List of commercially available insulins

Last updated

The relative effectiveness of each insulin analogue over time Insulin short-intermediate-long acting.svg
The relative effectiveness of each insulin analogue over time

Insulin as a medication is sold under many different trade names, which are listed below. A dagger symbol (†) indicates discontinued brands. Different brands of insulin may offer any of the following preparation methods: vials, pens, cartridges, IV bags or inhalers. [2]

Contents

All insulin analogues and non-analogue insulins work by enhancing glucose uptake in tissues and reducing glucose production by the liver. [3] Insulin is prescribed for conditions such as type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, [4] gestational diabetes, [5] and diabetes-related complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis. [6] Additionally, insulin is administered alongside glucose to treat elevated blood potassium levels (hyperkalemia). [7]

While all types are commonly referred to as insulin, the term in its strictest sense applies to the naturally occurring molecule, whereas insulin analogues have modified structures to alter their pharmacokinetics. [8]

Certain insulin brands can also have differing names regionally, such as how Novolog is called Novorapid outside of the United States. [9] [10] Brands may also be commonly referred to with different names. For example, Basaglar, Abasaglar, and Abasria all refer to the same brand. Abasria is the brand's former name, [11] while Basaglar and Abasaglar are regional. [11] [12] [13]

The three companies which produce the most insulin are Lilly, Novo Nordisk and Sanofi. These corporations control 99% of the global market by value and 96% by volume. [14] However, other smaller pharmaceutical companies also produce insulin, such as Mannkind (Afrezza), Viatris (Semglee), Lupin (Lupisulin), Baxter (Myxredlin), Biocon (Basalog), Darou Pakhsh (Dipisulin), Glenmark (Insulong), Wockhardt (Wosulin), Julphar (Jusline), SciGen (SciLin), Bioton (Gensulin), and Cadila (Humanext). Many insulin analogues are available unbranded. [15] [16]

Rapid-acting

Insulin lispro

Insulin lispro hexamer Insulin lispro dodecamer 6NWV.png
Insulin lispro hexamer

Insulin lispro, marketed under the brand name Humalog among others, is a modified form of medical insulin used to treat both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [17] It is administered subcutaneously through injection or an insulin pump. [18] [19] The effects typically begin within 30 minutes and last for about 5 hours. [17] Sometimes, a longer-acting insulin, such as insulin NPH, is also used. [20]

Common side effects include low blood sugar, while more serious side effects may include low blood potassium. [21] It is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [22] [23] It functions similarly to human insulin by increasing glucose uptake in tissues and reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver in gluconeogenesis. [24]

Insulin lispro was first approved for use in the United States in 1996. [18] [25] [26] It is a synthetic analogue of human insulin, created by swapping two amino acids. [27] In 2022, it ranked as the 70th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with over 9 million prescriptions. [28] [29] Insulin lispro is available under a generic label from Lilly. [30]

Insulin lispro brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)ImageReferences
Admelog Sanofi Vial, pen Insulin Admelog Vial.jpg [31] [32]
Humalog Lilly Vial, cartridge, pen The Balancing Act of the Diabetic, Insulin lispro.jpg [33] [34]
LiprologLillyVial, cartridge pen [35] [36]
LyumjevLillyVial, pen [37]

Insulin aspart

Structural formula of insulin aspart Insulin Aspart Structural Formula.gif
Structural formula of insulin aspart
Insulin brands usually do not have true logos, and most packaging design is simple Novolog Box.jpg
Insulin brands usually do not have true logos, and most packaging design is simple

Insulin aspart, marketed under the brand name Novolog among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [38] It is typically administered by injection under the skin (into the abdomen, buttocks, thighs, or upper arms), but can also be injected into a vein. [39] Its maximum effect occurs after about 1–3 hours and lasts for 3–5 hours. [40] A biosimilar version of insulin aspart, insulin-aspart-szjj, was released in 2025. [41]

Common side effects include low blood sugar, allergic reactions, itchiness, and pain at the injection site. Serious side effects may include low blood potassium. [38] It is generally considered safe to use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [42] [38] It works similarly to human insulin by enhancing glucose uptake in tissues and reducing glucose production by the liver. [38] It is a synthetic form of human insulin, with a single amino acid change, replacing proline with aspartic acid at the B28 position. [43]

Insulin aspart was approved for medical use in the United States in 2000. [44] In 2022, it was the 76th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with over 8 million prescriptions. [28] [45] Its production involves yeast that have had the gene for insulin aspart inserted into their genome, allowing the yeast to produce the insulin, which is then harvested from the bioreactor. [46] [47] Insulin aspart is available unbranded from Novo Nordisk. [15] [16]

Insulin aspart brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)ImageReferences
Fiasp Novo Nordisk Vial, cartridge, pen [48] [49]
Novolog/NovorapidNovo NordiskVial, cartridge, pen NovoRapid insulin pen 3ml without cork.jpg [50]
TrurapiSanofiVial, cartridge, pen [51]
KirstyViatrisPen [52] [53]
MerilogSanofiPen [54] [55]

Insulin glulisine

Apidra 100 IU-ml inj.jpg
Apidra pen and box
Insulin glulisine 6GV0 cartoon.png
A model of insulin glulisine

Insulin glulisine is a rapid-acting modified form of insulin used to treat diabetes. It differs from human insulin by replacing the amino acid asparagine at position B3 with lysine and the lysine at position B29 with glutamic acid. [56] When injected subcutaneously, it enters the bloodstream faster than regular human insulin (RHI). [57] It was developed by Sanofi. The most common side effect is hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels). [58]

Insulin glulisine was approved for medical use in the United States [59] [60] and the European Union in 2004. [61] It is currently patented by Sanofi, and is therefore only produced by said company under the brand name Apidra. [62]

Inhalable insulin

Inhalable insulin, also known as technosphere insulin, [63] is a powdered form of insulin, delivered with an inhaler into the lungs where it is absorbed. [64] In general, inhaled insulins have been more rapidly absorbed than subcutaneous injected insulin, with faster peak concentration in serum and more rapid metabolism. [65]

Exubera, developed by Inhale Therapeutics (later named Nektar Therapeutics), became the first inhaled insulin product to be marketed, in 2006 by Pfizer, but poor sales led Pfizer to withdraw it in 2007. [66] Afrezza, a monomeric inhaled, ultra rapid-acting insulin developed by Mannkind, was approved by the FDA in 2014 [67] and is the only inhaled insulin commercialized as of 2025. [68]

Inhalable insulin brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)References
AfrezzaMannkindInhaler [69] [70]
Exubera†PfizerInhaler [66]

Short-acting

Regular insulin

C. H. Best and F. G. Banting ca. 1924.png
Photograph of Charles Best and Frederick Banting, the inventors of insulin
Insulin struct.png
Insulin monomer

Regular insulin, also known as neutral insulin or soluble insulin, is a type of short-acting medical insulin. [71] It is used to treat type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, and complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic states. [72] It is also used with glucose to treat high blood potassium levels. [73] Typically administered by injection under the skin, it can also be injected into a vein or muscle. [71] Its effects usually begin within one hour and last around four hours. [74]

The most common side effect is low blood sugar. [72] Other side effects may include pain or skin changes at the injection sites, low blood potassium, and allergic reactions. [75] It is relatively safe to use during pregnancy for the baby. [76] Regular insulin can be derived from the pancreas of pigs or cows, with human versions created by modifying pig insulin or using recombinant technology. [71]

