Bade language

Last updated

Bade
Gabaden
Native to Nigeria
Region Yobe State, Jigawa State
Native speakers
360,000 (2020) [1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 bde
Glottolog bade1248
ELP

Bade (also spelled Bede, Bedde, or Bode) is a West Chadic language spoken by the Bade people in Yobe State and Jigawa State, Nigeria. Their traditional ruler is the Emir of Bade. Similar to many other Western African languages, Bade is a vulnerable language at great risk of extinction. [2] With 356,000 speakers, [3] the language and the culture of the Bade people have suffered over the last several years. As the language continues to fade, the culture and historic value associated with the language perishes as well. The local dialect is shifting from Bade to Hausa. [3] Across West Africa, the impact on local communities through the loss of the indigenous tongues will be significant. The endangerment of the Bade language represents the worldwide language diversity that is at risk. [4] Many African languages have only received little linguistic attention, impacting these African languages. [5]

Contents

Classification

Bade is classified under the following categories: Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper. [3]

History

While historical information about the Bade language is limited in scope, many words in the Bade language take root in the Kanuri language. [6] The Kanuri language is primarily spoken in West Africa, including: Nigeria and Chad. Bade and Ngizim have borrowed a number of words from the Kanuri language. [6] According to traditional accounts, the Bade language itself originates from the Badr of Yemen and Muhammad purportedly drove the Bade people out after a failure to pray. [6] Currently, as one of the many Nigerian endangered languages, bade serves as a local dialect. In general, Nigerian languages comprise the wealth of linguistic diversity that exists in the country. [7] Over the years, colonization has also played a role in the deteroriation of local languages, which Bade happens to be among, that for now, most of the Bade villages are becoming Hausa speaking villages. [8]

Geographic distribution

The speakers of the Bade language are centered in Nigeria. It is spoken in the northern part of Yobe State, Nigeria. [9]

Official status

The language is not the official language of Nigeria or any other country.

Dialects/varieties

There are three dialects of the Bade language that coincide with regions: [3]

Phonology

Most West Chadic languages have a similar consonant inventory separated into eight major groups: labialized laryngeal, laryngeal, labialized velar, velar, lateral, alveopalatal, alveolar, and labial. [10] In the Bade/Ngizim languages, the glottal stop plays no role, but the vowel hiatus relies on elision and coalescence. The sounds also feature a "yawning" and has a shift from fricative to stop. [10]

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
plain lateral plain lab. plain lab.
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t t͡ʃ k kʷ
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ ɡʷ
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ⁿd͡ʒ ᵑɡ ᵑɡʷ
implosive ɓ ɗ ɗ̠ʲ
Fricative voiceless f s ɬ ʃ h hʷ
voiced v z ɮ ʒ ɦ ɦʷ
Rhotic r ɽ
Approximant l j w ( ˀj )

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i iː ɨ u uː
Mid eː oː
Open a aː

Grammar

The grammar for the Bade language is consistent with the Ngizim language. [10]

Morphology and syntax

The Bade/Ngizim languages slightly differ from other Chadic languages. [10] Bade and Ngizim have long vowels in closed syllables. Mid vowels also have a restricted use compared to other vowels. Mid vowels will rather appear as loanwords from other languages. [10] The language preserves diphthongs in both native and loanwords.

Vocabulary

The Bade language has strong influence from the Kanuri language. There are many loanwords from Kanuri to West Chadic languages, including Bade. [11] Bade is commonly grouped with the Ngizim language. As an example, the word "healthy" is nga in the Kanuri language and ngā in the Ngizim language. [11] More recently, the Hausa language has influenced the Bade language. [12]

Fish names

Below are some fish names of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands in Bade, along with their Hausa and Manga Kanuri equivalent names. Note that many of the species have not been observed recently, due to the drying up of the region. [13]

