Hamilton Police Service

Hamilton Police Service
Logo of Hamilton Police Service
Official coat of arms granted by Canadian Heraldic Authority
Motto	Together. Stronger. Safer.
Agency overview
Formed	March 11, 1833
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction	Canada
Legal jurisdiction	Hamilton, Ontario
Governing body	City of Hamilton Police Services Board
Constituting instrument	Police Services Act
Operational structure
Headquarters	155 King William Street Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 4C1
Sworn members	829
Unsworn members	414
Elected officer responsible	Hon. Michael Kerzner, Solicitor General of Ontario
Agency executive	Frank Bergen, Chief of Police May 7, 2021 — Present
Facilities
Station / Divisions	3
Website
hamiltonpolice.on.ca

The Hamilton Police Service (HPS) is the police service of the city of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. As of 2021, the service employed 829 sworn officers and 414 non-sworn staff, serving a population of about 570,000 residents. ^[1] The service's headquarters are located at 155 King William St., Hamilton, Ontario. As of 2022, the service's budget is $183 542 539, roughly 18.5% of the City's overall budget. ^[2] It is one of the oldest police forces in Ontario.

History

Photo of the Hamilton Police Force posing in front of Dundurn Castle in 1889.

The Town of Hamilton was incorporated by Upper Canadian Parliament on February 13, 1833. On March 11 of that year, High Bailiff John Ryckman was appointed Hamilton's first police officer. ^[3]

In 1848, neighbouring Dundas raised its municipal police force, followed two years later by Ancaster. ^[3] The Township of Saltfleet and Town of Stoney Creek followed suit in 1940 and 1949, respectively. ^[3]

On January 1, 1974, Wentworth County was reorganized to form the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Municipality, and these police forces, along with the Ontario Provincial Police detachments covering the remainder of the county, were amalgamated to form the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Force. ^[3] On January 1, 2001, the Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook, Stoney Creek, and Hamilton communities were amalgamated to form the new single-tier City of Hamilton. At the same time, the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Force was renamed and reorganized to become the Hamilton Police Service. ^[3]

In 1986, the Hamilton Harbour Police, an unarmed special constabulary maintained by the Hamilton Harbour Commission, was folded into the Hamilton Wentworth Regional Police Force. ^[4]

Members of the Hamilton Police Honour Guard march in the funeral of honourary police chief Lincoln Alexander.

In 1999, Lincoln Alexander, Ontario's lieutenant governor from 1985 to 1991 and Canada's first Black Member of Parliament, was named honorary chief of police of the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Force. ^[5] When Alexander passed in 2012, members of the Hamilton Police Honour Guard carried his casket.

In 2010, Hamilton Police Sgt. John Harris won the Blue Line Police Leadership Award, given annually to a particularly outstanding Canadian police officer. ^[6]

Coat of arms, flag and logo

Hamilton Police Service coat of arms

The Hamilton Police Service coat of arms and colors, standards and guidons were granted by the Canadian Heraldic Authority (created by Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II on the recommendation of His Excellency the Governor General of Canada) November 15, 2007. The coat of arms is a version of the national coat of arms for municipal police services. It may be granted to any municipal police service that is part of a municipal corporation that possesses a coat of arms by lawful grant from the Crown. All such badges share a frame of gold maple leaves rising from a representation of the provincial flower from the province in which the service is sited, all ensigned by the Royal Crown - St. Edward’s Crown.

"On a hurt a maple leaf gules fimbriated or, all within a wreath of maple leaves or issuant from a trillium flower proper between two cinquefoils gules, the whole ensigned by the Royal Crown proper and in base, a ribbon sable edged or inscribed Hamilton Police Service in letters argent;"

Symbolism

See also: Canadian heraldry

Official regimental colours of the Hamilton Police Service

There are many symbolic meanings to various parts of the Hamilton Police Service coat of arms. The exterior frame of maple leaves, the trillium, and St. Edward’s Crown follow the traditional style of police coats of arms for municipal police service in Canada. The police service has the responsibility of upholding the peace and the administration of justice under the Canadian Crown. The Royal Crown, at the top of the coat of arms, symbolizes the administration of the Crown’s justice, while the laurel of maple leaves and trillium refer to Canada and Ontario respectively. The blue field represents the harbor of the City of Hamilton and the gold edges represent the city’s industry and wealth. The red maple leaf represents Canada. The two cinquefoils allude to the arms of the City of Hamilton in which such a cinquefoil also appears. The cinquefoil is taken from the arms of the Chief of Clan Hamilton, and it thus refers to the city's namesake. The coat of arms is included in the Public Register of Arms, Flags and Badges of Canada. ^[7]

