List of Asian Australian politicians

Last updated

This is a list of Asian Australians who have served as members of Australian federal, state, or territory legislatures. Despite Australia's proximity to Asia, as well as the significant and increasing minority of Australians belonging to an Asian ethnicity, [1] [2] the Australian Parliament is considered to be particularly under-representative of its constituents of Asian descent in comparison to other Western multicultural democracies [3] [4] [5] with members of minority groups making up only about 6 percent of Parliament. [6]

Contents

Classification

This section is an excerpt from Asian Australians § Terminology.[ edit ]

The term Asian Australian was first coined in the 1950s by European Australians who sought to strengthen diplomatic and trade ties with Asia. However, the term was not originally used to describe or recognise the experiences of people of Asian descent living in Australia. It was not until the late 1980s and 1990s that the term was adopted and used by Asian Australians themselves to discuss issues related to racial vilification and discrimination. Today, the term is widely accepted and used to refer to people of Asian descent who are citizens or residents of Australia, although its usage and meaning may vary within the Asian Australian community. [7]

When people use the term Asian in everyday conversation, they are usually referring to two main groups: East Asians (including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Mongolian) and Southeast Asians (including Filipinos, Cambodians, Vietnamese, Laotians, Indonesians, Thais, and Singaporeans). Additionally, South Asians (including Indians, Bangladeshis, Sri Lankans, Nepalese, and Pakistanis) may also be included. [7]

Census definition

Information relating to the racial composition of the population was collected for the first time at the Census of 1911. The following were classified as "Asiatic": [8]

At censuses prior to 1966 the instructions relating to race were insufficient to enable respondents to classify themselves according to the degree of racial mixture. As one report for the 1966 Census of Population and Housing details: [9]

For example, from 1933 to 1961 persons were asked the following question:

"For persons of European race, wherever born, write "European ". For non-Europeans state the race to which they belong, for example, "Aboriginal", "Chinese", "Negro", "Afghan", etc. If the person is half-caste with one parent of European race, write also "H.C.", for example "H.C. Aboriginal", "H. C. Chinese", etc."

At the 1966 Census the instructions were re-designed ... in an endeavour to obtain precise data on racial mixture and also to avoid the opprobrium attaching to the term "half-caste" ...

— 1966 Census (1971), "Population: Single Characteristics. Part 11", p. 7

The Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Census no longer collect data on race as a standalone category. Instead, they collect information on distinct ancestries, of which census respondents can select up to two. The ABS has classified certain ancestries into categories for the purposes of aggregating data, including: [10]

Ancestry is the primary statistical measure of ethnicity or cultural origins in Australia. The different ancestry groups may have distinct histories, cultures, and geographical origins. Therefore, information on Australians with ancestry from Asia can be found in the respective articles for each separate article (e.g., Chinese Australians, Indian Australians, etc.).

It is important to note that Australians of Middle Eastern ancestries are not classified as part of the Asian category under the ABS's Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG). [10] Instead, they are separately classified under North African and Middle Eastern. This includes Australians of Arab, Turkish and Iranian ancestries. However, Armenians, for example, are classified as Central Asian and therefore part of the Asian category. [11]

[a]

Officeholders

20 Asian Australian people have been members of the Parliament of Australia (the Federal Parliament), including ten each in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The most common represented ethnicity are Chinese Australian (nine) and Indian Australian (three). There are eight incumbent Asian Australian parliamentarians as of 2022.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Federal Parliament

Senate

Senator EthnicityPartyStateTenureNotes
Term startTerm end
Tsebin Tchen
(1941–2019)		 Chinese [S 1] [12] [13] [14] Liberal Victoria 1 July 199930 June 2005Retired
Penny Wong DFAT official (cropped).jpg Penny Wong
(born 1968)		 Chinese (Malaysian Chinese) [S 2] [15] [16] [17] Labor South Australia 1 July 2002Incumbent
Lisasingh.jpg Lisa Singh
(born 1972)		 Indian [S 3] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] Labor Tasmania 1 July 201130 June 2019Lost reelection
Dio Wang
(born 1981)		 Chinese [23] [24] Palmer United Western Australia 1 July 20142 July 2016Lost reelection
Mehreen-Faruqi-2019.jpg Mehreen Faruqi
(born 1963)		 Pakistani [S 4] [25] [26] [27] Greens New South Wales 15 August 2018Incumbent
Dai Le Fatima Payman Circles (cropped).jpg Fatima Payman
(born 1995)		 Afghan [28] Labor (to 2024)
Independent (from 2024)		 Western Australia 1 July 2022Incumbent
Varun Ghosh
(born 1985)		 Indian [29] Labor Western Australia 1 February 2024Incumbent
  1. ↑ First Asian-born migrant to be elected to Parliament
  2. ↑ First Asian-born member of Cabinet, First Asian-Australian foreign minister, and the first openly LGBTI person to hold the office
  3. ↑ First woman of South Asian heritage to be elected to Parliament
  4. ↑ First Muslim woman to attain any political office in Australia; first Muslim woman senator to be elected to Parliament

