Tiv language

Last updated
Tiv
Tiv
Native to Nigeria
RegionCentral Nigeria
Ethnicity Tiv
Native speakers
4.6 million (2020) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-2 tiv
ISO 639-3 tiv
Glottolog tivv1240

Tiv is a Tivoid language spoken in some states in North Central Nigeria, with some speakers in Cameroon. It had over 4.6 million speakers in 2020. The largest population of Tiv speakers are found in Benue state in Nigeria. The language is also widely spoken in the Nigerian states of Plateau, Taraba, Nasarawa, Cross River, Adamawa, Kaduna, and Abuja. It is by far the largest of the Tivoid languages, a group of languages belonging to the Southern Bantoid languages

Contents

Geographic distribution

Tiv is widely spoken in the States of Benue, Nasarawa, Plateau, Taraba, Cross Rivers, Adamawa, Kaduna, and Abuja. Other parts of Nigeria also speak Tiv.

Nigeria

Benue State

Tarkaa, Makurdi, Gwer East, Gwer west, Ukum, Logo, Konshisha, Gboko, Kwande, Vandeikya, Katsina Ala, Guma, Buruku, and Ushongo Local Government Areas.

Nassarawa State

Doma, Nasarawa, Lafia, Obi, Keana, and Awe Local Government Areas

Plateau State

Qua’an Pan and Shendam Local Government Areas

Taraba State

Bali, Donga, Ibi, Gassol, Takum, Gashaka, Kurmi and Wukari Local Government Areas

Cross River State

Yala, Bekwara, Obudu, and Obanliku Local Government Areas.

Cameroon

There are 1700 Tiv households with approximately 11,000 people at the south-western border of Cameroon, Manyu division, north east of Akwaya on the Nigerian border, and bordering the Iyom tribes of Cameroon. Their paramount ruler is Zaki Abaajul, who has the Tiv and Ulitsi as his subjects. The Cameronian Tiv are well educated and live in anglophone Cameroon as their ancestral land, while a few others live in the francophone region. They are mostly farmers but others work in the government.

Dialects

Tiv has no dialects. Tiv speakers can understand each other across their territory. However, accents (ham) exist. [2]

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close iu
Near-close ɪːʊː
Mid e
Open-mid ɜːɔ, ɔː
Open a, ɒ

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental
Alveolar Palato-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab. pal.
Stop voiceless ptk
voiced bdɡɡʷɡʲ
prenasal ᵐbⁿd
Affricate voiceless t͡st͡ʃk͡p
voiced (d͡z)d͡ʒɡ͡b
prenasal ⁿd͡z
Fricative voiceless fsʃ(x)h
voiced vzɣ
Nasal m(ɱ)nɲŋ
Trill r
Approximant wlj

Tone

Tiv has three main tones (five if rising and falling are counted as separate tones instead of composites of existing tones). They are most importantly used in inflection. [2]

Accents

The accents of Tiv are as follows:

Vocabulary, particularly plant and tool names, changes from one part of Tiv territory to the other. [2]

History and classification [4]

The first reference to the Tiv language (dzwa Tiv) was made by Koelle (1854) from liberated slaves from Sierra Leone. Johnston (1919) classified it as a peculiar language among the Semi-Bantu languages, and Talbot (1926) concurred. Abraham (1933), who has made the most complete linguistic study of Tiv, classifies it as Bantu, stating that its vocabulary is more similar to the East African Nyanza group of Bantu languages than to Ekoi or other neighbouring languages. Malherbe (1933) agrees with Abraham that Tiv is essentially Bantu. [2]

All material on Tiv seems to point to a recent expansion, perhaps in the early 15th century. [5]

Morphology

Tiv has nine noun classes. [2]

See also

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References

  1. Tiv at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bohannan, Laura; Bohannan, Paul (2017-02-03). "Language". The Tiv of Central Nigeria: Western Africa. Routledge. ISBN   9781315295794.
  3. Sokpo, Rosaline M. (2016). An Autosegmental Analysis of Tiv Phonology.
  4. Bohannan, Laura; Bohannan, Paul (3 February 2017). The Tiv of Central Nigeria: Western Africa Part VIII. ISBN   9781315295794.
  5. Blench, Roger (June 2016). "The Tivoid languages: overview and comparative wordlist" (PDF). p. 16.

Religious materials