Flag

See also: Colours, standards and guidons

"Per bend sinister azure and gules a bend sinister or overall the badge;"

The symbolism of this emblem is found in other elements of this record

Consecration and trooping of the colors

It was on May 12, 2008, that a special event was planned to unveil the Hamilton Police Service Grant of Arms and the consecration and trooping the colors, the service’s first police color. The grant of arms, more commonly known as a coat of arms incorporates symbolism reflecting the years of history and heritage of the Hamilton Police Service. A ‘color’ is the ceremonial flag, with a specific registered design, awarded to the Hamilton Police Service by Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada. In Canada, this is done through the Governor General of Canada and the Canadian Heraldic Authority. The design incorporates very specific symbolic features. To consecrate a flag is to ceremonially dedicate it to the service of the men and women, officers and civilians, of the Hamilton Police Service. The consecration makes the flag a visible symbol of the years which have passed since the Service was created, and emblematic of the years to come. It is meant to serve as an inspiration for the future and is a silent challenge to future members to meet and exceed the achievements of those who have come before them. In a ceremony steeped in protocol and pageantry, the color was consecrated by a drumhead service.

Logo

The logo, similar to the heraldic crest, was developed by a police committee when the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police became the Hamilton Police Service. It is the logo that appears on marked patrol vehicles, signage, letterhead, etc.

• St. Edward's Crown
• ribbon containing the words Hamilton
• banner below with the words police
• within the ribbon:
  • Maple leaf: while representing Canada, the leaf has six facets, representing the six municipalities that formed the Hamilton-Wentworth Region (1974) and then later the amalgamated City of Hamilton (2001). Those municipalities in addition to Hamilton are Ancaster, Dundas, Flamborough, Glanbrook, and Stoney Creek.
• wreath of golden maple leaves
  • waves - representing the connection of the city to Lake Ontario and Hamilton Harbour

The blue oval at the top of the red maple leaf represents Hamilton Harbour, the six veins of the red maple leaf represent the six former municipalities, the veins of the leaf extending into the blue oval illustrate inclusiveness of the community, the gold trim around the maple leaf represents the wealth of industry, natural resources, business, and community partnerships, the two blue waves at the bottom of the leaf represent the vision to be the best and most progressive police service.

Organization

Police services board

Like all municipalities in Ontario, the City of Hamilton maintains a police services board, responsible for overseeing policing services in the City. ^[8] The board approves the police budget, hires the chief and deputy chiefs of police directly, and is the legal employer of every Hamilton Police employee. ^[8] Although the board sets overall service policy and direction, it has no operational control over the service or its officers, and day-to-day policing decisions are the exclusive jurisdiction of the police chief.

The board is composed of seven members: the mayor (or their designate); two city councilors; one member of the public appointed by the city council; and three members of the public appointed by the province. ^[8] As of 2024, it consisted of:

Name	Position	Appointed by
Pat Mandy	Chair	Provincial Appointee
Fred Bennink	Vice-chair	Provincial Appointee
Andrea Horwath	Member	Hamilton City Council member
Geordie Elms	Member	Provincial Appointee
Cameron Kroetsch	Member	Hamilton City Council member
Esther Pauls	Member	Hamilton City Council member
Anjali Menezes	Member	Municipal Appointee

Special constabularies

In addition to maintaining the Hamilton Police Service, the Board is responsible for approving and overseeing special constabularies that operate in the City. Currently, there is only one special constabulary operating in the City of Hamilton that falls under the jurisdiction of the Board, the McMaster University Campus Security Service. ^[9]

Historically, the Board was responsible for two other special constabularies in Hamilton: the Harbour Police and Parks Police. The Parks Police force was disbanded in 1963, in response to union-mandated wage hikes, ^[10] while the Harbour Police force was amalgamated into the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police Force in 1986. ^[4]

Rank structure

Hamilton's distinctive badge and slip-on epaulettes, as worn by former Chief of Police Eric Girt.