Insulin was first used as a medication in Canada by Charles Best and Frederick Banting in 1922. [77] It is listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [78] In 2017, it ranked as the 209th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with over 2 million prescriptions. [79] There are also versions available that are mixed with longer-acting insulin, such as NPH insulin. [71] In 2020, the combination of human insulin and insulin isophane was the 246th most commonly prescribed medication in the US, with more than 2 million prescriptions. [28] [80]

Regular insulin is commonly sold under the name of an insulin product line followed by the letter R. [81]

Regular insulin brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)ImageReferences
Humulin RLilyVial, pen Human insulin 100IU-ml vial white background.jpg [82] [81]
Novolin RNovo NordiskVial [83]
MyxredlinBaxterIV bags [84] [85]
Insuman R†SanofiVial, pen [86] [87] [88]
Ronulin RRonakVial [89]
Lupisulin RLupinVial, cartridge [90] [91]
ActrapidNovo NordiskVial, cartridge, pen Human insulin 100 IU-1ml penfill actrapid white background.jpg [92] [93]
Insugen RBioconVial, cartridge [94]
Monotard†Novo NordiskVial [95] [96]
Dipisulin RDarou PakhshVial [97]
Huminsulin RLupinVial [98]
Human Insulong Glenmark Vial [99]
Univia RPfizerVial [100]
Wosulin R Wockhardt Vial [101]
Jusline R Julphar Vial [102]
Gensulin RBiotonCartridge [103]
SciLin RSciGenVial, cartridge [104]

Semilente insulin

Semilente insulin was an insulin from the lente family of insulin that was derived from pork. [105] It had smaller crystals than untralente, so it was absorbed faster, and therefore had a shorter duration of action which was similar to that of regular insulin. [106] Like the other lente insulins, it was phased out in the early 2000s. [107] It was produced by Lilly under the name Semilente Iletin I. [108]

Buffered regular insulin

An insulin pump, which no longer requires specialized insulin I hooked up my new insulin pump. Not quite bionic, but it augments my body. (4773288007).jpg
An insulin pump, which no longer requires specialized insulin

Buffered regular insulin is a variation of regular insulin that is specifically formulated for use only in insulin pumps. [109] [110] [111]

Buffered regular insulin brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)References
Humulin BR†LillyVial [112] [110]
Velosulin BR†Novo NordiskVial [112] [113]

Intermediate-acting

NPH insulin

NPH insulin, also known as isophane insulin, is an intermediate-acting insulin used to manage blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. The name NPH is an abbreviation for "neutral protamine Hagedorn", referring to neutral pH (pH = 7), protamine a protein attached to the insulin molecule, and Hans Christian Hagedorn, the insulin researcher who developed this formulation. [114] It was designed to enhance insulin delivery and is one of the early examples of engineered drug delivery. [114]

It is typically administered through subcutaneous injection once or twice daily. [114] Its effects usually begin within an hour and last for 24 hours. [115] There are versions available that are premixed with short-acting insulins, such as regular insulin. [71] The most common side effect is low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Other potential side effects may include pain or skin changes at the injection sites, low blood potassium, and allergic reactions. [115] It is generally considered safe for use during pregnancy for the fetus. [115] [76] NPH insulin is produced by mixing regular insulin and protamine in precise proportions with zinc and phenol to maintain a neutral pH and form crystals. There are versions based on human and pig insulin. [114]

Protamine insulin was first created in 1936, and NPH insulin was introduced in 1946. [114] It is included in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines [78] In 2020, insulin isophane was the 221st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. [28] [114]

NPH insulin is commonly sold under the name of an insulin product line followed by the letter N. [116]

Inzulin.jpg
Vials
Insulin analog 100 IU-1ml penfill levemir white background.jpg
Cartridges
Two insulin pens, Insulatard and NovoRapid, 30IE and 4IE marked, cork off.jpg
Pens
Insulins can come in varying preparation methods, depending on the brand. These include vials, pens, cartridges, inhalers, and IV bags.
NPH insulin brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)ImageReferences
Novolin NNovo NordiskVial, pen [117] [116]
Humulin NLillyVial, pen [118]
InsulatardNovo NordiskVial, pen Green insulin pen (Insulatard insulin).jpg [119] [120]
Insuman Basal†SanofiVial, pen [86] [87] [88]
ActraphaneNovo NordiskVial, pen [121] [122]
Ronulin NRonakVial [123]
Lupisulin NLupinVial, Cartridge [124]
Insugen NBioconVial, Cartridge [125]
Dipusulin NDarou PakhshVial Insulin&Syringe.JPG [97]
Huminsulin NLupinVial [126] [98]
Humanext N Cadila Vial [127]
Wosulin NWockhardtVial [128]
LentardNovo NordiskVial [129] [130]
Jusline NJulpharVial [102]
Gensulin NBiotonCartridge [103]
SciLin NSciGenVial, cartridge [104]
ProtaphaneNovo NordiskVial [131] [132] [133]

Lente insulin

Insulin hexamer with a cetral zinc atom (lente) Human-insulin-hexamer-3D-ribbons.png
Insulin hexamer with a cetral zinc atom (lente)

Lente insulin (derived from the Italian word lento, meaning "slow"), also known as insulin zinc suspension, was an intermediate-acting insulin that is no longer used in humans. [107] Its effects begin one to two hours after administration, with peak activity occurring approximately 8 to 12 hours post-injection, and some residual effects lasting beyond 24 hours. [134]

Manufacturers discontinued Lente insulin and other similar insulin analogs in the mid-2000s, and it is no longer approved for human use in the United States. [135] [136] [137] This decision was partly due to the medical community's preference for more predictable insulin formulations, such as recombinant NPH insulin. [138]

Similarly to the modern brands of NPH and regular insulin, which are still sold, lente insulins would be marketed under the name of the rest of the insulins in a brand's product line, followed by the letter L. [139]

Lente insulin brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)References
Humulin L†LillyVial, cartridge [139]
Novolin L†Novo NordiskVial, cartridge [140]
Iletin†LillyVial [141] [142]

Long-acting

Insulin detemir

Insulin detemir.tif
Structure of insulin detemir
Insulin analog 100 IU-1ml penfill levemir yellow background.jpg
Levemir PenFill cartridge

Insulin detemir is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin used to treat both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [143] It is administered through subcutaneous injection. Its effects last for up to 24 hours. [143] [144]

Common side effects include (hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, pain at the injection site, and weight gain. [143] It appears to be safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. [145] [146] Insulin detemir works by increasing the amount of glucose absorbed by tissues and reducing the amount of glucose produced by the liver. [143]

Insulin detemir was approved for medical use in the European Union in June 2004 and in the United States in June 2005. [147] [144] [148] It is listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [78] In 2022, it was the 127th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with over 4 million prescriptions. [28] [149]

Insulin detemir is only sold under the name Levemir by Novo Nordisk, who owned its patent until 2019. in certain countries, Levemir and certain related products were discontinued in 2024. [150]

Insulin glargine

Insulin glargine is a long-acting modified form of medical insulin used in the management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [151] It is administered through subcutaneous injection. Its effects typically begin within an hour of injection. [151] [152]