House of Representatives

Member EthnicityPartyDivisionStateTenureNotes
Term startTerm end
Michael Johnson MP.jpg Michael Johnson
(born 1970)		 Chinese (Hong Konger) [30] Liberal Ryan Queensland 10 November 200120 May 2010
Independent 20 May 201021 August 2010
Ian Goodenough MHR Profile.jpg Ian Goodenough
(born 1975)		 Singaporean [31] [32] [33] Liberal Moore Western Australia 7 September 2013Incumbent
Gladys Liu
(born 1964)		 Chinese (Hong Konger) Liberal Chisholm Victoria 18 May 201921 May 2022First Chinese Australian woman to be elected to the House [34] [35] [36] [37] [38]
Dave Sharma (1).jpg Dave Sharma
(born 1975)		 Indian Liberal Wentworth New South Wales 18 May 201921 May 2022Second Australian ambassador of Indian heritage [39] [33]
Michelle Ananda-Rajah
(born 1972)		 Sri Lankan [33] [40] [41] [42] [43] Labor Higgins Victoria 21 May 2022Incumbent
Cassandra Fernando
(born 1988)		 Sri Lankan [33] [44] [45] [46] Labor Holt Victoria 21 May 2022Incumbent
Dai Le headshot.jpg Dai Le
(born 1968)		 Vietnamese Independent Fowler New South Wales 21 May 20228 May 2023First Vietnamese-born member to be elected to Parliament [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53]
Dai Le and Frank Carbone Network 8 May 2023Incumbent
Sam Lim
(born 1961)		 Chinese (Malaysian Chinese) [54] [55] [56] [57] Labor Tangney Western Australia 21 May 2022Incumbent
Zaneta Mascarenhas
(born 1980)		 Indian [33] [32] [43] Labor Swan Western Australia 21 May 2022Incumbent
Sally Sitou
(born 1982)		 Chinese (Laotian Australians) [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] Labor Reid New South Wales 21 May 2022Incumbent

State and local government

Governors

Governors EthnicityStateTenureNotes
Term startTerm end
Hieu Van Le 2015.jpg Hieu Van Le
(born 1954)		 Vietnamese [63] South Australia 1 September 201431 August 2021First person of Asian heritage to be appointed a state governor in Australia. First person of Vietnamese background to be appointed to a vice-regal position anywhere in the world.

Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly

Member EthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term startTerm end
Elizabeth Lee MLA (cropped).jpg Elizabeth Lee
(born 1979)		 Korean [64] Liberal Kurrajong 15 October 2016IncumbentFirst East Asian-Australian to lead a major political party in Australia. [65]
Deepak-Raj Gupta.jpg Deepak-Raj Gupta
(born 1966)		 Indian [66] Labor Yerrabi 23 July 201917 October 2020First Indian-born person to hold the position of MLA in the Australian Capital Territory. First MLA to be sworn in on the Bhagwat Gita , representing his Hindu faith. [67]

Parliament of New South Wales

Member EthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term startTerm end
Prue car.jpg Prue Car Bengali [68] [69] Labor Londonderry 8 June 2021Incumbent
Anoulack Chanthivong
(born 1977)		 Laotian [70] Labor Macquarie Fields 28 March 2015IncumbentFirst politician of South-East Asian heritage to take a seat in the NSW Parliament [70]
Wes Fang
(born 1977)		 Singaporean [71] [72] Nationals 9 August 2017IncumbentFirst person of Asian heritage to represent the Nationals in NSW [73]
Mehreen-Faruqi-2019.jpg Mehreen Faruqi
(born 1963)		 Pakistani [25] [74] Greens Heffron 19 June 201314 August 2018
The Hon. Trevor Khan MLC.jpg Trevor Khan
(born 1957)		 Punjabi [75] Nationals 24 March 20076 January 2022
Geoff Lee
(born 1967)		 Chinese [76] Liberal Parramatta 26 March 201125 March 2023
Jenny Leong.jpg Jenny Leong
(born 1977)		 Chinese [77] Greens Newtown 28 March 2015Incumbent
Daniel Mookhey
(born 1982)		 Punjabi [75] Labor Monaro 6 May 2015Incumbent
Helen Sham-Ho
(born 1943)		 Chinese (Hong Konger) [78] [79] Liberal / Independent 19 March 198828 February 2003
Gurmesh Singh Indian [80] Nationals Coffs Harbour 23 March 2019Incumbent
Deputy Lord Mayor, Councillor Henry Tsang, Sydney Town Hall, George Street Sydney, 1993.jpg Henry Tsang
(born 1942)		 Chinese [81] Labor 27 March 19993 December 2009
Ernest Wong
(born 1960s)		 Chinese (Hong Konger) [82] Labor 24 May 201323 March 2019
Peter Wong
(born 1942)		 Chinese [83] Liberal / Unity Party 27 March 199923 March 2007
Gladys Berejiklian
(born 1970)		 Armenian [84] Liberal 22 March 200330 December 2021