Scientific nameEnglishBade Hausa Manga Kanuri Present in 2003?
fish (general)Vunakonkíífííbúnì
kur cibil ?
awgirinkanze
amimiwalkúr̃úƙúllìì
Hepsetus odoe African pike njig duwaŋkiribuniNo
Labeo coubie African carp No
Synodontis spp. catfish ƙùrúngùùNo
Citharinus citharus , Citharinus latus lutefish kalafanbáánààpalewalNo
Hemichromis bimaculatus , Hemichromis fasciatus jewelfish bakar
Heterotis niloticus bonytongue ufdakon, ebugancenbárgììbayaYes
Mormyrus macrophthalmus patima kururunburar buzu
Labeo senegalensis African carp gadabdanbúrdòòbәskәmNo
Marcusenius ihyuysi gulendagarilamsaYes
Epiplatys spp., Aplocheilichthys spp. killifish/panchax, toothed carp ak dakwandankya, akunu
Barbus spp.buk zәmәndigila, bakin burdobәskәm, cilimonly seen near Geidam
Brycinus leuciscus African tetras wasandindukurimәɗiNo
Oreochromis aureus (formerly Tilapia aurea ) tilapia kafakundugurukawowoYes
Parachanna obscura snakehead mudugundúmnóódumnoNo
Clarias submarginatus catfish dundin
Clarotes sp. ? ?dùrùdúrùù
Labeo sp. African carp ɗán dáátàà
Citharinus citharus , Citharinus latus lutefish fàlfàlfálfàl
Sarotherodon galileus (formerly Tilapia galilaea ) tilapia kafakun hetafárín walaholoYes
Protopterus annectens lungfish ambungáìwááambuYes
Heterobranchus bidorsalis mәsangara raka (?) ?
Polypterus spp. bichir fishawiɗongàrgázáá, garzabàràkádíNo
Lates niloticus Nile perch kaɓәlingííwár̃ rúwááɓáríyààɓariyaNo
Mormyrus isidori  ?hààlàɓà
Clarias sp. catfish aalanjàrííariYes
Brycinus macrolepidotus African tetras  ?kándáurákàà ?No
Ichthyborus besse  ? but cf. ‘otter’kàren rúwáá
Tilapia spp. tilapia ɗiɗikirkárfásááYes
Distichodus spp.grasseaterkaskasankáwsàà cihaki
Tetraodon fahaka pufferfish kuɗiɗin mәfkәtәn, məkfətənkómbáníkubeNo
Dasyatis garouaensis dotted ray wurjik duwankunaman rúwáá
Mormyrus rume elephantsnout fish, trunkfish lámsàà
Parailia pellucida kalaparlaparlaparYes
Schilbe spp. butter catfish ganunlûlúú mai kayalulu
Chrysichthys sp.mai barewa
Tilapia zilii tilapia kafakun suk jijinmai gidan gaci karfasa shurikawowoYes
Heterobranchus spp. ?mài leemu ?
Malapterurus electricus electric catfish mjaŋ, njanmínjíryáámuuYes
Bagrus filamentosus silver catfish mumfal [?]
Bagrus bayad , Bagrus docmak silver catfish masamaninmúskòòmazambaleYes
Marcusenius cyprinoides takɗopayapayaNo
Alestes baremoze African tetras zantarin saaronsááróósaraŋNo
Oreochromis niloticus (formerly Tilapia nilotica ) tilapia andalonsakiyakawowoYes
Mormyrus sp.sááwáyàà
Siluranodon auritus  ?sháŋsháŋ (given as Synodontis sp. in other sources) ?
Clarias sp. catfish mәsantárwáɗáábigiriYes
Marcusenius abadii kurinyintáátàr̃lamsaYes
Campylomormyrus tamandua tәrwәn, sawayentola, kánzáyíítólà, sawayaYes
Hydrocynus vittatus tigerfish dlayad, dleyal, jik duwantságííjayNo
Brycinus nurse African tetras zharwon, saronƙááwàráádedaNo
Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus , Chrysichthys auratus dumdumi, gajakanƙàrááyááŋgayaYes
Auchenoglanis occidentalis , Auchenoglanis biscutatus catfish kazhakatyàunííŋgayaYes
Gymnarchus niloticus mәzәmanzááwààkaazNo

Writing system

The Bade language uses a Latin script writing script. [3]