Common side effects include (hypoglycemia, issues at the injection site, itchiness, and weight gain. [151] NPH insulin is generally preferred over insulin glargine during pregnancy. [153] After injection, microcrystals gradually release insulin over a period of approximately 24 hours. [151] This insulin works by facilitating the absorption of glucose by body tissues and reducing glucose production by the liver. [154]

Insulin glargine was patented, although the patent expired in most countries in 2014. It was approved for medical use in the United States in 2000. [152] It is listed on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [78] In 2022, it ranked as the 28th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 18 million prescriptions. [28] [155] In July 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an interchangeable biosimilar insulin product, Semglee (insulin glargine-yfgn), for the treatment of diabetes. [156] Unbranded versions of insulin glargine and insulin glargine-yfgn are sold by Sanofi [157] and Viatris. [158]

Insulin Glargine brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)ImageReferences
Basaglar/Abasaglar/AbasriaLillyPen Insulin Basaglar Pen.jpg [159] [160]
LantusSanofiVial, cartridge, pen Lantus vial.jpg [2]
ToujeoSanofiPen Toujeo 300 IU-ml inj.jpg [161] [162]
Semglee Viatris Vial, pen [156]
RezvoglarLillyPen [163] [158]
Basalog Biocon Vial, pen [164] [165]
OptisulinSanofiVial, pen [166]

Ultralente insulin

Ultralente insulin was a long-acting form of medical insulin, but not a true analogue. It had an onset of 4 to 6 hours, a peak effect between 14 and 24 hours, and a duration of 28 to 36 hours. [167] In the mid-2000s, ultralente insulin, along with lente insulin, was discontinued in the United States due to decreasing use in favor of NPH insulin and newer insulin products. [168] By 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had officially withdrawn approval for ultralente insulin products. [169]

Ultralente insulin brands
Brand NameManufacturerPreparation method(s)References
Ultratard HM†Novo NordiskVial [170]
Humulin U†LillyVial [171]

Ultralong-acting

Insulin degludec

Insulin degludec hexamer 4AKJ.png
An insulin degludec hexamer. A chains are chartreuse, B chains are tan, and the central zinc atom is teal.
Generic insulin degludec.jpg
Generic insulin degludec box

Insulin degludec is an ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue developed by Novo Nordisk. [172] Ultralong-acting insulins are a kind of insulin that can work up to a week. [173] It is administered through subcutaneous injection to assist in controlling blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Its duration of action lasts up to 42 hours, which is significantly longer than other long-acting insulins, such as insulin glargine and insulin detemir, which typically last 18 to 26 hours. This makes insulin degludec a once-daily basal insulin, [174] [175] [176] providing a steady insulin level, in contrast to fast-acting bolus insulins. Insulin degludec is a modified form of insulin in which a single amino acid is deleted compared to human insulin. It is also conjugated to hexadecanedioic acid via a gamma-L-glutamyl spacer at the amino acid lysine at position B29. [175]

It is included on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines [78] as an alternative to insulin glargine. In 2022, it was the 138th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions. [28] [177] Insulin Degludec is currently only produced by Novo Nordisk under the name Tresiba. [172] It is also available under a generic label until the start of 2026. [15]

Insulin icodec

Insulin icodec is a medication used to enhance glycemic control in individuals with diabetes. [178] It is an ultralong-acting basal insulin analogue developed by Novo Nordisk. [179] The analog has a plasma half-life exceeding eight days, which is significantly longer than the 25-hour half-life of insulin degludec, the previously longest-acting insulin analogue. Insulin icodec functions as a once-weekly basal insulin. [178]

Pharmacokinetic comparison between daily insulins and once weekly icodec insulin L'insulina icodec one weekly.jpg
Pharmacokinetic comparison between daily insulins and once weekly icodec insulin

Structurally, insulin icodec consists of two peptide chains connected by a disulfide bridge, similar to insulin. However, it includes a C20 fatty diacid-containing side chain to enable strong, reversible albumin binding. Additionally, three amino acid substitutions enhance molecular stability, reduce insulin receptor binding, and slow clearance, collectively extending its duration of action. [180]

Insulin icodec received approval for medical use in Canada in March 2024. [179] In the same month, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) issued a positive opinion, recommending marketing authorization for insulin icodec. [178] Subsequently, insulin icodec was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2024. [180] Insulin icodec is currently marketed by Novo Nordisk under the name Awiqli (pronounced A-week-ly). [181]

Insulin mixtures

General mixtures

Insulin mixtures can sometimes be combined in a single syringe, such as when mixing intermediate-acting insulin with rapid- or short-acting insulin. However, not all types of insulin are compatible for mixing. [182] [183]

For convenience, there are premixed formulations of rapid- and intermediate-acting insulins. [2] These come in fixed ratios like 75/25, 70/30, or 50/50. [183] For example, a 75/25 mix contains 75% intermediate-acting insulin and 25% rapid-acting insulin. [182] [2] These are typically injected twice a day at the start of meals. The mixture appears cloudy, and it begins to work as quickly as the rapid-acting insulin, but it lasts as long as the intermediate-acting insulin. [182]

Branded general mixtures
Brand NameInsulin ConcentrationsManufacturerPreparation method(s)ImageReferences
Humalog Mix 75/25Protamine/lispro (75%/25%)LillyVial, pen [2]
Humalog Mix 50/50Protamine/lispro (50%/50%)LillyVial, pen [2]
Lupisulin M 30/70Regular human/NPH (30%/70%) Lupin Vial, pen [184]
Insugen 50/50Regular human/NPH (50%/50%)BioconVial, cartridge [185]
Insugen 30/70Regular human/NPH (30%/70%)BioconVial, cartridge [186]
Mixtard 30†Regular human/NPH (30%/70%)Novo NordiskVial, cartridge, pen Premixed insulin analog 100 IU-1ml penfill white background.jpg [187]
NovoMix 30Protamine/aspart (70%/30%)Novo NordiskVial, cartridge, pen Insulin analog 100 IU-1ml penfill novomix white background.jpg [2]
RyzodegDegludec/aspart (70%/30%)Novo NordiskCartridge, pen [188] [189] [190]
Dipisulin 30/70Regular human/NPH (30%/70%)Darou PakhshVial [97]
Univia Mix 30/70Regular human/NPH (30%/70%)PfizerVial [191]
Jusline 30/70Regular human/NPH (30%/70%)JulpharVial [102]
Gensulin M30Regular human/NPH (30%/70%)BiotonCartridge [103]
SciLin M30Regular human/NPH (30%/70%)SciGenVial, cartridge [104]

Insulin glargine/lixisenatide

Insulin glargine/lixisenatide, marketed under the brand name Soliqua, [192] is a fixed-dose combination medication that combines insulin glargine and lixisenatide for the treatment of diabetes. [193] The most common side effects include hypoglycemia, diarrhea, vomiting, and nausea. [194]

Insulin glargine/lixisenatide was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2016, and in the European Union in January 2017. [192] It is currently only marketed by Sanofi as Soliqua. [192]

Insulin degludec/liraglutide

Ball-and-stick model of liraglutide Liraglutide ball-and-stick 4APD.png
Ball-and-stick model of liraglutide

