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The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 150 languages spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, the Central African Republic, and northern Cameroon. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa, a lingua franca of much of inland Eastern West Africa, particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria.
Hausa is a Chadic language that is spoken by the Hausa people in the northern parts of Nigeria, Ghana, Cameroon, Benin and Togo, and the southern parts of Niger, and Chad, with significant minorities in Ivory Coast. A very small number of speakers also exist in Sudan.
Kanuri is a Saharan dialect continuum of the Nilo–Saharan language family spoken by the Kanuri and Kanembu peoples in Nigeria, Niger, Chad and Cameroon, as well as by a diaspora community residing in Sudan.
Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as. They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term that can also refer to labialized velars, such as the stop consonant and the approximant.
Defaka is an endangered and divergent Nigerian language of uncertain classification. It is spoken in the Opobo–Nkoro LGA of Rivers State, in the Defaka or Afakani ward of Nkọrọ town and Ịwọma Nkọrọ. The low number of Defaka speakers, coupled with the fact that other languages dominate the region where Defaka is spoken, edges the language near extinction on a year-to-year basis. It is generally classified in an Ijoid branch of the Niger–Congo family. However, the Ijoid proposal is problematic. Blench (2012) notes that "Defaka has numerous external cognates and might be an isolate or independent branch of Niger–Congo which has come under Ịjọ influence."
Yobe is a state located in northeastern Nigeria. A mainly agricultural state, it was created on 27 August 1991. Yobe State was carved out of Borno State. The capital of Yobe State is Damaturu, and its largest city by population is Potiskum. While by the largest by land area is Fune, Potiskum Local Government Area is a place of Farmers and marketers, the largest cattle market in Africa is located in Potiskum.
Haɗejiya is a Hausa town in eastern Jigawa State, northern Nigeria. The population was approximately 105,628 in 2006. Hadejia lies between latitude 12.4506N and longitude 10.0404E. It shared boundary with Kiri Kasama Local Government from the East, Mallam Maɗori Local Government from the North, and Auyo Local Government from the West. The Hadejia Local Government consist of eleven (11) political wards namely: Atafi, Dubantu, Gagulmari, Kasuwar Ƙofa, Kasuwar Kuda, Matsaro, Majema, Rumfa, Sabon Garu, Ƴankoli and Yayari. Inhabitants are dominantly Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri with some other groups such as Tiv, Yoruba, Igbo, Igala etc. The dominant occupation of the inhabitants is crop-farming and animal rearing which a considerable percentage, engaged in trading, fishing and services including civil service. The people of Haɗeja are largely Muslims, although some follow indigenous belief systems. The town lies to the north of the Hadejia River, and is upstream from the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands. Hadejia is an internationally important ecological and sensitive zone.
There are over 525 native languages spoken in Nigeria. The official language and most widely spoken lingua franca is English, which was the language of Colonial Nigeria. Nigerian Pidgin – an English-based creole – is spoken by over 60 million people.
The West Chadic languages of the Afro-Asiatic family are spoken principally in Niger and Nigeria. They include Hausa, the most populous Chadic language and a major language of West Africa.
The Angas, Angas–Sura, or Central West Chadic languages are a branch of West Chadic languages spoken in Plateau State, north-central Nigeria.
Ɗuwai (Dó:aí) is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Jigawa and Kano States, Nigeria.
Ngizim is a Chadic language spoken by the Ngizim people in Yobe State, Nigeria.
The Bole–Tangale languages are a branch of West Chadic languages that are spoken in various states of northeastern Nigeria.
Karai-karai is a language spoken in West Africa, most prominently North eastern Nigeria. The number of speakers of Karai-karai is estimated between 1,500,000 to 1,800,000 million, primarily spoken by the ethnic Karai-Karai people. It is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken principally in Nigeria with communities in Bauchi State, Yobe State, Gombe State and other parts of Nigeria. Many Karai-karai words share a common origin with the Northwest Semitic languages of Hebrew and Arabic. The Karai-karai language is most closely related to the Ngamo and Bole languages which are both considered derivatives of the Karai-karai language.