Bade alphabet [14]
Ə A B Ɓ C D Ɗ E F G H I J K L M N Ŋ O P R R̃ S T U V W Y ʼY Z
əabɓcdɗefghijklmnŋoprr̃stuvwyʼyz

The letter R̃ is only used in the Gashua dialect.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afroasiatic languages</span> Large language family of Africa and West Asia

The Afroasiatic languages, also known as Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, are a language family of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel. Over 500 million people are native speakers of an Afroasiatic language, constituting the fourth-largest language family after Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Niger–Congo. Most linguists divide the family into six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Omotic. The vast majority of Afroasiatic languages are considered indigenous to the African continent, including all those not belonging to the Semitic branch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chadic languages</span> Branch of the Afroasiatic languages

The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 196 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa, a lingua franca of much of inland Eastern West Africa, particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hausa language</span> Chadic language spoken in West Africa

Hausa is a Chadic language that is spoken by the Hausa people in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo, and the southern parts of Niger, and Chad, with significant minorities in Ivory Coast. A small number of speakers also exist in Sudan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kanuri language</span> Saharan dialect continuum of Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon

Kanuri is a Saharan dialect continuum of the Nilo–Saharan language family spoken by the Kanuri and Kanembu peoples in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, as well as by a diaspora community residing in Sudan.

Defaka is an endangered and divergent Nigerian language of uncertain classification. It is spoken in the Opobo–Nkoro LGA of Rivers State, in the Defaka or Afakani ward of Nkọrọ town and Ịwọma Nkọrọ. The low number of Defaka speakers, coupled with the fact that other languages dominate the region where Defaka is spoken, edges the language near extinction on a year-to-year basis. It is generally classified in an Ijoid branch of the Niger–Congo family. However, the Ijoid proposal is problematic. Blench (2012) notes that "Defaka has numerous external cognates and might be an isolate or independent branch of Niger–Congo which has come under Ịjọ influence."

Haɗejiya is a Hausa town in eastern Jigawa State, northern Nigeria. The population was approximately 105,628 in 2006. Hadejia lies between latitude 12.4506N and longitude 10.0404E. It shared boundary with Kiri Kasama Local Government from the East, Mallam Maɗori Local Government from the North, and Auyo Local Government from the West. The Hadejia Local Government consist of eleven (11) political wards namely: Atafi, Dubantu, Gagulmari, Kasuwar Ƙofa, Kasuwar Kuda, Matsaro, Majema, Rumfa, Sabon Garu, Ƴankoli and Yayari. Inhabitants are dominantly Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri with some other groups such as Tiv, Yoruba, Igbo, Igala etc. The dominant occupation of the inhabitants is crop-farming and animal rearing which a considerable percentage, engaged in trading, fishing and services including civil service. The people of Haɗeja are largely Muslims, although some follow indigenous belief systems. The town lies to the north of the Hadejia River, and is upstream from the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands. Hadejia is an internationally important ecological and sensitive zone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Nigeria</span>

There are over 525 native languages spoken in Nigeria. The official language and most widely spoken lingua franca is English, which was the language of Colonial Nigeria. Nigerian Pidgin – an English-based creole – is spoken by over 60 million people.

Tera is a Chadic dialect cluster spoken in north-eastern Nigeria in the north and eastern parts of Gombe State and Borno State. Blench (2006) believes Pidlimdi (Hinna) dialect is a separate language.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Chadic languages</span> Afro-Asiatic language branch of West Africa

The West Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. They include Hausa, the most populous Chadic language and a major language of West Africa.

The Ngizim people live in Yobe State, northeastern Nigeria. As of 1993, there were an estimated 80,000 Ngizim. The tribe lives primarily in Potiskum, the largest city in Yobe State and originally a Ngizim town, as well as the areas to the east and south of the city. Ngizim populations once inhabited parts of Borno and Jigawa states, but have since lost their cultural identity after being assimilated into other ethnic groups. The Ngizim speak a Chadic language also called Ngizim.

Ɗuwai (Dó:aí) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Jigawa and Kano States, Nigeria.