Insulin degludec/liraglutide is a fixed-dose combination medication used to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes, alongside diet and exercise. [195] [196] [197] It consists of insulin degludec and liraglutide and is administered through subcutaneous injection. [196] [197] Gastrointestinal side effects include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, dyspepsia (indigestion), gastritis (stomach inflammation), abdominal pain, flatulence, gastroesophageal reflux disease (acid reflux), and abdominal distension. [196] [197] Severe symptomatic hypoglycemia was reported in a small number of patients during clinical trials. [197]

Insulin degludec functions as a replacement insulin, facilitating glucose uptake into cells and thereby reducing the symptoms and complications of diabetes. [196] [197] It differs slightly from human insulin, as it is absorbed more gradually and consistently, allowing for prolonged action. [196] Liraglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, mimics the effects of incretin hormones by enhancing insulin secretion from the pancreas in response to food intake, thereby aiding blood glucose regulation. [198]

Insulin degludec/liraglutide is sold by Novo Nordisk under the name Xultophy. [199]

Veterinary insulins

General insulins

Insulins that are used mostly in humans are sometimes also used in animals such as cats and dogs. [200] These include Lantus (insulin glargine), Novolin (NPH insulin), Humulin (NPH insulin), and Levemir (Detemir). [201] It is of note that one of the listed insulins other than lente and PZI are FDA-approved for use in animals. [200]

A cat receiving an insulin injection Insuline-injection-cat.jpg
A cat receiving an insulin injection

Lente insulin

Following the discontinuation of Lente insulin for human use, the FDA approved a veterinary formulation derived from porcine insulin, known as Vetsulin, for daily administration in dogs and twice-daily use in cats. [202] Insulin analogs developed for human use after Lente insulin's discontinuation have not yet been demonstrated to offer the same benefits and predictability in feline and canine patients. For this reason, along with other considerations, Lente insulin remains a widely used treatment for diabetes in both dogs and cats. [203]

Lente insulin is currently produced by Merck Animal Health under the name Vetsulin. [200] [202]

PZI insulin (NPH)

Protamine zinc insulin (PZI) is the name of a slight variation of NPH insulin that includes zinc, which is similar to lente. [204] It is used for cats and dogs. [205] It is manufactured by Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health under the name ProZinc. [200]

