Goldstine theorem

In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Goldstine theorem, named after Herman Goldstine, is stated as follows:

Goldstine theorem. Let ${\displaystyle X}$ be a Banach space, then the image of the closed unit ball ${\displaystyle B\subseteq X}$ under the canonical embedding into the closed unit ball ${\displaystyle B^{\prime \prime }}$ of the bidual space ${\displaystyle X^{\prime \prime }}$ is a weak*-dense subset.

The conclusion of the theorem is not true for the norm topology, which can be seen by considering the Banach space of real sequences that converge to zero, c0 space ${\displaystyle c_{0},}$ and its bi-dual space Lp space ${\displaystyle \ell ^{\infty }.}$

Proof

Lemma

For all ${\displaystyle x^{\prime \prime }\in B^{\prime \prime },}$${\displaystyle \varphi _{1},\ldots ,\varphi _{n}\in X^{\prime }}$ and ${\displaystyle \delta >0,}$ there exists an ${\displaystyle x\in (1+\delta )B}$ such that ${\displaystyle \varphi _{i}(x)=x^{\prime \prime }(\varphi _{i})}$ for all ${\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq n.}$

Proof of Lemma

By the surjectivity of

$${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\Phi :X\to \mathbb {C} ^{n},\\x\mapsto \left(\varphi _{1}(x),\cdots ,\varphi _{n}(x)\right)\end{cases}}}$$

it is possible to find ${\displaystyle x\in X}$ with ${\displaystyle \varphi _{i}(x)=x^{\prime \prime }(\varphi _{i})}$ for ${\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq n.}$

Now let

$${\displaystyle Y:=\bigcap _{i}\ker \varphi _{i}=\ker \Phi .}$$

Every element of ${\displaystyle z\in (x+Y)\cap (1+\delta )B}$ satisfies ${\displaystyle z\in (1+\delta )B}$ and ${\displaystyle \varphi _{i}(z)=\varphi _{i}(x)=x^{\prime \prime }(\varphi _{i}),}$ so it suffices to show that the intersection is nonempty.

Assume for contradiction that it is empty. Then ${\displaystyle \operatorname {dist} (x,Y)\geq 1+\delta }$ and by the Hahn–Banach theorem there exists a linear form ${\displaystyle \varphi \in X^{\prime }}$ such that ${\displaystyle \varphi {\big \vert }_{Y}=0,\varphi (x)\geq 1+\delta }$ and ${\displaystyle \|\varphi \|_{X^{\prime }}=1.}$ Then ${\displaystyle \varphi \in \operatorname {span} \left\{\varphi _{1},\ldots ,\varphi _{n}\right\}}$ ^[1] and therefore

$${\displaystyle 1+\delta \leq \varphi (x)=x^{\prime \prime }(\varphi )\leq \|\varphi \|_{X^{\prime }}\left\|x^{\prime \prime }\right\|_{X^{\prime \prime }}\leq 1,}$$

which is a contradiction.

Proof of Theorem

Fix ${\displaystyle x^{\prime \prime }\in B^{\prime \prime },}$${\displaystyle \varphi _{1},\ldots ,\varphi _{n}\in X^{\prime }}$ and ${\displaystyle \epsilon >0.}$ Examine the set

$${\displaystyle U:=\left\{y^{\prime \prime }\in X^{\prime \prime }:|(x^{\prime \prime }-y^{\prime \prime })(\varphi _{i})|<\epsilon ,1\leq i\leq n\right\}.}$$

Let ${\displaystyle J:X\rightarrow X^{\prime \prime }}$ be the embedding defined by ${\displaystyle J(x)={\text{Ev}}_{x},}$ where ${\displaystyle {\text{Ev}}_{x}(\varphi )=\varphi (x)}$ is the evaluation at ${\displaystyle x}$ map. Sets of the form ${\displaystyle U}$ form a base for the weak* topology, ^[2] so density follows once it is shown ${\displaystyle J(B)\cap U\neq \varnothing }$ for all such ${\displaystyle U.}$ The lemma above says that for any ${\displaystyle \delta >0}$ there exists a ${\displaystyle x\in (1+\delta )B}$ such that ${\displaystyle x^{\prime \prime }(\varphi _{i})=\varphi _{i}(x),}$${\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq n,}$ and in particular ${\displaystyle {\text{Ev}}_{x}\in U.}$ Since ${\displaystyle J(B)\subset B^{\prime \prime },}$ we have ${\displaystyle {\text{Ev}}_{x}\in (1+\delta )J(B)\cap U.}$ We can scale to get ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+\delta }}{\text{Ev}}_{x}\in J(B).}$ The goal is to show that for a sufficiently small ${\displaystyle \delta >0,}$ we have ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+\delta }}{\text{Ev}}_{x}\in J(B)\cap U.}$

Directly checking, we have

$${\displaystyle \left|\left[x^{\prime \prime }-{\frac {1}{1+\delta }}{\text{Ev}}_{x}\right](\varphi _{i})\right|=\left|\varphi _{i}(x)-{\frac {1}{1+\delta }}\varphi _{i}(x)\right|={\frac {\delta }{1+\delta }}|\varphi _{i}(x)|.}$$

Note that we can choose ${\displaystyle M}$ sufficiently large so that ${\displaystyle \|\varphi _{i}\|_{X^{\prime }}\leq M}$ for ${\displaystyle 1\leq i\leq n.}$ ^[3] Note as well that ${\displaystyle \|x\|_{X}\leq (1+\delta ).}$ If we choose ${\displaystyle \delta }$ so that ${\displaystyle \delta M<\epsilon ,}$ then we have that

$${\displaystyle {\frac {\delta }{1+\delta }}\left|\varphi _{i}(x)\right|\leq {\frac {\delta }{1+\delta }}\|\varphi _{i}\|_{X^{\prime }}\|x\|_{X}\leq \delta \|\varphi _{i}\|_{X^{\prime }}\leq \delta M<\epsilon .}$$

Hence we get ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+\delta }}{\text{Ev}}_{x}\in J(B)\cap U}$ as desired.

See also

• Banach–Alaoglu theorem  – The closed unit ball in the dual of a normed vector space is compact in the weak* topology
• Bishop–Phelps theorem
• Eberlein–Šmulian theorem  – Relates three different kinds of weak compactness in a Banach space
• James' theorem
• Mazur's lemma  – On strongly convergent combinations of a weakly convergent sequence in a Banach space

References

1. Rudin, Walter. Functional Analysis (Second ed.). Lemma 3.9. pp. 63–64.
2. Rudin, Walter. Functional Analysis (Second ed.). Equation (3) and the remark after. p. 69.
3. Folland, Gerald. Real Analysis: Modern Techniques and Their Applications (Second ed.). Proposition 5.2. pp. 153–154.

• Rudin, Walter (1991). Functional Analysis. International Series in Pure and Applied Mathematics. 8 (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math. ISBN   978-0-07-054236-5. OCLC   21163277.