Bole is a West Chadic language spoken in Nigeria. Dialects include Bara and Fika, spoken in the Fika Emirate.
Ngamo is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Nigeria. The native Ngamo language has two major dialects, viz, Gudi Ngamo and Yaya Ngamo. These dialects are spoken by the various clans both within and outside Gadaka. Ngamo is a member of the West Branch of Chadic and is hence related to Hausa, the dominant language throughout northern Nigeria. Ngamo’s closest linguistic relatives are, however, its neighbors, Karekare, Bole, and Maka.
Gashua is a community in Yobe State in northeastern Nigeria, on the Yobe River a few miles below the convergence of the Hadejia River and the Jama'are River. Average elevation is about 299 m. The population in 2006 was about 125,000. The hottest months are March and April with temperature ranges of 38-40o Celsius. In the rainy season, June–September, temperatures fall to 23-28o Celsius, with rainfall of 500 to 1000mm.
Polci is an Afro-Asiatic language of Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is part of the Barawa cluster, which is in turn part of the West Chadic language family.
Russell G. Schuh was an American linguist known for his extensive work on Chadic languages, especially Hausa and West Chadic languages.
Yerwa Kanuri or Central Kanuri is a variety of the Kanuri language spoken mainly in adjacent parts of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, and Chad as well as by a diaspora community residing in Sudan. It is spoken by the Yerwa Kanuri who are the largest subgroup of Kanuri people in West and Central Africa today. Yerwa Kanuri is the largest of the Kanuri varieties, it is also used for both oral and written communication in Cameroon and is classified within the Saharan branch of the Nilo-Saharan language family. The Yerwa Kanuri variety of the Kanuri language in Nigeria is written using the Ajami script of the Arabic alphabet.
References
- ↑ Bade at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ↑ Blench, R (2007). "Endangered Languages".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - 1 2 3 4 5 "Enthnologue Bade".
- ↑ Whalen, D.H. (2012). "Endangered language families". Language. 88: 155–173. doi:10.1353/lan.2012.0012. hdl: 10125/5017 . S2CID 143898338.
- ↑ Lupke, Friederike (2009). "At the margin - African Endangered Languages in the Context of Global Endangerment Discourses" (PDF). African Research & Documentation . 109: 15–41. doi:10.1017/S0305862X00016472. S2CID 142849572.
- 1 2 3 Schuh, R.G. (2003). "The linguistic influence of Kanuri on Bade and Ngizim" (PDF). Maiduguri Journal of Linguistic and Literary Studies: 55–89.
- ↑ Conrad Max Benedict, B (1993). "Democratisation of Language Use in Public Domains in Nigeria". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 31 (4): 639–656. doi:10.1017/s0022278x00012283. S2CID 155020713.
- ↑ Novak, Amy (2008). "Who speaks? Who listens?: The problem of address in two Nigerian trauma novels". Studies in the Novel. 40 (1–2): 31–51. doi:10.1353/sdn.0.0013. S2CID 49386578.
- ↑ Schuh, Russell (2009). "Yobe Languages Research Project".
- 1 2 3 4 5 Schuh, Russell (2002). "Overview of Bade/Ngizim of Phonology" (PDF).
- 1 2 Schuh, Russell (2002). "The Phonology and Morphology of Bade and Ngizim". Archived from the original on 2018-03-20. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
- ↑ Schuh, Russell (1997). "Changes in Obstruent Voicing in Bade/Ngizim" (PDF).
- ↑ Blench, Roger (2020). "Changing fisheries ecology in the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands" (PDF).
- ↑ "Latin".
- ↑ Dagona & Schuh 2009, p. vii.
Sources
- Dagona, Bala Wakili; Schuh, Russell G (2009). Bade-English-Hausa dictionary : (western dialect). Ajami.