References

  1. ↑ Brateanu, Andrei; Russo-Alvarez, Giavanna; Nielsen, Craig (2015). "Starting insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes: An individualized approach". Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine . 82 (8): 513–519. doi:10.3949/ccjm.82a.14069. PMID   26270430 . Retrieved 24 February 2025.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Donnor, Thomas; Sarkar, Sudipa (15 February 2023). "Table 2. Insulins Commercially Available in the US (Recombinant DNA Origin)". United States National Library of Medicine . Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  3. ↑ Mathieu, Chantal; Gillard, Pieter; Benhalima, Katrien (July 2017). "Insulin analogues in type 1 diabetes mellitus: getting better all the time". Nature Reviews Endocrinology . 13 (7): 385–399. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2017.39. PMID   28429780.
  4. ↑ Sanlioglu, Ahter D.; Altunbas, Hasan Ali; Balci, Mustafa Kemal; Griffith, Thomas S.; Sanlioglu, Salih (March 2013). "Clinical utility of insulin and insulin analogs". Islets. 5 (2): 67–78. doi:10.4161/isl.24590. ISSN   1938-2014. PMC   4204021 . PMID   23584214.
  5. ↑ Toledano, Yoel; Hadar, Eran; Hod, Moshe (2 July 2016). "Safety of insulin analogues as compared with human insulin in pregnancy" . Expert Opinion on Drug Safety . 15 (7): 963–973. doi:10.1080/14740338.2016.1182153. ISSN   1474-0338.
  6. ↑ Koufakis, Theocharis; Dhatariya, Ketan K; Kotsa, Kalliopi (28 September 2022). "Potential Role of Ultrafast-acting Insulin Analogues in the Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 107 (10): e4259 –e4260. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgac301. ISSN   0021-972X. PMC   9516099 . PMID   35552422.
  7. ↑ Mahoney, Brian A; Smith, Willard AD; Lo, Dorothy; Tsoi, Keith; Tonelli, Marcello; Clase, Catherine (20 April 2005). "Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2016 (9). Wiley: CD003235. doi: 10.1002/14651858.cd003235.pub2 . ISSN   1465-1858. PMC   6457842 . PMID   15846652.
  8. ↑ Hirsch, Irl B. (13 January 2005). "Insulin Analogues" . New England Journal of Medicine . 352 (2): 174–183. doi:10.1056/NEJMra040832. ISSN   0028-4793. PMID   15647580.
  9. ↑ Reynolds, Neil A; Wagstaff, Antona J (2004). "Insulin Aspart". Drugs . 64 (17). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 1957–1974. doi:10.2165/00003495-200464170-00013. ISSN   0012-6667. PMID   15329046.
  10. ↑ "Novorapid patient information sheet for FlexTouch®/Penfill®/vial" (PDF). Novo Nordisk . September 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2025.
  11. 1 2 "Abasaglar (previously Abasria)". European Medicines Agency . 14 October 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  12. ↑ Byrd, Richard A.; Owens, Rebecca A.; Blackbourne, Jamie L.; Coutant, David E.; Farmen, Mark W.; Michael, M. Dodson; Moyers, Julie S.; Schultze, A. Eric; Sievert, Michael K.; Tripathi, Niraj K.; Vahle, John L. (August 2017). "Nonclinical pharmacology and toxicology of the first biosimilar insulin glargine drug product (BASAGLAR®/ABASAGLAR®) approved in the European Union". Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology . 88: 56–65. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.05.013. ISSN   1096-0295. PMID   28526658.
  13. ↑ "Abasaglar® (insulin glargine): How use the KwikPen". Lilly Medical . Retrieved 2 March 2025.
  14. ↑ Beran, D.; Laing, R. O.; Kaplan, W.; Knox, R.; Sharma, A.; Wirtz, V. J.; Frye, J.; Ewen, M. (7 April 2019). "A perspective on global access to insulin: a descriptive study of the market, trade flows and prices". Diabetic Medicine. 36 (6): 726–733. doi:10.1111/dme.13947. ISSN   0742-3071. PMC   6593686 . PMID   30888075.
  15. 1 2 3 "Unbranded Biologics Insulin Degludec, Insulin Aspart, and Insulin Aspart Mix | Novo Nordisk Pharma, Inc". nnpi.com. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
  16. 1 2 "Novo Nordisk announces half-price, authorized generic insulins". Healio News. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
  17. 1 2 Islam, Noreen; Khanna, Niloufar R.; Patel, Preeti; Zito, Patrick M. (2025), "Insulin Lispro", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   29939617 , retrieved 26 March 2025
  18. 1 2 "Insulin Lispro Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com . American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  19. ↑ British national formulary : BNF 76 (76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 1 October 2018. p. 698. ISBN   9780857113382.
  20. ↑ Vignati, Louis; Anderson, James H.; Iversen, Philip W. (November 1997). "Efficacy of insulin lispro in combination with NPH human insulin twice per day in patients with insulin-dependent or non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" . Clinical Therapeutics . 19 (6): 1408–1421. doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(97)80014-8.
  21. ↑ Racsa, Patrick N.; Meah, Yunus; Ellis, Jeffrey J.; Saverno, Kimberly R. (March 2017). "Comparative Effectiveness of Rapid-Acting Insulins in Adults with Diabetes". Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy . 23 (3): 291–298. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2017.23.3.291. ISSN   2376-0540. PMC   10397578 . PMID   28230457.
  22. ↑ "Insulin lispro Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com . Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  23. ↑ Buchbinder, A.; Miodovnik, M.; Khoury, J.; Sibai, B. M. (April 2002). "Is the use of insulin lispro safe in pregnancy?". The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine . 11 (4): 232–237. doi:10.1080/jmf.11.4.232.237. ISSN   1476-7058. PMID   12375676.
  24. ↑ Heinemann, Lutz; Beals, John M.; Malone, James; Anderson, James; Jacobson, Jennie G.; Sinha, Vikram; Corrigan, Sheila M. (April 2019). "Concentrated insulins: History and critical reappraisal" . Journal of Diabetes . 11 (4): 292–300. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12861. ISSN   1753-0393. PMID   30264527.
  25. ↑ "Humalog- insulin lispro injection, solution Humalog Kwikpen- insulin lispro injection, solution Humalog Junior Kwikpen- insulin lispro injection, solution Humalog Tempo Pen- insulin lispro injection, solution". DailyMed . 25 November 2019. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  26. ↑ "Humalog approval" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration. 14 June 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  27. ↑ Koivisto VA (June 1998). "The human insulin analogue insulin lispro". Annals of Internal Medicine . 30 (3): 260–6. doi:10.3109/07853899809005853. PMID   9677011.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The Top 300 of 2022". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 30 August 2024. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  29. ↑ "Insulin Lispro Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  30. ↑ "Lilly's Insulin Lispro Injection (100 units/mL) | Lower List-Priced Insulin". Lilly Medical . Retrieved 2 March 2025.
  31. ↑ "FDA approves Admelog, the first short-acting "follow-on" insulin product to treat diabetes". Food and Drug Administration . 24 March 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2025.[ dead link ]
  32. ↑ "Diabetes Treatment | Diabetes Type 1 & 2 | ADMELOG® (insulin lispro injection) 100 Units/mL". admelog.com. Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  33. ↑ "Humalog® (insulin lispro) injection Family of Insulins". Lilly Medical . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  34. ↑ "Humalog: Uses, Dosage & Side Effects". Drugs.com . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  35. ↑ "Liprolog". European Medicines Agency . 26 September 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  36. ↑ "Official overview of Liprolog (insulin lispro)" (PDF). European Commission . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  37. ↑ "Lyumjev (previously Liumjev)". European Medicines Agency . 16 April 2020. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Rubin, Rochelle; Khanna, Niloufar R.; McIver, Lindsey A. (2025), "Aspart Insulin", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   29763206 , retrieved 26 March 2025
  39. ↑ Wen, Wei-Lun; Tsai, Kun-Bow; Lin, Yi-Huei; Hwang, Shang-Jyh; Hsiao, Pi-Jung; Shin, Shyi-Jang; Hung, Wei-Wen (April 2019). "Successful management of type IV hypersensitivity reactions to human insulin analogue with injecting mixtures of biphasic insulin aspart and dexamethasone". Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 118 (4): 843–848. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.01.004 . PMID   30704815.
  40. ↑ Heise, Tim; Pieber, Thomas R.; Danne, Thomas; Erichsen, Lars; Haahr, Hanne (May 2017). "A Pooled Analysis of Clinical Pharmacology Trials Investigating the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Fast-Acting Insulin Aspart in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes". Clinical Pharmacokinetics . 56 (5): 551–559. doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0514-8. ISSN   0312-5963. PMC   5385193 . PMID   28205039.
