Leptotrichiaceae

Leptotrichiaceae
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Fusobacteriota
Class:	Fusobacteriia
Order:	Fusobacteriales
Family:	Leptotrichiaceae Gupta et al. 2013
Genus
Leptotrichia Streptobacillus Sneathia Caviibacter Oceanivirga Sebaldella Pseudoleptotrichia Pseudostreptobacillus
Synonyms
"Leptotrichieae" Trevisan 1889 "Leptotrichioideae" Baldacci 1939 "Syncrotidae" Enderlein 1917

Leptotrichiaceae is a family of bacteria in the order Fusobacteriales. The family includes several genera, such as Leptotrichia , Streptobacillus , Sneathia , Caviibacter , Oceanivirga , Sebaldella , Pseudoleptotrichia , and Pseudostreptobacillus . Bacteria in this family are gram-negative, typically anaerobic, and inhabit diverse environments, including the mucous membranes of humans and animals, as well as ocean sediments. ^[1] While some species are part of the normal microbial flora, others can act as opportunistic pathogens, causing infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Characteristics

Members of Leptotrichiaceae are gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are non-motile and non-spore-forming. They are predominantly anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic, thriving in low-oxygen environments, and exhibit fermentative metabolism, producing organic acids from carbohydrates. Many species are fastidious, requiring enriched media such as blood or serum for growth. ^[2] These bacteria are commonly isolated from the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital system of mammals, as well as from marine habitats.

Genera

The family Leptotrichiaceae encompasses the following genera:

• Leptotrichia – Found in the oral cavity and other mucous membranes; some species are implicated in infections in neutropenic patients. ^[3]
• Streptobacillus – Includes Streptobacillus moniliformis, the causative agent of streptobacillary rat-bite fever, a zoonotic disease. ^[4]
• Sneathia – Associated with the female urogenital tract and linked to conditions like bacterial vaginosis. ^[5]
• Caviibacter – Isolated from clinical specimens, including abscesses in animals. ^[6]
• Oceanivirga – Found in marine environments, including ocean sediments and fish. ^[7]
• Sebaldella – A genus found in the human oral and gastrointestinal microbiota, occasionally acting as an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised individuals.
• Pseudoleptotrichia – A recently identified genus contributing to the phylogenetic diversity of Leptotrichiaceae.
• Pseudostreptobacillus – Another newly recognized genus within the family, distinct from Streptobacillus.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN) ^[1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). ^[8]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024 [9] [10] [11]	120 marker proteins based GTDB 10-RS226 [12] [13] [14]
Leptotrichiaceae Sebaldella Collins and Shah 1986 Pseudoleptotrichia Eisenberg et al. 2020 Leptotrichia Trevisan 1879 Caviibacter Eisenberg et al. 2016 Oceanivirga Eisenberg et al. 2016 Sneathia Collins et al. 2002 Pseudostreptobacillus Eisenberg et al. 2020 Streptobacillus Levaditi, Nicolau & Poincloux 1925	Leptotrichiaceae Sebaldella Caviibacter Oceanivirga Sneathia Pseudostreptobacillus Streptobacillus Pseudoleptotrichia Leptotrichia

See also

• Fusobacteria
• List of Bacteria genera
• List of bacterial orders
• Oral microbiology
• Zoonotic diseases

References

1. Parte; et al. "Leptotrichiaceae". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
2. Gupta, R. S.; Sethi, M. (2013). "Molecular signatures for the phylum (class) Fusobacteria and its family Leptotrichiaceae". Microbial Ecology. 66 (4): 859–872. doi:10.5935/abc.20130190. PMC   4081169 . PMID   24061684.
3. Eribe, E. R. K.; Olsen, I. (2017). "Leptotrichia species in human infections II". Anaerobe. 48 (9): 21–32. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.06.008. PMC   5646626 . PMID   28668529.
4. Eisenberg, T.; Glaeser, S. P.; Nicklas, W.; Maunder, N.; Contzen, M.; Aledelbi, R.; Kämpfer, P. (2016). "Streptobacillus felis sp. nov., isolated from a cat with pneumonia, and emended descriptions of the genus Streptobacillus and of Streptobacillus moniliformis". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4672–4679. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001430. PMID   27506406.
5. Harwich, M. D.; Serrano, M. G.; Fettweis, J. M.; Alves, J. M.; Reimers, M. A.; Buck, G. A.; Jefferson, K. K. (2012). "Genomic sequence analysis and characterization of Sneathia amnii sp. nov". BMC Genomics. 13 (Suppl 8): S4. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-S8-S4 . PMC   3535708 . PMID   23282177.
6. Eisenberg, T.; Glaeser, S. P.; Blom, J.; Burkovski, A.; Kämpfer, P. (2016). "Caviibacter abscessus gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Leptotrichiaceae isolated from guinea pigs". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4680–4686. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001431. PMID   27506407.
7. Eisenberg, T.; Glaeser, S. P.; Kämpfer, P. (2016). "Oceanivirga salmonicida gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium isolated from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and emended description of the genus Oceanivirga". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 66 (11): 4687–4693. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001432. PMID   27506408.
8. Sayers; et al. "Leptotrichiaceae". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
9. "The LTP" . Retrieved 10 December 2024.
10. "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 10 December 2024.
11. "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
12. "GTDB release 10-RS226". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 1 May 2025.
13. "bac120_r226.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 1 May 2025.
14. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 1 May 2025.