Rank	Commanding officers		Senior officers				Police officers
	Chief of police	Deputy chief of police	Superintendent	Inspector	Staff sergeant	Sergeant	Constable
Insignia (slip-on)
Insignia (shoulder board)					Shoulder boards not used for these ranks

Criminal investigators for the Hamilton Police hold the ranks of Detective Constable and Detective Sergeant which are equivalent to Sergeant and Staff Sergeant, respectively. ^[11] Unlike other Ontario police services, all Hamilton Police officers wear shields on their chests. Members at the rank of Sergeant and above have their rank listed on the badge in a blue oval, and members at the rank of Inspector and above have gold shields.

Divisions

The Hamilton Police Service operates out of three police stations: Central, which covers the northwestern portion of the old City of Hamilton; East End, which covers the southeastern portion of the old City of Hamilton and the entirety of the old Town of Stoney Creek; and Mountain, which covers the remainder of the amalgamated City of Hamilton. ^[12]

Specialized units

ACTION Team

The ACTION Team (Assessing Crime Trends In Our Neighbourhoods) was launched in 2010, in response to crime and safety concerns in downtown Hamilton. ^[13] The Team was later expanded to include five teams of seven officers, ^[14] and by 2016, had made 5 000 arrests and issued 23 000 tickets. ^[13] As of 2023, the Team is deployed across the City of Hamilton in response to safety concerns or crime spikes and conducts patrols on foot or by bicycle. ^[15]

It has faced criticism for using a quota-based model for its policing strategy, and in 2015, five members of the team were charged criminally for making, counting, but never issuing bogus tickets to inflate their ticket statistics. ^[14] The Team's use of random street checks (popularly referred to as "carding") attracted particular criticism from community advocates and City councilors, who cited statistics that showed that racialized Hamiltonians were disproportionately carded by the Team. ^[16] The practice was banned by the provincial government in 2017. ^[17]

Auxiliary Unit

A Hamilton Police Auxiliary Constable receives water from a local storeowner on a hot summer's evening.

The auxiliary unit was established in the early 1960s as a response to societal changes.^{[ citation needed ]} Civil unrest throughout the world had the police service question its ability to deal with large-scale chaos. The principal goal was to create an auxiliary force made up of volunteer, unpaid officers who could be called upon to assist the regular force if problems were ever to arise. The auxiliary police are required to go through various training seminars, as well as maintain a high degree of physical fitness. Although in uniform, they function under very strict guidelines and do not substitute for regular officers. Instead, they assist in the processes when constables require a large, organized support.

The auxiliary police work at parades or during long weekends, at rallies, or large events where police presence is required on a larger scale than usual. They are identified with a shoulder flash that says 'auxiliary'. They also wear a traditional light-blue shirt whereas sworn officers wear navy blue uniforms.

Canine

The first known record of dogs being used in policing the Hamilton community was in 1878 when an old stray dog the officer named "Bob" was taken in and routinely brought on night patrol to accompany an officer named Constable Ferris on his beat. Bob was not trained for special tasks but often acted as a deterrent to those who had the potential to create trouble.^{[ citation needed ]}

In 1960 the Hamilton Police Department acquired two dogs with the intent of training them for special circumstances. Hamilton Police had the second municipal canine unit in Canada. Their names were Sandy and King.^{[ citation needed ]} The dogs were used for many functions which made the officers’ jobs safer and easier. Due to their keen senses, dogs were trained to track suspects or missing persons, search buildings, and locate weapons and bombs. They were also trained to disarm criminals threatening the life of an officer. The dogs used as police dogs were for the most part German Shepherds. They are used because of their fierce loyalty, relatively even temperament, imposing physical presence, and easy trainability.