  41. ↑ "FDA Approves First Insulin Aspart Biosimilar". Center for Biosimilars. 17 February 2025. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  42. ↑ "Insulin aspart Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  43. ↑ J. Rick, Turner (16 July 2010). New Drug Development: An Introduction to Clinical Trials: Second Edition. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 32. ISBN   9781441964182. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  44. ↑ "Insulin Aspart Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com . American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  45. ↑ "Insulin Aspart Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  46. ↑ Banga, Ajay K. (2005). Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins: Formulation, Processing, and Delivery Systems (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 13. ISBN   9781420039832. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  47. ↑ Schmid, Rolf D.; Schmidt-Dannert, Claudia (2016). Biotechnology: An Illustrated Primer. John Wiley & Sons. p. 222. ISBN   9783527677566. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
  48. ↑ "Fiasp® Official Physician Site | Fiasp® (insulin aspart) injection 100 U/mL". novoMEDLINK. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  49. ↑ "Fiasp prescribing information" (PDF). FDA accessdata. December 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2020.
  50. ↑ "About NovoLog® Rapid-Acting Insulin | NovoLog® (insulin aspart) injection 100 U/mL". novolog.com. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  51. ↑ "Trurapi® ▾". Sanofi Diabetes Patients Website. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  52. ↑ "KIRSTY (Insulin asparte) 100 U/mL pre-filled pen". Diabetes Express. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  53. ↑ "Introducing Kirsty and Semglee, the Newest Biosimilar Insulin Products Available in Canada". BETTER. 24 December 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  54. ↑ "Merilog: Package Insert / Prescribing Information". Drugs.com . Retrieved 11 March 2025.
  55. ↑ "FDA Approves First Rapid-Acting Insulin Biosimilar Product for Treatment of Diabetes". FDA . 18 February 2025. Archived from the original on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
  56. ↑ Home, P. D. (September 2012). "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences" . Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism . 14 (9): 780–788. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01580.x. ISSN   1462-8902. PMID   22321739.
  57. ↑ Garnock-Jones, Karly P.; Plosker, Greg L. (May 2009). "Insulin glulisine: a review of its use in the management of diabetes mellitus". Drugs . 69 (8): 1035–57. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969080-00006. PMID   19496630. S2CID   41839395.
  58. ↑ Yamada, Satoru (July 2009). "Insulin glulisine in the management of diabetes". Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy : 111. doi: 10.2147/DMSOTT.S3404 . ISSN   1178-7007. PMC   3048006 . PMID   21437124.
  59. ↑ "Apidra- insulin glulisine injection, solution; Apidra Solostar- insulin glulisine injection, solution". DailyMed . 25 July 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  60. ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Apidra (Insulin Glulisine [rDNA Origin]) NDA #021629". Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2024.
  61. ↑ "Apidra EPAR". European Medicines Agency . 27 July 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  62. ↑ US20150119323A1,Loos, Petra; Gehrmann, Thomas& Berchtold, Haraldet al.,"Stable Formulation of Insulin Glulisine",issued 30 April 2015 | via Google Patents
  63. ↑ Jarosinski, Mark A; Chen, Yen-Shan; Varas, Nicolás; Dhayalan, Balamurugan; Chatterjee, Deepak; Weiss, Michael A (24 November 2021). "New Horizons: Next-Generation Insulin Analogues: Structural Principles and Clinical Goals". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism . 107 (4): 909–928. doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab849. ISSN   0021-972X. PMC   8947325 . PMID   34850005.
  64. ↑ Neumiller, Joshua J; Campbell, R Keith; Wood, Lindy D (July 2010). "Pharmacologist". Annals of Pharmacotherapy . 1231–9 (44): 1231–1239. doi:10.1345/aph.1P055. PMID   20516362.
  65. ↑ McGill JB, Ahn D, Edelman SV, Kilpatrick CR, Santos Cavaiola T (August 2016). "Making Insulin Accessible: Does Inhaled Insulin Fill an Unmet Need?". Advances in Therapy . 33 (8): 1267–78. doi:10.1007/s12325-016-0370-1. PMID   27384191. S2CID   25390720.
  66. 1 2 Heinemann, Lutz (May 2008). "The Failure of Exubera: Are We Beating a Dead Horse?". Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology . 2 (3): 518–529. doi:10.1177/193229680800200325. PMC   2769732 . PMID   19885220.
  67. ↑ Brashier, Dick; Khadka, Anjan; Anantharamu, Tejus; Sharma, Ashok Kumar; Gupta, A. K.; Sharma, Sushil; Dahiya, N. (July 2015). "Inhaled insulin: A "puff" than a "shot" before meals". Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics . 6 (3): 126–129. doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.162013 . PMC   4544132 . PMID   26311994.
  68. ↑ "FDA approves Afrezza to treat diabetes" (News Release). Food and Drug Administration. 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  69. ↑ "Take Control with Afrezza® Rapid-acting Inhaled Insulin". Afrezza. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  70. ↑ "MannKind Corporation Announces FDA Approval of AFREZZA(R); A Novel, Rapid-Acting Inhaled Insulin for the Treatment of Diabetes". MannKind Corporation . 27 June 2014.
  71. 1 2 3 4 5 Joint Formulary Committee (6 March 2015). British National Formulary  : BNF 69 (69th ed.). London and Chicago: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 464472. ISBN   9780857111562.
  72. 1 2 Dave, Heeransh D.; Preuss, Charles V. (2025), "Human Insulin", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31424774 , retrieved 16 March 2025
  73. ↑ Mahoney BA, Smith WA, Lo DS, Tsoi K, Tonelli M, Clase CM (April 2005). "Emergency interventions for hyperkalaemia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 2005 (2): CD003235. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003235.pub2. PMC   6457842 . PMID   15846652.
  74. ↑ Munguia, Cesar; Correa, Ricardo (2025), "Regular Insulin", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31971734 , retrieved 26 March 2025
  75. ↑ Ghazavi MK, Johnston GA (May–June 2011). "Insulin allergy". Clinics in Dermatology . 29 (3): 300–5. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.11.009. PMID   21496738.
  76. 1 2 Subiabre M, Silva L, Toledo F, Paublo M, López MA, Boric MP, Sobrevia L (September 2018). "Insulin therapy and its consequences for the mother, foetus, and newborn in gestational diabetes mellitus". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease. 1864 (9 Pt B): 2949–2956. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.005 . hdl: 10533/232608 . PMID   29890222. S2CID   48362789.
  77. ↑ Fleishman, Joel L; Kohler, J Scott; Schindler, Steven (2007). Casebook for The Foundation a Great American Secret. New York City: PublicAffairs. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-7867-3425-2. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
  78. 1 2 3 4 5 WHO Model List of Essential Medicines - 22nd list, 2021 Retrieved 31 March 2025, World Health Organization 2021
  79. ↑ "Insulin Human - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  80. ↑ "Insulin Human; Insulin Isophane Human - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
  81. 1 2 "Humulin R, Novolin R (insulin regular human) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  82. ↑ "A1C & Diabetes Treatment Options | Humulin R U-500". Lilly Medical . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  83. ↑ "Novolin R prescription label and use instructions" (PDF). Novo Nordisk . Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  84. ↑ "Myxredlin (Insulin Human) in 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection". Baxter International . Retrieved 28 February 2025.
  85. ↑ "Myxredlin Uses, Side Effects & Warnings". Drugs.com . Retrieved 28 February 2025.
  86. 1 2 "Insuman". European Medicines Agency . 11 June 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  87. 1 2 "Insuman® range discontinuation and supply exhaustion update | The Association of British Clinical Diabetologists". abcd.care. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  88. 1 2 "Sanofi to discontinue Insuman insulins over upcoming months". IDDT. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  89. ↑ "Ronulin R". شرکت داروسازی روناک. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  90. ↑ "LUPISULIN-R 40 IU INJECTION - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". practo.com. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  91. ↑ "Lupisulin-R 100 IU Cartridge - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". practo.com. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  92. ↑ "Actrapid: Uses, Side Effects, Benefits/Risks". Drugs.com . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  93. ↑ "Actrapid human insulin fact sheet" (PDF). European Medicines Agency . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  94. ↑ "Insugen-R 40IU Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". practo.com. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  95. ↑ "Monotard". European Medicines Agency . 15 February 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  96. ↑ "EUROPEAN PUBLIC ASSESSMENT REPORT (EPAR) MONOTARD. EPAR summary for the public" (PDF). European Medicines Agency . January 2006. Retrieved 3 March 2025.
  97. 1 2 3 "Iranian Pharmaceutical Companies Directory" (PDF). Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran - The Hague. Syndicate of Iranian Pharmaceutical Industries. 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2025.
