore.

Campagnolo is an Italian manufacturer of high-end bicycle components with headquarters in Vicenza, Italy. The components are organised as groupsets (gruppi), and are a near-complete collection of a bicycle's mechanical parts. Campagnolo's flagship components are the Super Record, Record, and Chorus groupsets with all three representing their recent shift to 12-speed drivetrains. Super Record and Record are the top groupsets, followed by Chorus, Potenza, Centaur and Veloce. Campagnolo also produces aluminum and carbon wheels, as well as other components.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crankset</span> Bicycle part

The crankset or chainset, is the component of a bicycle drivetrain that converts the reciprocating motion of the rider's legs into rotational motion used to drive the chain or belt, which in turn drives the rear wheel. It consists of one or more sprockets, also called chainrings or chainwheels attached to the cranks, arms, or crankarms to which the pedals attach. It is connected to the rider by the pedals, to the bicycle frame by the bottom bracket, and to the rear sprocket, cassette or freewheel via the chain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle chain</span> Roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle

A bicycle chain is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but some are nickel-plated to prevent rust, or simply for aesthetics.

A groupset or gruppo is a bicycle component manufacturer's organized collection of mechanical parts. It generally refers to all of the components that make up a bicycle excluding the bicycle frame, fork, stem, wheels, tires, and rider contact points, such as the saddle and handlebars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pinarello</span> Italian bicycle manufacturer

Cicli Pinarello S.p.A. is an Italian bicycle manufacturer based in Treviso, Italy. Founded in 1953, it supplies mostly handmade bicycles for the road, track, E-bikes(NYTRO), mountain bikes and cyclo-cross. The company also produces an in-house component brand – MOST.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Racing bicycle</span> Bicycle designed for competitive road cycling

A racing bicycle, also known as a road bike is a bicycle designed for competitive road cycling, a sport governed by and according to the rules of the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shimano Total Integration</span> Gearshift system for racing bicycles

Shimano Total Integration (STI) is a gearshift system designed by Shimano for racing bicycles. It combines the braking and gear shifting controls into the same component. This allows shifting gears without having to remove a hand from the bars, unlike previous down tube shifting systems. This component is usually referred to as a "shifter" or "dual-control levers", or occasionally "brifters".

SRAM LLC is a privately owned bicycle component manufacturer based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, founded in 1987. SRAM is an acronym comprising the names of its founders, Scott, Ray, Sam, Mike,. The company is known for producing cycling components, including some internally developed, such as Grip Shift, EAGLE (1x12), DoubleTap, dedicated 1x11 mountain and their range of AXS drivetrains.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cogset</span> Set of sprockets that is attached to the rear wheel hub of a bicycle

On a bicycle, the cassette or cluster is the set of multiple sprockets that attaches to the hub on the rear wheel. A cogset works with a rear derailleur to provide multiple gear ratios to the rider. Cassettes come in two varieties, freewheels or cassettes, of which cassettes are a newer development. Although cassettes and freewheels perform the same function and look almost the same when installed, they have important mechanical differences and are not interchangeable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shifter (bicycle part)</span> Bicycle component

A bicycle shifter or gear control or gear levers is a component used to control the gearing mechanisms and select the desired gear ratio. Typically, they operate either a derailleur mechanism or an internal hub gear mechanism. In either case, the control is operated by moving a cable that connects the shifter to the gear mechanism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bicycle drivetrain systems</span> Systems used to transmit power to bicycles and other human-powered vehicles

Bicycle drivetrain systems are used to transmit power on bicycles, tricycles, quadracycles, unicycles, or other human-powered vehicles from the riders to the drive wheels. Most also include some type of a mechanism to convert speed and torque via gear ratios.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SRAM Double Tap</span>

SRAM Double Tap is an integrated gearshift and brake lever system designed by SRAM Corporation for racing bicycles. It allows shifting gears without having to remove a hand from the bars, unlike previous down tube shifting systems. It was launched in late 2005 to compete with Shimano Total Integration and Campagnolo ErgoPower. It is characterized by having a single shift lever per unit that the rider moves inward a short distance for upshifts and a longer distance for downshifts. It is lighter and smaller than competitors because it has few parts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Campagnolo ErgoPower</span>

Campagnolo ErgoPower is an integrated gearshift and brake lever system designed by Campagnolo for racing bicycles. It allows shifting gears without having to remove a hand from the bars, unlike previous down tube shifting systems. It was launched in 1992 to compete with Shimano Total Integration (STI). It is characterized by having three separate levers per unit: one each for braking, upshifts, and downshifts. Ergopower levers may be disassembled for servicing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">KMC Chain Industrial</span>

KMC Chain Industrial Co., Ltd. is a roller chain manufacturer headquartered in Taiwan, R.O.C. with corporate entities in the US, Continental Chain Company, and Europe, KMC Chain Europe BV. They make cam driving chains, balance driving chains, oil pump chains, motorcycle chains, and industrial chains. They manufacture and market bicycle chains and master links under their own KMC brand and supply them to others, including Shimano. KMC chains are used in the Tour de France by riders such as Gustav Larsson, Swedish time trial champion. KMC was founded by Charles Wu in 1977, and was the largest bicycle chain manufacturer in the world in 2011.