Parliament of the Northern Territory

Member EthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term startTerm end
Jack Ah Kit
(1950–2020)		 Chinese [85] Labor Arnhem 7 October 199516 June 2005
Ngaree Ah Kit Talisman Sabre 2015.jpg Ngaree Ah Kit
(born 1981)		 Chinese [86] Labor Karama 27 August 201628 October 2024
Harry Chan (PH0838-0003).jpg Harry Chan
(1918–1969)		 Chinese [87] Fannie Bay December 19625 August 1969
Jinson Charls Indian [88] Country Liberal Sanderson 28 August 2024Incumbent
Richard Lim
(born 1946)		 Malaysian [89] Country Liberal Greatorex 19942007
Lauren Moss
(born 1987)		 Indian Labor Casuarina 18 October 201428 October 2024
Sandra Nelson
(born 1971)		 East Timorese [90] Labor Katherine 27 August 201630 July 2020
Khoda Patel Indian [91] Country Liberal Casuarina 28 August 2024Incumbent
Tanzilrahman (cropped).jpg Tanzil Rahman Bangladeshi [92] Country Liberal Fong Lim 28 August 2024Incumbent

Parliament of Queensland

MemberEthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term startTerm end
Michael Choi
(born 1959)		 Chinese (Hong Konger) [93] [94] Labor Capalaba 17 February 200123 March 2012
Anne Warner 2016.jpg Anne Warner
(born 1945)		 Indian [95] Labor Kurilpa 22 October 19831 November 1986

Parliament of South Australia

MemberEthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term StartTerm End
Assistant Minister Jing Lee 2018.jpg Jing Lee
(born 1967)		 Malaysian Chinese Liberal State-wide20 March 2010Incumbent
Lucas2018.jpg Rob Lucas
(born 1953)		 Japanese Liberal State-wide6 November 198219 March 2022
Tung Ngo
(born 1972)		 Vietnamese Labor State-wide15 March 2014Incumbent
Bernice Pfitzner
(born 1938)		 Singaporean Liberal State-wide23 October 199010 October 1997

Parliament of Tasmania

MemberEthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term StartTerm End
Lisasingh.jpg Lisa Singh
(born 1972)		 Indian Labor Denison 18 March 200613 April 2010

Parliament of Victoria

MemberEthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term StartTerm End
Tien Kieu
(born 1960)		 Vietnamese Labor South Eastern Metropolitan Region 24 November 201826 November 2022
Hong Lim
(born 1950)		 Chinese Labor Clayton / Clarinda 30 March 199629 November 2014
Sang Nguyen
(born 1960)		 Vietnamese Labor Melbourne West Province May 1996November 2006
Jude Perera
(born 1953)		 Sri Lankan Labor Cranbourne 25 November 200224 November 2018
Samantha Ratnam.jpg Samantha Ratnam
(born 1977)		 Sri Lankan Greens Northern Metropolitan Region 19 October 2017Incumbent
MLC Harriet Shing (cropped).jpg Harriet Shing
(born 1976)		 Chinese Labor Eastern Victoria Region 29 November 2014Incumbent
Meng Heang Tak Cambodian Labor Clarinda 19 December 2018Incumbent
Huong Truong profile.jpg Huong Truong
(born 1983)		 Vietnamese Greens Western Metropolitan Region 21 February 201824 November 2018
Kaushaliya Vaghela Indian Labor / Independent / New Democrats Western Metropolitan Region 24 November 201826 November 2022
Fred Van Buren
(1936–2006)		 Sri Lankan Labor Eumemmerring 19851992
NicoleWernerMP.jpg Nicole Werner Chinese (Malaysian Chinese) Liberal Warrandyte 26 August 2023Incumbent
Eden Foster
Indian Labor Mulgrave 18 November 2023Incumbent

