Foreign born

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Foreign-born (also non-native) people are those born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many are naturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

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The term foreign born encompasses both immigrants and expatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually.

The status of foreign born — particularly their access to citizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign-born guest workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: in Germany and Japan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens.

Definition

The adjective foreign-born has two potential meanings:

The United Nations uses the first definition to estimate the international migrant stock, whenever this information is available. In countries lacking data on place of birth, the UN uses the country of citizenship instead. [3]

On the other hand, the United States Census Bureau defines foreign-born as "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth", which includes persons who have become U.S. citizens through naturalization but excludes persons born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

According to the UN: "Equating international migrants with foreign citizens when estimating the migrant stock has important shortcomings. In countries where citizenship is conferred on the basis of jus sanguinis, people who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Conversely, persons who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship as the criterion to define international migrants." [3]

The percentage of foreign born in a country is the product mostly of immigration rates, but is also affected by emigration rates and birth and death rates in the destination country. For example, the United Kingdom and Ireland are destination countries for migrants from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are themselves source countries for immigration to other English-speaking countries.

The Holy See is unique in having 100% of its population foreign-born, while Cuba is unique in having 0% of its population foreign-born. The region with the highest rate is Oceania, with 21%, while Asia has less than 1%.

Countries with immigration rates above 25% tend to be wealthy countries with relatively open migration or labour laws, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the Persian Gulf states.

The largest foreign-born population in the world is in the United States, which was home to 39 million foreign-born residents in 2012, or 12.6% of the population. [4]

Countries with the largest foreign-born populations

Rank [5] CountryRegionPercentage of Foreign-born PopulationLargest Foreign-born Group
1 United Arab Emitates Greater Middle East 88.52% [6] Indian
2 Qatar Greater Middle East 81.3% [7] Indian
3 Kuwait Greater Middle East 69.1% [8] Indian
4 Bahrain Greater Middle East 54.6% [9] Indian
5 Saudi Arabia Greater Middle East 37.37% [10] Indian
6 Lebanon Greater Middle East 23% [11] Syrian
7 Canada North America 23% [12] Indian
8 Sweden Northern Europe 19.6% [13] Syrian
9 Germany Western Europe 18% [14] Turk
10 United Kingdom Northern Europe 14% [15] Indian
11 United States North America 13.9% [16] Mexican
12 Pakistan Greater Middle East 13.2% Indian
13 Turkey Greater Middle East 7.18%[ citation needed ] Syrian
14 India South Asia 0.4% [17] Bangladeshi

Direct figures on Pakistan's total foreign-born population are unavailable. However, estimates for specific immigrant communities can be found, which are as follows: 8.4% - 10% Indians (i.e., Muhajirs from India and their descendants) [18] , 1.6% - 2% Afghans [19] , 1% Bengalis [20] , 0.1 - 0.2% Burmese [21] [22]

Countries with largest refugee populations

Rank [5] CountryRegionRefugees Hosted
1Iran Greater Middle East 3.8 million [23]
2United States North America 3.6 million [24]
3Turkey Greater Middle East 3.1 million [23]
4Pakistan Greater Middle East 3.1 million [25]
5Colombia South America 2.8 million [23]
6Germany Western Europe 2.7 million [23]
7Uganda East Africa 1.7 million [23]
8Lebanon Greater Middle East 1.5 million [26]