The dogs are trained with a constable who is responsible for the dog both on and off the job. They live with officers' families which allows a constant relationship between the dogs and their handlers to develop. Much of the time, the dogs are in training to maintain the skills they have acquired. Today Hamilton Police deploy four police service dogs (PSD). Each dog is trained in human scent detection and tracking. PSDs are also used for drug detection, firearms, and currency. Hamilton Police also deploy a PSD for explosives detection. ^{[ citation needed ]}

Hamilton has had one PSD killed in the line of duty - PSD Troy was killed on February 25, 1992 (shot by a suspect during an apprehension). ^{[ citation needed ]}

Crisis response

The Crisis Response Unit consists of three specialized units that respond to different niches of social disorder: the Crisis Support & Outreach Team; the Mobile Crisis Rapid Response Team; and the Social Navigation Program. ^[18]

The Crisis Support & Outreach Team (COAST) is a partnership between the Hamilton Police Service, Halton Regional Police Service, and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, and serves residents in need of long-term mental health support. The Team is responsible for connecting clients to care options, helping clients complete mental health assessments in partnership with police, and providing urgent, over-the-phone crisis support to the client and their caregivers and family members. ^[19]

Like COAST, the Mobile Crisis Rapid Response Team is a partnership between the Hamilton Police Service, Halton Regional Police Service, and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, and is responsible for responding to urgent crisis calls made to 9-1-1 between the hours of 8 AM and 4 AM, seven days a week. ^[20] The teams consist of a uniformed, specially-trained officer and a mental health professional responding together in a marked police cruiser. ^[21] After the teams attend an incident, clients are connected to COAST for follow-up care. ^[20]

The Social Navigation Program is a partnership between the Police Service and the Hamilton Paramedic Service, and is responsible for providing street support to marginalized and homeless Hamiltonians. ^[22] The program connects clients with long-term care and services in partnership with a variety of social service providers to reduce the load on the judicial and hospital system. ^[18] Unlike COAST, however, the program connects with clients at the point of police contact, as opposed to at the client's request.

Emergency response

During the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, a terrorist attack was carried out against eleven Israeli Olympic team and delegation members who were killed along with a German police officer. The attack became known as the Munich Massacre. This attack prompted police agencies around the world to examine their capabilities in addressing such an attack of terrorism. As a result of international incidents of hostage takings like the one in Munich, plus other firearms-related incidents in Canada and abroad, Chief Gordon Torrance had been planning to form a special unit to deal with high-risk situations.^{[ citation needed ]} The 1976 Summer Olympics was to be held in Montreal, Quebec. From June 23 to July 3, 1976, Hamilton was to be the host of the Pre-Olympics Basketball Tournament. ^{[ citation needed ]} Thirteen countries would be represented at that tournament, including Israel. The Munich Massacre was still fresh on the minds of those planning security for this event.

In September 1975, the chief issued a policy and procedure to deal with armed and barricaded persons. On Monday, November 3, 1975, Paul Lariviere of Champlain St., Hamilton, exchanged gunfire with Hamilton Police from his residence. An officer who had a revolver eventually killed him. Lariviere was found to have two rifles in his apartment.^{[ citation needed ]} This incident was a catalyst for the Hamilton Police Service to form a specialized unit. On November 8, 1975, a decision was made by Chief Torrance to form a tactical unit that would begin training in January 1976. The unit was to be based on the concept of the New York City Police Department SWAT. The unit was known as "TEAM" which stood for ‘tactical emergency assault men’.^{[ citation needed ]}

The mandate of the TEAM was to attain a peaceful ending to police calls involving hostage-taking, and gun and other weapon-related incidents. Five TEAM officers were initially sent to the Anti-Sniper and Survival School at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. They also took on the responsibility of explosives disposal (EDU) and received this training through the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The fifteen-man unit became operational on June 13, 1976. When the first female officer became a member of the unit, the name was changed to the Emergency Response Unit (ERU). ERU members are trained to handle a variety of weapons, deal with dangerous, high-risk situations, and are utilized when entering a premises for the execution of search warrants.^{[ citation needed ]}

Marine

A Hamilton Harbour Police shoulder flash worn by officers assigned to the shore patrol, a precursor of the Marine Unit.