  98. 1 2 "Lupin Acquires Huminsulin from Lilly to Enhance Diabetes Portfolio". Lupin . 30 December 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  99. ↑ "Human Insulong 40 IU Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". Practo. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  100. ↑ "Univia R 40IU/ml Injection - Niche Formulations" . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  101. ↑ "Wosulin-R: Dosages and Ingredients | Full Prescribing Info | MIMS Philippines". MIMS. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  102. 1 2 3 "Insulin". Julphar . Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  103. 1 2 3 "Gensulin N, M, R cartridges | BIOTON | CPHI Online". cphi-online.com. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  104. 1 2 3 "GENSULIN / SciLin | SciGen Pte Ltd | CPHI Online". cphi-online.com. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  105. ↑ Hallas-Mø, K (1 January 1956). "The Lente Insulins" . Diabetes . 5 (1): 7–14. doi:10.2337/diab.5.1.7. ISSN   0012-1797. PMID   13294001.
  106. ↑ Shiel, Robert E.; Mooney, Carmel T. (14 February 2022). "Insulins for the long term management of diabetes mellitus in dogs: a review". Canine Medicine and Genetics. 9 (1): 1. doi: 10.1186/s40575-022-00114-9 . ISSN   2662-9380. PMC   8842735 . PMID   35152907.
  107. 1 2 Holmberg, Monica (1 October 2006). "An Overview of Insulin Breakthroughs". Pharmacy Times. Vol. 2006, no. 10. Pharmacy & Healthcare Communications. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  108. ↑ Institution, Smithsonian. "U-100 S, Semilente Iletin I, Prompt Insulin Zinc Suspension, USP, 10cc, CP-510". Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  109. ↑ "Insulin (parenteral route)". Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  110. 1 2 "Humulin BR, Buffered Regular, insulin human injection, USP, recombinant DNA origin". Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  111. ↑ Campbell, Keith R. (September 1986). "Humulin BR, A New Insulin for Use in External Insulin Pumps" . The Diabetes Educator . 12 (4): 392–392. doi:10.1177/014572178601200411. ISSN   0145-7217.
  112. 1 2 Olsen, Anders; Beall, Reed F.; Knox, Ryan P.; Tu, Sean S.; Kesselheim, Aaron S.; Feldman, William B. (16 November 2023). "Patents and regulatory exclusivities on FDA-approved insulin products: A longitudinal database study, 1986–2019". PLOS Medicine . 20 (11): e1004309. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004309 . ISSN   1549-1676. PMC   10653475 . PMID   37971985.
  113. ↑ "Velosulin BR Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term". Drugs.com . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  114. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Owens DR (1986). Human Insulin: Clinical Pharmacological Studies in Normal Man. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 134–136. ISBN   9789400941618. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017.
  115. 1 2 3 Saleem, Fatima; Sharma, Ashish (2025), "NPH Insulin", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   31751050 , retrieved 16 March 2025
  116. 1 2 "Insulin NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N): Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings & Dosing". WebMD . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  117. ↑ "Novolin N: Uses, Side Effects, Dosage & More". GoodRx . Archived from the original on 24 November 2024. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  118. ↑ "HUMULIN N Dosage & Rx Info | Uses, Side Effects". MPR. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  119. ↑ "Insulatard". European Medicines Agency . 6 August 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  120. ↑ March 2020 Insulatard Patient leaflet, from Novo Nordisk (accessed February 23, 2025)
  121. ↑ Colagiuri, S.; Jones, S. (December 1988). "Comparison of the activity of Rapitard and Actraphane insulins". Diabète & Métabolisme. 14 (6): 689–692. ISSN   0338-1684. PMID   3073090.
  122. ↑ "Actraphane: Uses, Side Effects, Benefits/Risks". Drugs.com . Retrieved 31 March 2025.
  123. ↑ "Ronulin N". شرکت داروسازی روناک. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  124. ↑ "Order Lupisulin N 100iu Cartridge Of 3ml Injection Online at discount rate". pharmeasy.in. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  125. ↑ Insugen NPH facsheet, Biocon, December 2019
  126. ↑ "Huminsulin N 40 IU Injection". Practo. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  127. ↑ "Humanext-N 40 IU Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition". Practo. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  128. ↑ "Wosulin-N: Dosages and Ingredients | Full Prescribing Info | MIMS Philippines". MIMS. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  129. ↑ "Lentard 40 IU Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition". Practo. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  130. ↑ Wing, J. R.; Kalk, W. J.; Herman, V. S.; Constable, J.; Osler, C. E.; Taylor, D. R.; Green, D. D.; Low, M. (20 August 1988). "Actraphane and Lentard insulin for once daily insulin supplementation". South African Medical Journal . 74 (4): 191. ISSN   0256-9574. PMID   3043728.
  131. ↑ "About the discontinuation of Protaphane InnoLet insulin cartridges". Department of Health and Aged Care . 4 February 2025. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  132. ↑ "Types of Insulin". Diabetes New Zealand. Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  133. ↑ "Protaphane: Uses, Side Effects, Benefits/Risks". Drugs.com . Retrieved 7 March 2025.
  134. ↑ Owens, David R. (June 2011). "Insulin Preparations with Prolonged Effect". Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 13 (S1): S-5 –S-14. doi: 10.1089/dia.2011.0068 . PMID   21668337.
  135. ↑ Federal Register Doc. E9-2901
  136. ↑ Federal Register Doc. 2011-14164
  137. ↑ List of Withdrawn Applications for Biological Products That Were Removed From FDA’s Orange Book on March 23, 2020 Food and Drug Administration, retrieved 31 March 2025
  138. ↑ "Discontinuation of Humulin®U ULTRALENTE" (PDF). Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  139. 1 2 "Humulin L: Package Insert / Prescribing Information". Drugs.com . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  140. ↑ "Novolin L Side Effects: Common, Severe, Long Term". Drugs.com . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  141. ↑ "Manufactured insulin, 'Iletin', United States, 1923 | Science Museum Group Collection". Science Museum Group . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  142. ↑ "Lilly To Discontinue Four Insulin Products". Lilly Investors . 6 July 2005.
  143. 1 2 3 4 Philips, Jean-Christophe; Scheen, Andre (August 2006). "Insulin detemir in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes". Vascular Health and Risk Management . 2 (3): 277–283. doi: 10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.277 . ISSN   1176-6344. PMC   1993987 . PMID   17326333.
  144. 1 2 "Insulin Detemir Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com . American Society of Health-System Pharmacists . Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  145. ↑ Koren, Ronit; Toledano, Yoel; Hod, Moshe (3 April 2015). "The use of insulin detemir during pregnancy: a safety evaluation" . Expert Opinion on Drug Safety . 14 (4): 593–599. doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1013533. ISSN   1474-0338. PMID   25731934.
  146. ↑ "Insulin detemir (Levemir) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com . 12 June 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  147. ↑ "Levemir EPAR". European Medicines Agency . 6 August 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  148. ↑ "Drug Approval Package: Levemir Insulin Detemir[rDNA origin] Injection; NDA #021536". Food and Drug Administration . 26 July 2005. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  149. ↑ "Insulin Detemir Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  150. ↑ Barber, Melissa; Sofides, Athena; Ramachandran, Reshma (12 July 2024). "Counting On Insulin Manufacturers To Do The Right Thing Is Not A Good Policy Prescription To Avert Shortages" . Health Affairs . doi:10.1377/forefront.20240710.982244 . Retrieved 27 February 2025.
  151. 1 2 3 4 Cunningham, Abigail M.; Freeman, Andrew M. (2025), "Glargine Insulin", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   32491688 , retrieved 26 March 2025
  152. 1 2 "Insulin Glargine Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com . AHFS. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  153. ↑ Egerman, Robert; Ramsey, Risa; Kao, Lu; Bringman, Jay; Haerian, Haleh; Kao, Jerome; Bush, Andrew (September 2009). "Perinatal Outcomes in Pregnancies Managed with Antenatal Insulin Glargine" . American Journal of Perinatology. 26 (8): 591–595. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1220782. ISSN   0735-1631. PMID   19370512.
  154. ↑ Boucher, J.; Kleinridders, A.; Kahn, C. R. (1 January 2014). "Insulin Receptor Signaling in Normal and Insulin-Resistant States". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology . 6 (1): a009191. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a009191. ISSN   1943-0264. PMC   3941218 . PMID   24384568.