Ngizim is a Chadic language spoken by the Ngizim people in Yobe State, Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bole–Tangale languages</span> West Chadic language

The Bole–Tangale languages are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in various states of northeastern Nigeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karai-karai</span> Nigerian language spoken in West Africa

Karai-karai is a language spoken in West Africa, most prominently North eastern Nigeria. The number of speakers of Karai-karai is estimated between 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 million, primarily spoken by the ethnic Karai-Karai people. It is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken principally in Nigeria with communities in Bauchi State, Yobe State, Gombe State and other parts of Nigeria. Many Karai-karai words share a common origin with the Northwest Semitic languages of Hebrew and Arabic. The Karai-karai language is most closely related to the Ngamo and Bole languages which are both considered derivatives of the Karai-karai language.

Bole is a West Chadic language spoken in Nigeria. Dialects include Bara and Fika, spoken in the Fika Emirate.

Ngamo is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria. The native Ngamo language has two major dialects, viz, Gudi Ngamo and Yaya Ngamo. These dialects are spoken by the various clans both within and outside Gadaka. Ngamo is a member of the West Branch of Chadic and is hence related to Hausa, the dominant language throughout northern Nigeria. Ngamo’s closest linguistic relatives are, however, its neighbors, Karekare, Bole, and Maka.

Zeem, or Chaari, is an endangered Chadic dialect cluster of Nigeria, whose speakers are shifting to Hausa. Dyarim is closely related.

Gashua is a community in Yobe State in northeastern Nigeria, on the Yobe River a few miles below the convergence of the Hadejia River and the Jama'are River. Average elevation is about 299 m. The population in 2006 was about 125,000. The hottest months are March and April with temperature ranges of 38-40o Celsius. In the rainy season, June–September, temperatures fall to 23-28o Celsius, with rainfall of 500 to 1000mm.

Polci is an Afro-Asiatic language of Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is part of the Barawa cluster, which is in turn part of the West Chadic language family.

Russell G. Schuh was an American linguist known for his extensive work on Chadic languages, especially Hausa and West Chadic languages.

References

  1. ↑ Bade at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. ↑ Blench, R. (2007), Endangered Languages[ full citation needed ]
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Ethnologue: Languages of the World (unknown ed.). SIL International.[ This citation is dated, and should be substituted with a specific edition of Ethnologue ]
  4. ↑ Whalen, D.H. (2012). "Endangered language families". Language. 88: 155–173. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0012. hdl: 10125/5017 . S2CID   143898338.
  5. ↑ Lupke, Friederike (2009). "At the margin - African Endangered Languages in the Context of Global Endangerment Discourses" (PDF). African Research & Documentation . 109: 15–41. doi:10.1017/S0305862X00016472. S2CID   142849572.
  6. 1 2 3 Schuh, R.G. (2003). "The linguistic influence of Kanuri on Bade and Ngizim" (PDF). Maiduguri Journal of Linguistic and Literary Studies: 55–89 – via aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu.
  7. ↑ Brann, Conrad Max Benedict (December 1993). "Democratisation of Language Use in Public Domains in Nigeria". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 31 (4): 639–656. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00012283. ISSN   0022-278X. S2CID   155020713.
  8. ↑ Novak, Amy (2008). "Who speaks? Who listens?: The problem of address in two Nigerian trauma novels". Studies in the Novel. 40 (1–2): 31–51. doi:10.1353/sdn.0.0013. S2CID   49386578.
  9. ↑ Schuh, Russell (2009). "The Ngizim Language". aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schuh, Russell (2002). "Overview of Bade/Ngizim of Phonology" (PDF). aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 August 2017.
  11. 1 2 Schuh, Russell (2002). "The Phonology and Morphology of Bade and Ngizim". aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
  12. ↑ Schuh, Russell (1997). "Changes in Obstruent Voicing in Bade/Ngizim" (PDF). aflang.linguistics.ucla.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 August 2018.
  13. ↑ Blench, Roger (8 April 2020). "Changing fisheries ecology in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands" (PDF). Roger Blench. Draft. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2023.[ self-published source? ]
  14. ↑ Dagona & Schuh 2009, p. vii.

Sources

Further reading

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