Deore XT is a mountain and touring bike groupset first introduced by Shimano in 1983. It was Shimano's first mountain bike groupset, based on their existing Deore touring groupset, and it consisted of a triple-, double- or single chainring crankset, front and rear derailleurs, handlebar-mounted "finger" shifters, cantilever brakes, and large-flange hubs. Since then, it has become their "second-tier" offering, the list of components has expanded to include hydraulic disc brakes, a complete wheelset, a chain, and clipless pedals, and it is offered in silver or black finish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gravel bicycle</span> Type of bicycle made for both road and off-road

A gravel bicycle is a type of bicycle intended for gravel cycling, including gravel racing. They are also sometimes known as "adventure bicycles", particularly ones intended for harsher off-road terrain.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Best, Paul (2009-04-08). "Shimano's Dura-Ace Di2 electronic shifting to give road racers a time advantage". Gizmag. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  2. ↑ Michael Sweatman. "Browning" . Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ian Austen (February 13, 2009). "Cycling Enters the Electronic Age With a New Gear-Shifting System". The New York Times . Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  4. ↑ "SRAM History". Archived from the original on 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  5. 1 2 Phillips, Matt (9 Feb 2010). "The Shift to Electric". Bicycling Magazine. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
  6. ↑ Lennard Zinn (September 15, 2009). "Campagnolo's Magic Lives on in Vicenza". VeloNews. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
  7. ↑ David Arthur (9 July 2009). "Pro riders on Shimano Dura-Ace Di2". RoadCyclingUK. Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  8. ↑ "TSR Advanced SL LTD". Giant Manufacturing . Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  9. ↑ "Madone 6 Series". Trek Bicycle Corporation . Retrieved 2010-02-12.
  10. ↑ "When is SRAM RED eTap available? – SRAM Road Electronic Groupset FAQ". Archived from the original on 2015-09-07. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  11. ↑ "Where is SRAM RED eTap available? – SRAM Road Electronic Groupset FAQ". Archived from the original on 2015-09-19. Retrieved 2015-09-11.
  12. ↑ Ben Coxworth (December 7, 2016). "The 10 best cycling innovations of 2016". New Atlas. Retrieved 2017-06-04.
  13. ↑ Tyler Benedict (November 2, 2016). "X-Shifter's universal wireless shifting kit goes live". Bike Rumor. Retrieved 2017-06-04.
  14. ↑ Crowe, Paul. "Electronic Shift By Wire on Bicycle". The Kneeslider. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  15. 1 2 James Huang (Aug 2009). "Shimano Dura-Ace Di2 transmission". BikeRadar.com. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
  16. 1 2 Hagerman, Eric (2008-07-31). "Shimano Shuns Cables for Full Electronic Shifting". Wired . Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  17. ↑ Cole, Matthew (2008-08-01). "Shimano unveils Dura-Ace Di2 electronic groupset". BikeRadar.com. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  18. ↑ Richard Tyler (Jun 20, 2011). "Shimano Ultegra Di2 – First look". BikeRadar.com. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  19. ↑ Stephen Farrand (Oct 25, 2010). "Campagnolo show off new electronic gear system". BikeRadar.com. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  20. ↑ Robin Wilmott (Jul 17, 2012). "Campagnolo Athena EPS 11-speed launched". BikeRadar.com. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  21. ↑ Ben Coxworth (December 18, 2012). "Tiso unveils wireless electronic gear-shifting for road bikes". GizMag. Retrieved 2015-09-12. Shift signals are transmitted from the shifters to the control unit via Bluetooth and/or another unspecified type of radio protocol – Shimano and Campagnolo's systems, by contrast, use electrical wiring.
  22. ↑ Warren Rossiter (August 26, 2015). "SRAM Red eTap ushers in wireless shifting era". BikeRadar. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
  23. ↑ "The most exciting road bike tech from Eurobike 2015". BikeRadar.
  24. ↑ Bracey, James (March 7, 2017). "FSA K Force WE: Everything you need to know about FSA's first complete groupset". Cycling Weekly.
  25. ↑ Benedict, Tyler (September 26, 2016). "XShifter brings wireless electronic shifting to any bike, any derailleur".
  26. ↑ "SRAM Road Electronic Groupset FAQ Batteries Batteries". SRAM Corporation . Retrieved 2015-09-12. Are the front and rear derailleur batteries interchangeable? Yes. Additionally, shifters use one CR2032 coin type battery each.
  27. ↑ "The Competitive Cyclist" . Retrieved 2010-12-22.
  28. ↑ "SRAM Road Electronic Groupset FAQ Batteries Batteries". SRAM Corporation . Retrieved 2015-09-12. The complete SRAM RED eTap groupset is 137 grams heavier than SRAM RED mechanical with the same crankset, bottom bracket, and a short cage rear derailleur.
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