The Marine Unit was established in 1921 as the Hamilton Harbour Police, an unarmed special constabulary maintained by the Hamilton Harbour Commission. ^[4] The Harbour Police were responsible for marine safety across the Hamilton Harbour and for security policing on Commission-owned properties, a responsibility it maintained until 1986, when the constabulary was disbanded, with the security division privatized and the harbor policing division amalgamated into the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police. ^[4]

In 1996, the Hamilton-Wentworth Regional Police agreed with the neighboring Halton Regional Police Service to share a marine unit. This agreement was terminated in 2008, and the Halton Regional Police moved its marine unit to the Bronte Harbour.^{[ citation needed ]}

Today, the Unit is responsible for patrolling the Hamilton Harbour, the entirety of the City's waterfront, and all inland waterways. ^[23] The Unit actively patrols from mid-April until mid-November. In the off-season, it responds to calls for service on an as-requested basis.

In 2011, the Unit, with assistance from the Halton Regional Police, rescued a group of high-school rowers caught in a freak storm. ^[24] Five Hamilton Police officers received the Rescue of the Year award from the Canadian Safe Boating Council for their work. ^[25]

Mounted patrol

Members of the Hamilton Police Mounted Unit speak with a cyclist in a downtown park.

The mounted patrol unit (MPU) was formed in September 2009 and consists of five horses and six officers.^{[ citation needed ]} The priorities of the MPU are to heighten the service’s ability to accomplish:

• crime prevention
• manage entertainment districts
• conduct search and rescue
• provide park and trail safety
• public safety during large-scale festivals and events, protests, and demonstrations

MPU offers coverage throughout the city of Hamilton with rotating day, afternoon, and night shifts.

Equipment

Fleet

A Hamilton Police cruiser.

Police cars, also known as police cruisers are the most common vehicle used by the Hamilton Police Service. The vehicles are numbered according to their division and car number. For example, 710-1 represents that the vehicle is from division 1 (central), and the preceding 710 is the vehicle designation number. Vehicles assigned to uniformed patrol begin with a 7 for a car and a 6 for a sport utility vehicle. Specialty units such as ERU and canine begin with a 9.

Motor vehicles

Make/model	Type	Status	Origin
Ford police interceptor	(marked) General patrol vehicle, traffic enforcement		Canada
Ford Taurus	(marked) General patrol vehicle, traffic enforcement		United States
Ford Explorer	(marked) General patrol vehicle		United States
Dodge Charger (LX)	(marked) General patrol vehicle, traffic enforcement		Canada
Harley-Davidson FLHTP	Police motorcycle		United States

Support vehicles

Make/model	Type	Status	Origin
Dodge Mercedes-Benz Sprinter	Van—collision reconstruction, forensics		Germany
Ford ambulance	Former City of Hamilton EMS converted to forensics lab		United States
GMC Savanna	Van—emergency response unit		United States
Chevrolet Express van	Van-emergency response unit		United States
Ford Explorer	(un-marked) Canine unit		United States
Ford Expedition	(un-marked) Canine unit	retired	United States
Chevrolet Silverado	SUV—marine unit		United States
Ford F350	pickup truck with horses trailer — mounted unit		United States
Terradyne Armored Vehicles Inc./Gurkha MPV — using F-550 chassis	Tactical armored vehicle—emergency response unit		Canada
Ford F-series or GMC Vandura trucks	Prisoner transportation services court wagons		Canada
Ford van	van RIDE		United States

Marine unit vessels

Unit No.	Make/model	Type	Status	Origin
Marine II	Zodiac Pro 870	28' rigid-hulled inflatable boat patrol and rescue vessel.		United States
Marine III	Bombard Commando C4	14' rigid-hulled inflatable boat with 30 hp mercury outboard		France
Argo	ARGO (ATV manufacturer)	All-terrain amphibious vehicle		Canada
ROV	VideoRay UROVs Pro 3	Remotely operated underwater vehicle		United States

Aircraft

Make/model	Type	Status	Origin
Bell JetRanger	Helicopter	1999 pilot project shared with Halton Regional Police Service & Peel Regional Police.	Canada

Bicycles

Make/model	Type	Origin
Norco Bicycles	mountain bike RETIRED	Canada
Aquila Bicycle Company	mountain bike RETIRED	Canada
Specialized Bicycle Components	mountain bike RETIRED	United States
Cannondale Bicycle Corporation	mountain bike RETIRED	United States
Kona Bicycle Company	mountain bike RETIRED	Canada
Trek Bicycle Company	mountain bike RETIRED	Canada
Stevenson Bicycle Company	mountain bike RETIRED	Canada
Scott's Bicycle Company	mountain bike (2017 to present)	Canada
Trek Bicycle Company	mountain bike (2022 to present)	Canada

Weapons

In the 1990s, the majority of law enforcement agencies of Canada began wearing bulletproof vests, and municipal police agencies started carrying semi-automatic handguns in the 9mm or .40 S&W calibre cartridge. The Hamilton Police carry Glock 22 handguns with hollow-point .40 S&W calibre ammunition.