Parliament of Western Australia

MemberEthnicityPartyConstituencyTenureNotes
Term StartTerm End
Helen Bullock
(born 1965)		 Chinese Labor Mining and Pastoral Region 22 May 200921 May 2013
Jags Krishnan 1.jpg Jags Krishnan
(born 1972)		 Indian Labor Riverton 13 March 2021Incumbent
Kevin Michel
(born 1961)		 Indian Labor Pilbara 11 March 2017Incumbent
Yaz Mubarakai
(born 1975)		 Indian Labor Jandakot 11 March 2017Incumbent
Batong Pham
(born 1967)		 Vietnamese Labor November 2007May 2009
Pierre Yang, Portrait.jpg Pierre Yang
(born 1983)		 Chinese Labor South Metropolitan Region 22 May 2021Incumbent

Councilors and Mayors

MemberEthnicityPositionTenureNotes
Term StartTerm End
Cropped version of John So.jpg John So
(born 1946)		 Hong Konger Lord Mayor of Melbourne July 2001November 2008First Lord Mayor of Melbourne of Chinese descent.
Katrina Fong Lim
(born 1961)		 Chinese [96] Lord Mayor of Darwin 3 April 20124 September 2017
Anthony Tran
(born 1999)		 Vietnamese [97] [98] [99] Maribyrnong City Council 9 November 2021
Kun Huang
(born ?)		 Chinese [100] [101] Cumberland City Council
Sabrin Farooqui
(born ?)		 Bangladeshi [102] [101] [103] [104] Cumberland City Council
Jasmine Nguyen
(born ?)		 Vietnamese [99] [105] [106] [107] Brimbank City Council

