Ikwerre language

Ikwerre
Pronunciation	[ìkʷéré]
Native to	Rivers state, Nigeria
Ethnicity	Ikwerre people
Native speakers	200,000 (2019) [1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta–Niger Igboid Igbo Ikwerre
Dialects	Apara, Ndele, Ọgbakiri, Ọbịọ, Akpor Alụụ, Ịbaa, Elele [2]
Writing system	Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	ikw
Glottolog	ikwe1242
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Ikwerre (Iwhuruohna) ^[3] is a dialect of Igbo language spoken primarily by the Ikwerre people, ^[4] who inhabit certain areas of Rivers State, Nigeria.

Classification

The Ikwerre language is a member of the Volta-Niger branch of Niger-Congo family of languages. Based on lexicostatistical analysis, Kay Williamson first asserted that the Ikwerre, Ekpeye, and Ogba, languages belonged to the same language cluster, and were not dialects. ^[5] After subsequent studies and more research by both Williamson and Roger Blench, it was concluded that lexical similar languages like Ikwerre, Ogba, Igbo and Ekpeye form a "language cluster" and that they are somewhat mutually intelligible. ^[6]

Phonology

Vowels

Ikwerre distinguishes vowels by quality (frontedness and height), the presence or absence of nasalization, and the presence or absence of advanced tongue root.

		Front	Back
High	+ATR	iĩ	uũ
	−ATR	ɪɪ̃	ʊʊ̃
Mid	+ATR	eẽ	oõ
	−ATR	ɛɛ̃	ɔɔ̃
Low	−ATR	aã

There is also a vowel */ə̃/ which is posited to explain syllabic nasal consonants in accounts of the language which state that Ikwerre has no nasal stops. This sound is realized as [ɨ̃] or a syllabic nasal which is homorganic to the following consonant.

Vowel harmony

Ikwerre exhibits two kinds of vowel harmony:

1. Every vowel in an Ikwerre word, with a few exceptions, agrees with the other vowels in the word as to the presence or absence of advanced tongue root.
2. Vowels of the same height in adjacent syllables must all be either front or back, i.e. the pairs /i/ & /u/, /ɪ/ & /ʊ/, /e/ & /o/, and /ɛ/ & /ɔ/ cannot occur in adjacent syllables. Vowels of different heights, however, need not match for frontness/backness either. This doesn't apply to the first vowel in nouns beginning with a vowel or with /ɾ/, and doesn't apply to onomatopoeic words.

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Postalveolar or palatal	Velar		Glottal
					unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Plosive or Affricate	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	kʷ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	ɡ	ɡʷ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s
	voiced	v	z
Non-plosive stop	plain	ḅ~m
	glottalized	ʼḅ~ʼm
Tap			ɾ ~ ɾ̃
Approximant			l ~ n	j ~ j̃	ɰ ~ ɰ̃	w ~ w̃	h ~ h̃	hʷ ~ h̃ʷ

The oral consonants [ḅʼḅlɾjɰwhhʷ] occur before oral vowels, and their nasal allophones [mʼmnɾ̃ȷ̃ɰ̃w̃h̃h̃ʷ] before nasal vowels. The "non-explosive stops" [ḅʼḅ] are not plosives (not pulmonic) and are equivalent to implosives in other varieties of Igbo.

The tap /ɾ/ may sometimes be realized as an approximant [ɹ].

Tone

Ikwerre is a tonal language with seven tones: high, mid, low, high-low falling, high-mid falling, mid-low falling and rising. Ikwerre also has a tonal downdrift. For example: rínya᷆ (high, mid-low falling) means "weight, heaviness", rìnyâ (low, high-low falling) means "female, wife", mụ̌ (rising) means "to learn", mụ̂ (high-low falling) means "to give birth", etc.

References

1. Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (PDF) (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation. p. 45.
2. Alagoa, Ebiegberi Joe; Anozie, F. N.; Nzewunwa, Nwanna (1988). The early history of the Niger Delta. Buske Verlag. p. 81. ISBN   3-87118-848-4.
3. "Collections Online | British Museum". www.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
4. https://www.omniglot.com/writing/ikwerre.htm
5. Williamson, Kay (1974). ODUMA: The Lower Niger Languages. Vol. 1. Rivers State Council of Arts & Culture, Port Harcourt.
6. Williamson, Kay; Roger M. Blench (2000). African languages: an introduction. Cambridge University Press.

• Clements, George N.; Osu, Sylvester (2005). "Nasal harmony in Ikwere, a language with no phonemic nasal consonants". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 26 (2): 165–200. doi:10.1515/jall.2005.26.2.165. S2CID   144317723.
• Williamson, Kay (1970). Reading and writing Ikwerre. Ibadan: Institute of African Studies.