These firearms replaced the aging .38 Special revolver. A police cruiser might carry a Remington Model 870 shotgun capable of firing a variety of shotgun shells. In 2018 patrol officers began carrying carbine rifles.

Other less-lethal weapons carried include conducted electroshock weapons, pepper spray, and expandable batons. In addition, the personal equipment of police officers typically includes: handcuffs, flashlights, portable radios, notebooks, and a pair of disposable gloves and Kevlar gloves.

The emergency response unit (ERU) members are issued Glock handguns with 9 mm caliber ammunition. They also use a variety of less-lethal weapons such as flexible baton rounds. Other weapons that have been used by ERU include:

• Tikka T3 .308
• Sako TRG .308 sniper rifle
• 37 mm flare gas gun
• Ruger Mini-14 RETIRED
• Steyr AUG assault rifle RETIRED
• MP5A3 9 mm submachine gun RETIRED
• Remington 870 shotgun
• Remington Model 770 rifle
• Diemaco C8 carbine
• Taser International M18 taser
• Taser International X26 taser
• Pepper spray (OC spray)
• Tear gas (CS gas)
• Rubber bullets or bean bags rounds
• ARWEN 37 37 mm riot gun (and AR-1 plastic baton rounds, may also be available to the public order unit (POU) for crowd/riot control)

See also

• Hamilton Fire Department
• Hamilton Paramedic Service
• Hamilton Police Pipe Band
• Paul Manning
• Evelyn Dick
• Rocco Perri
• Musitano Crime Family

References

1. "About HPS". Hamilton Police Service. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
2. "Hamilton police want $12M more than last year's $183M budget". CBC News. Retrieved 2021-12-16.
3. "HPS History". Hamilton Police Service.
4. "Cops on the Water: The Rise and Fall of the Hamilton Harbour Police". Bruce Forsyth.
5. Wells, Jon (October 20, 2012). "Lincoln Alexander dies at 90". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 23 October 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2012.
6. Clairmont, Susan (1 December 2012). "Sgt. John Harris: A salute to a cop's cop". The Hamilton Spectator. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
7. General, The Office of the Secretary to the Governor. "Hamilton Police Service [Civil Institution]". reg.gg.ca. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
8. "Police Services Board". Hamilton Police Service.
9. "About Us". McMaster University Security Services.
10. "The rise and fall of the Hamilton Parks Police". Bruce Forsyth.
11. "Police Services Act O. Reg. 268/10, s. 8". 24 July 2014.
12. "Patrol Divisions". Hamilton Police Service.
13. "What is the future of Hamilton Police's ACTION team?". CBC News.
14. "5 Hamilton police officers charged in fake ticket scandal". CBC News.
15. "ACTION". Hamilton Police Service.
16. "Carding and 'cleaning up' the core: Hamilton's ACTION team". CBC News.
17. "New Ontario rule banning carding by police takes effect". CBC News.
18. "Community Mobilization Division". Hamilton Police Service.
19. "COAST Services". Crisis Outreach and Support Team.
20. "Mobile Crisis Rapid Response Team". St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton.
21. "Mobile Crisis Rapid Response Team (MCRRT)". Crisis Outreach and Support Team.
22. "Stories from the front line of Hamilton's social navigator program". Hamilton Spectator.
23. "Marine Unit". Hamilton Police Service.
24. "Police officers honored for bravery in harbor rescue". Hamilton Spectator.
25. "Past Winners". Canadian Safe Boating Council.

External links

• Hamilton Police Service Official website
• Hamilton Fire Department
• Hamilton Emergency Medical Services