Cities with largest foreign born populations

RankCityCountryRegionEstimate date and source (where available)Foreign-born populationPercentageCountry of origin of the largest foreign-born group
1 Karachi Pakistan Greater Middle East Pakistan Bureau of Statistics 2017 (and other sources)18,342,000 [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] 90%India
2 London United Kingdom Northern Europe ONS 20213,576,000 [32] 40.6%India
3 Dubai United Arab Emirates Greater Middle East Government of Dubai 20213,200,000 [33] 91.4India
4 New York United States North America 2022 ACS 3,133,149 [34] 36.3%Jamaica
5 Sydney Australia Oceania 2021 Australian Census 2,260,410 [35] 43.2%China
6 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Greater Middle East 20142,173,000 [36] 80%India
7 Kuwait City Kuwait Greater Middle East 20182,088,000 [37] [38] 69.6%India
8 Melbourne Australia Oceania 2021 Australian Census1,970,614 [39] 40.1%India
9 Doha Qatar Greater Middle East 20211,768,000 [40] [41] 88.4%India
10 Lima Peru South America 2023 United Nations Office of Peru1,586,880 [42] 17.5%
11 Toronto Canada North America Canada 2021 Census 1,431,380 [43] [a] 51.9%India
12 Los Angeles United States North America 2022 ACS1,395,920 [44] 36.0%Mexico
13 Brisbane Australia Oceania 2021 Australian Census799,645 [45] 31.7%India
14 Montréal Canada North America Canada 2021 Census790,960 [46] [a] 40.9%France
15 Berlin Germany Western Europe Berlin-Brandenburg office of statistics, 2021789,076[ citation needed ]21%Turkey
16 Vienna Austria Western Europe City of Vienna 2023778,454 [47] 31.3%Serbia
17 Madrid Spain Southern Europe 2019 Spain Census726,669[ citation needed ]22.2%Morocco
18 Auckland New Zealand Oceania Statistics New Zealand 2018714,480[ citation needed ]41.6%India
19 Houston United States North America 2022 ACS664,495 [48] 28.9%Mexico
20 Peshawar Pakistan Greater Middle East 2005611,501 [49] [50] 19.7Afghanistan
20 Chicago United States North America 2022 ACS550,888 [51] 20.2%Mexico
21 Calgary Canada North America Canada 2021 Census457,665 [52] [a] 35.4%Philippines
22 San Jose United States North America 2022 ACS410,543 [53] 41.0%Mexico
23 Mississauga Canada North America Canada 2021 Census406,455 [54] [a] 57%India
24 Brampton Canada North America Canada 2021 Census383,695 [55] [a] 59.1%India
25 San Diego United States North America 2022 ACS344,419 [56] 24.9%Mexico
26 Bogotá Colombia South America 2019352,431[ citation needed ]5%Venezuela
27 Edmonton Canada North America Canada 2021 Census348,295 [57] [a] 34.9%India
28 Hamburg Germany Western Europe 2021 ACS341,759[ citation needed ]24.7%Turkey
29 Milan Italy Southern Europe Istat 2011324,378 [58] 10.7%Egypt
30 Vancouver Canada North America Canada 2021 Census317,190 [59] [a] 48.8%China
31 Birmingham United Kingdom Northern Europe ONS 2021305,963[ citation needed ]25.6%Pakistan
32 Ottawa Canada North America Canada 2021 Census288,835 [60] 28.9%China
33 San Francisco United States North America 2022 ACS288,169 [61] 33.9%China
34 Surrey Canada North America Canada 2021 Census285,620 [62] [a] 50.8%India
35 Amsterdam Netherlands Western Europe Statistics Netherlands 2019277,431[ citation needed ]32.1%Turkey
36 Miami United States North America 2022 ACS256,805 [63] 57.9%Cuba
37 Stockholm Sweden Northern Europe Statistics Sweden 2019248,708[ citation needed ]25.5%Syria
38 Lyon France Western Europe France Unité urbaine de Lyon, INSEE 2020235,969[ citation needed ]14%Algeria
39 Winnipeg Canada North America Canada 2021 Census231,135 [64] [a] 31.4%India
40 Santiago Chile South America 2017 Census212,037[ citation needed ]10.2%Venezuela
41 Marseille France Western Europe Unité urbaine de Marseille-Aix, INSEE 2020193,740[ citation needed ]12%Algeria
42 Rotterdam Netherlands Western Europe Statistics Netherlands 2019184,218[ citation needed ]28.6%Turkey
43 The Hague Netherlands Western Europe Statistics Netherlands 2019176,183[ citation needed ]32.8%Indonesia
44 Manchester United Kingdom Northern Europe ONS 2021173,208[ citation needed ]31.4%Pakistan
45 Oslo Norway Northern Europe Statistics Norway 2019171,868[ citation needed ]25.2%Pakistan
46 Gothenburg Sweden Northern Europe Statistics Sweden 2019159,342[ citation needed ]27.5%Iraq
47 Hamilton Canada North America Canada 2021 Census158,190 [65] [a] 28.2%Italy
48 Copenhagen Denmark Northern Europe Statistics Denmark 2022134,409[ citation needed ]26.3%Turkey
49 Malmö Sweden Northern Europe Statistics Sweden 2019118,323[ citation needed ]34.4%Iraq
50 Helsinki Finland Northern Europe Statistics Finland 2021102,016[ citation needed ]15.5%Russia