See also

Asian Australians

Asian Americans

Other

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References

  1. ↑ This article therefore does not list Australian politicians descended from the Middle Eastern region of Asia, such as Iranian Australian Senator Sam Dastyari, Turkish Australian Senator Mehmet Tillem, and Lebanese Australian MPs Bob Katter Sr., Daryl Melham, Bob Katter, and Michael Sukkar.
  1. ↑ "What "Asian" really means in the Census". NewsComAu. 28 June 2017.
  2. ↑ "Australia's Growing Asian Minority: The Impact on Foreign Policy - AIIA". Australian Institute of International Affairs.
  3. ↑ Walden, Max (24 March 2021). "Under-representation of Asian Australians in politics". Election Watch. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  4. ↑ Pietsch, Juliet (4 May 2017). "Explaining the political under-representation of Asian Australians: geographical concentration and voting patterns". Political Science. 69 (2): 161–174. doi:10.1080/00323187.2017.1345283. S2CID   149364250 – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.
  5. ↑ Wyeth, Grant (24 February 2021). "The under-representation of Asian-Australians: political order and political delay". Melbourne Asia Review (5).
  6. ↑ Cave, Damien (10 April 2018). "In a Proudly Diverse Australia, White People Still Run Almost Everything". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  7. 1 2 Kwok, Jen Tsen (3 July 2017). "An Etymology of "Asian Australian" Through Associational Histories Connecting Australia to Asia". Journal of Australian Studies. 41 (3): 351–366. doi:10.1080/14443058.2017.1346696. ISSN   1444-3058. S2CID   149390880.
  8. ↑ Commonwealth Statistician (1911). "Part VIII: Non-European Races" (PDF). Census Taken for the Night Between the 2nd and 3rd April, 1911 (Report). Australian Bureau of Statistics; Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 899–1073.
  9. ↑ Acting Commonwealth Statistician (August 1971). "Population: Single Characteristics. Part 11: Race" (PDF). 1966 Census of Population and Housing (Report). Vol. 1. Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics; Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 1−31. At the 1966 Census the instructions were re-designed as follows in an endeavour to obtain precise data on racial mixture and also to avoid the opprobrium attaching to the term half-caste: 'State each person's race. For persons of European race, wherever born, write "European". Otherwise state whether Aboriginal, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, etc., as the case may be. If of more than one race give particulars, for example, ½ European–½ Aboriginal; ¾ Aboriginal–¼ Chinese; ½ European–½ Chinese'.
  10. 1 2 "Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG): Latest release", Australian Bureau of Statistics, 18 December 2019, This release of the ASCCEG (2019) contains the updated classification following a limited review.
  11. ↑ "1249.0 Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups, 2019". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 18 December 2019.
  12. ↑ "Tributes flow for first Chinese-born federal parliamentarian after fatal car accident". ABC News. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  13. ↑ Lo, Jieh-Yung (16 December 2019). "Tsebin Tchen: a "guardian angel" of multicultural Australia". The Age. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  14. ↑ "'Humble gentleman': Chinese community pays tribute to Australia's first Asian-born MP". SBS Your Language. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "Penny Wong". Q+A. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  16. ↑ "Appointing Asian-Australian foreign minister would send powerful message, Penny Wong says". ABC News. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  17. ↑ "Proud to be Asian and gay! Meet Penny Wong, Australia's new foreign minister". Firstpost. 23 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  18. ↑ "About Lisa". lisasingh.com.au. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  19. ↑ "Lisa Singh". 24 July 2021.
  20. ↑ "Former senator Lisa Singh becomes first female director of Australia India Institute". SBS Your Language. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  21. ↑ Duttagupta, Ishani (13 January 2022). "People elected me as they wanted to see diversity in Australian Parliament, says Indian origin woman". The Times of India. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  22. ↑ Sarkar, Monica (21 May 2019). "Lisa Singh pushes political boundaries for Indians in Australia". CNN. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  23. ↑ "Who is Dio Wang?". SBS News. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  24. ↑ Aston, Heath (10 February 2016). "PUP senator Dio Wang: 'Learn from China' and root out corruption at national level". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  25. 1 2 "First female Muslim senator: 'I'm here to shake up the status quo'". www.9news.com.au. 20 August 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  26. ↑ "First Muslim Woman In Aus Parliament Honored With Engineering Award". Asian Scientist Magazine. 12 August 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  27. ↑ Law, Benjamin (25 June 2021). "Greens Senator Mehreen Faruqi: 'Since moving here I've started swearing a lot'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  28. ↑ Hastie, Hamish (28 April 2022). "Taliban takeover prevents Labor Senate hopeful from renouncing Afghan citizenship". The Sydney Morning Herald. Payman was eight when she was granted entry to Australia under her mother's refugee visa in 2003 after her family fled Afghanistan during the previous Taliban regime.
  29. ↑ "Varun Ghosh confirmed to replace Senator Pat Dodson". The West Australian. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  30. ↑ Davis, Mark (19 May 2010). "A Queenslander with a thirst for networking overseas". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  31. ↑ "Race Politics Lives!". Peril magazine. 14 October 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  32. 1 2 "The changing face of Australian politics". SBS News. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 "Asian representation in parliament has now doubled. But some advocates say it's not enough". SBS News. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  34. ↑ "Morrison secures majority Government with historic win of first female Chinese-Australian MP in Chisholm". ABC News. 21 May 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  35. ↑ "Gladys Liu: The row over a trailblazing Chinese-Australian MP". BBC News. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  36. ↑ Medhora, Shalailah (19 September 2019). "Who is Gladys Liu, and why is she making headlines?". triple j. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  37. ↑ "Who is Gladys Liu? Why story of first Chinese-born female MP matters". The New Daily. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  38. ↑ Lee, John (24 September 2019). "Australia's Gladys Liu scandal shows how the Chinese Communist Party is weaponizing race". CNN. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  39. ↑ "Australia's youngest Ambassador is of Indian Heritage | Indian Herald". 25 July 2013. Archived from the original on 25 July 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  40. ↑ Sakkal, Paul (19 May 2022). "Labor's candidate for Higgins told the government its COVID experts were not up to the job". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  41. ↑ "Michelle Ananda-Rajah: Very much a modern Australian story -". 2 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  42. ↑ "Doctor, academic, activist, and now MP: Dr Michelle Ananda-Rajah". Indian Link. 7 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  43. 1 2 Tu, Jessie (24 May 2022). "The Asian-Australian women who have started to shift the face of parliament". Women's Agenda. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  44. ↑ "Cassandra Fernando – Labor for Holt". www.alp.org.au. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  45. ↑ 周文爱, Erin Wen Ai Chew (29 March 2022). "Union Organiser Cassandra Fernando Will Replace Anthony Byrne And Run For The Safe Labor Seat Of Holt". Being Asian Australian. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  46. ↑ "Sri Lanka born Cassandra Fernando makes history - Commonwealth Union". 30 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  47. ↑ "'We won't be ignored anymore': First Vietnamese-born member of federal parliament elected". SBS Your Language. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  48. ↑ Le, Dai (18 October 2018). "Dai Le: My unlikely career move into politics, ten years on". Women's Agenda. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  49. ↑ "Dai Le". Q+A. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  50. ↑ "Dai Le". Q+A. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  51. ↑ Knott, Matthew (22 May 2022). "'We got what we deserved': Recriminations flow after Keneally defeat". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
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