Metropolitan and urban regions with the largest foreign-born populations

  1. Data for the cities listed below is from numerous sources.
Rank [5] Metropolitan region /
urban area		CountryForeign-born populationSources of immigrants
1 New York metropolitan area United States 5,892,000 [66] China, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Ecuador, Guyana, Philippines, South Korea, Mexico, Peru, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, Italy, Colombia, Poland, Russia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Cuba, Nigeria, Ghana, Greece
2 London and the home counties United Kingdom 5,623,701 [32] India, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, Pakistan, Italy, Turkey, Nigeria, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, China, France, Ghana, Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, USA, Greece
3 Los Angeles Metropolitan Area United States 5,541,000 [66] Mexico, Bangladesh, the Philippines, El Salvador, China, Vietnam, South Korea, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Armenia, Iran, India, Nigeria, Colombia
4 Toronto Greater Golden Horseshoe Canada 3,507,895 [67] India, China, Philippines, Pakistan, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, Italy, Iran, United Kingdom, Guyana, Portugal, Vietnam, Poland, South Korea, United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Bangladesh, Iraq, Russia, Ukraine, Afghanistan, Egypt, Nigeria, Greece, Romania
5 Paris metropolitan area France 3,041,148 [68] Algeria, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain, Romania, Turkey, China, Italy, Mali, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Cameroon
6 Hong Kong (SAR) China 2,793,450 China, Indonesia, Philippines, Macau, Thailand, United Kingdom, France, India, Pakistan, Japan, United States, Canada
7 San Francisco Bay Area United States 2,634,270 [69] [70] Mexico, China, Philippines, Vietnam, India, El Salvador, Bangladesh, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Russia
8 Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 2,071,872 [71] China, United Kingdom, India, New Zealand, Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea, Lebanon, Sri Lanka
9 Miami metropolitan area United States 1,949,629 Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Canada, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Brazil, Panama, Peru, Bangladesh
10 Melbourne Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 1,801,139 [72] India, China, Vietnam, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Italy, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Greece, Philippines, South Africa, Hong Kong
11 Chicago metropolitan area United States 1,625,649 Mexico, India, Poland, Philippines, China, Palestine, Ukraine, Italy, Guatemala, Lithuania, Ghana, Nigeria, Jamaica, Cuba, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago
12 Brussels Urban Area Belgium 1,441,600 France, Romania, Morocco, Italy, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Germany
13 Berlin Urban Area Germany 1,231,500 Turkey, Russia, Poland, Syria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, France, Vietnam, United Kingdom
14 Singapore (city only) Singapore 1,305,011 Malaysia, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Myanmar, South Korea
15 Montreal Urban Area Canada 1,184,620 Algeria, Morocco, Bangladesh, Romania, France, Haiti, Lebanon, Philippines, Vietnam, Italy, China
16 Vancouver Lower Mainland Canada 1,155,210 Hong Kong, China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom, Italy, United States
17 Moscow (city only) Russia 1,128,035 Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus
18 Houston metropolitan area United States 1,113,875 Mexico, El Salvador, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, China, Honduras, Philippines, Myanmar, Guatemala, Colombia
19Metropolitan Dubai United Arab Emirates 1,056,000 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Iran, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom
20 Riyadh (city only) Saudi Arabia 1,054,000 Arab League, Pakistan, India, African Union, Bangladesh, Iran
21 Washington metropolitan area United States 1,017,432 El Salvador, China, Ethiopia, Mexico, South Korea, Nigeria, Philippines, Vietnam, Ghana, Bolivia
22 Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex United States 1,016,221 Mexico, India, Vietnam, El Salvador, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Honduras, Philippines
23 Frankfurt Urban Area Germany 998,400 Turkey, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Russia, North Macedonia
24Santiago de ChileChile938,904Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, Haiti, Argentina
Tokyo Urban Area Japan 978,172 China, South Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, United States, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, Peru, Thailand
Birmingham Urban Area United Kingdom 902,438 India, Pakistan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, China, Italy, Albania, Nigeria, Somalia
25 Barcelona Urban Area Spain 862,200 Italy, Pakistan, China, Ecuador, Bolivia, Morocco, France
26 Atlanta metropolitan area United States 861,208 Mexico, India, Jamaica, South Korea, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, Nigeria, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia
27 Brisbane Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 731,198 New Zealand, England, China, India, South Africa, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, Scotland, Malaysia
28 Auckland Urban Area New Zealand 662,298 United Kingdom, China, India, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka
29 Stockholm County Sweden 660,302 [73] Finland, Iraq, Poland, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Eritrea, Afghanistan
30 Muscat Oman 571,000 Philippines, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
31Amsterdam Metropolitan AreaNetherlands554,530Morocco, Turkey, Suriname, Antilles, Poland, Ukraine, Syria, Afghanistan, Germany, India
32 Milan Urban Area Italy 475,000 Egypt, Philippines, China, Romania, Sri Lanka
33 Greater Calgary Canada 460,790 India, Pakistan, Philippines, United States, Nigeria, China, Lebanon, Vietnam, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, South Korea, Iran, Hong Kong, Ethiopia, Germany, European Union
34 Greater Edmonton Canada 363,825 China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Lebanon
35 Hamburg Metropolitan Region Germany 332,473 [74] Turkey, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Italy, Spain, Ghana
36 Greater Manchester United Kingdom 302,000 Pakistan, China, Ireland, Bangladesh, Poland, Nigeria, India, Somalia, Jamaica, Iraq
37 Ottawa Canada 266,910 Italy, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India
38 Helsinki Finland 213,290 [75] Russia, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq, Sweden, China, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, India, Turkey
39 Winnipeg Canada 207,915 China, United Kingdom, Lebanon, United States, India, Philippines, Vietnam, Pakistan, Syria, Haiti, Iran, Somalia, Egypt, Italy, Iraq, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Germany, Jamaica, Russia, Bangladesh, Hong Kong
40 Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan Region Germany 132,684 Turkey, Serbia, Ukraine, Greece, Russia, Italy, Spain
41 Geneva Switzerland 77,602 France, Spain, Germany

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Statistic includes all persons classified as 'Immigrants' and 'Non-permanent residents' on census.

    Statistics Canada defines 'Immigrants' as "persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category."

    Statistics Canada defines 'Non-permanent residents' as "persons from another country with a usual place of residence in Canada and who have a work or study permit or who have claimed refugee status (asylum claimants). Family members living with work or study permit holders are also included, unless these family members are already Canadian citizens, landed immigrants or permanent residents."

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