  155. ↑ "Insulin Glargine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  156. 1 2 "FDA Approves First Interchangeable Biosimilar Insulin Product for Treatment of Diabetes". Food and Drug Administration . 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  157. ↑ "Insulin Glargine u-100 (insulin glargine injection) | From the Makers of Lantus® (insulin glargine injection) 100 Units/mL". lantus.com. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
  158. 1 2 "SEMGLEE - (insulin glargine-yfgn) injection Homepage". semglee.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2025. Retrieved 2 March 2025.
  159. ↑ "Basaglar: Alternatives, side effects, cost, dosage, uses, and more". Medical News Today . 27 July 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  160. ↑ "Basaglar: Side Effects, Dosage & Uses". Drugs.com . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  161. ↑ "Long Acting Insulin To Control Blood Sugar | Toujeo® (insulin glargine) injection 300 Units/mL". toujeo.com. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  162. ↑ "Toujeo SoloStar Uses, Dosage & Side Effects". Drugs.com . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  163. ↑ "Rezvoglar™ (insulin glargine-aglr) injection | Long-Acting Insulin Analog". Lilly Medical . Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  164. ↑ "Basalog Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". practo.com. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  165. ↑ "Basalog One: Dosages and Ingredients | Full Prescribing Info | MIMS Malaysia". mims.com. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  166. ↑ "Optisulin". News-Medical. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  167. ↑ Holman, R R; Steemson, J; Darling, P; Reeves, W G; Turner, R C (3 March 1984). "Human ultralente insulin". BMJ. 288 (6418): 665–668. doi:10.1136/bmj.288.6418.665. ISSN   0959-8138. PMC   1444374 . PMID   6421424.
  168. ↑ "Discontinuation of Humulin®U ULTRALENTE" (PDF). Eli Lilly and Company . 1 December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2011.
  169. ↑ "List of Withdrawn Applications for Biological Products That Were Removed From FDA's Orange Book on March 23, 2020". Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on 22 December 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
  170. ↑ Holman, R R; Steemson, J; Darling, P; Reeves, W G; Turner, R C (3 March 1984). "Human ultralente insulin". BMJ. 288 (6418): 665–668. doi: 10.1136/bmj.288.6418.665 . PMC   1444374 . PMID   6421424.
  171. ↑ "Humulin U, ULTRALENTE". National Museum of American History . Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  172. 1 2 "Tresiba® Official Physician Site | Tresiba® (insulin degludec) injection 100 U/mL, 200 U/mL". novoMEDLINK. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  173. ↑ Kjeldsen TB, Hubálek F, Hjørringgaard CU, Tagmose TM, Nishimura E, Stidsen CE, Porsgaard T, Fledelius C, Refsgaard HH, Gram-Nielsen S, Naver H, Pridal L, Hoeg-Jensen T, Jeppesen CB, Manfè V, Ludvigsen S, Lautrup-Larsen I, Madsen P (July 2021). "Molecular Engineering of Insulin Icodec, the First Acylated Insulin Analog for Once-Weekly Administration in Humans". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 64 (13): 8942–8950. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00257 . PMID   33944562. S2CID   233718893.
  174. ↑ Klein O, Lynge J, Endahl L, Damholt B, Nosek L, Heise T (May 2007). "Albumin-bound basal insulin analogues (insulin detemir and NN344): comparable time-action profiles but less variability than insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes". Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism . 9 (3): 290–299. doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00685.x. PMID   17391154. S2CID   23810204.
  175. 1 2 Haahr H, Heise T (September 2014). "A review of the pharmacological properties of insulin degludec and their clinical relevance". Clinical Pharmacokinetics . 53 (9): 787–800. doi:10.1007/s40262-014-0165-y. PMC   4156782 . PMID   25179915.
  176. ↑ "Tresiba Summary of product characteristics" (PDF). European Medicines Agency . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2014.
  177. ↑ "Insulin Degludec Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2022". ClinCalc. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
  178. 1 2 3 Kjeldsen TB, Hubálek F, Hjørringgaard CU, Tagmose TM, Nishimura E, Stidsen CE, Porsgaard T, Fledelius C, Refsgaard HH, Gram-Nielsen S, Naver H, Pridal L, Hoeg-Jensen T, Jeppesen CB, Manfè V, Ludvigsen S, Lautrup-Larsen I, Madsen P (July 2021). "Molecular Engineering of Insulin Icodec, the First Acylated Insulin Analog for Once-Weekly Administration in Humans". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry . 64 (13): 8942–8950. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00257 . PMID   33944562. S2CID   233718893.
  179. 1 2 "Product information". Health Canada . Archived from the original on 1 April 2024. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  180. 1 2 Nishimura E, Pridal L, Glendorf T, Hansen BF, Hubálek F, Kjeldsen T, Kristensen NR, Lützen A, Lyby K, Madsen P, Pedersen TÅ, Ribel-Madsen R, Stidsen CE, Haahr H (August 2021). "Molecular and pharmacological characterization of insulin icodec: a new basal insulin analog designed for once-weekly dosing". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care. 9 (1): e002301. doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002301. PMC   8378355 . PMID   34413118.
  181. ↑ "Home: Awiqli". Awiqli.ca. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  182. 1 2 3 "Types of Insulin". Cham.org. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  183. 1 2 Donnor, Thomas; Sarkar, Sudipa (2000), Feingold, Kenneth R.; Ahmed, S. Faisal; Anawalt, Bradley; Blackman, Marc R. (eds.), "Insulin- Pharmacology, Therapeutic Regimens and Principles of Intensive Insulin Therapy", Endotext, South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc., PMID   25905175 , retrieved 26 March 2025
  184. ↑ "Lupisulin-M 30 (30/70) 40 IU Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". practo.com. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
  185. ↑ "Insugen-50/50 40IU Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". practo.com. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  186. ↑ "Insugen-30/70 100IU Injection - Uses, Dosage, Side Effects, Price, Composition | Practo". practo.com. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  187. ↑ "Discontinuation of Mixtard® 30: Practical considerations". omniamedsso.om-systems.net. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  188. ↑ "Ryzodeg". European Medicines Agency . 20 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  189. ↑ Demir T, Turan S, Unluhizarci K, Topaloglu O, Tukek T, Gogas Yavuz D (2021). "Use of Insulin Degludec/Insulin Aspart in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Expert Panel Recommendations on Appropriate Practice Patterns". Frontiers in Endocrinology . 12: 616514. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.616514 . PMC   7996092 . PMID   33776914.
  190. ↑ "Ryzodeg Clinical Datasheet" (PDF). Novo Nordisk . 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  191. ↑ "Buy Univia Mix 30/70 40IU Injection 1X10ml Online at Upto 25% OFF". Netmeds. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
  192. 1 2 3 "SOLIQUA 100/33- insulin glargine and lixisenatide injection, solution". DailyMed . Retrieved 23 February 2025.
  193. ↑ "Suliqua EPAR". European Medicines Agency . 30 March 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  194. ↑ Scott, Lesley J. (August 2017). "Insulin Glargine/Lixisenatide: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes" . Drugs . 77 (12): 1353–1362. doi:10.1007/s40265-017-0783-4. ISSN   0012-6667. PMID   28667587.
  195. ↑ "Xultophy 100/3.6 (- insulin degludec and liraglutide injection, solution". DailyMed . 15 November 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
  196. 1 2 3 4 5 "Xultophy EPAR". European Medicines Agency . 21 November 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  197. 1 2 3 4 5 Baker, Danial E. (May 2017). "Insulin Degludec/Liraglutide". Hospital Pharmacy. 52 (5): 374–380. doi:10.1177/0018578717715383. ISSN   0018-5787. PMC   5551637 . PMID   28804155.
  198. ↑ Cerillo, John L.; Parmar, Mayur (2025), "Liraglutide", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID   39383283 , retrieved 26 March 2025
  199. ↑ "About Xultophy® 100/3.6 (insulin degludec and liraglutide) injection 100 units/mL and 3.6 mg/mL| NovoCare®". novocare.com. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  200. 1 2 3 4 "Insulins commonly used in dogs and cats". AAHA. 10 May 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
  201. ↑ Hess, Rebecka S.; Drobatz, Kenneth J. (15 October 2013). "Glargine insulin for treatment of naturally occurring diabetes mellitus in dogs" . Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association . 243 (8): 1154–1161. doi:10.2460/javma.243.8.1154. PMID   24094263.
  202. 1 2 "Compendium of Veterinary Products". merckusa.cvpservice.com.
  203. ↑ Behrend, Ellen; Holford, Amy; Lathan, Patty; Rucinsky, Renee; Schulman, Rhonda (January 2018). "2018 AAHA Diabetes Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 54 (1): 4–6. doi:10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6822. PMID   29314873. S2CID   43327430.
  204. ↑ Mosenthal, Herman O. (8 January 1938). "PROTAMINE ZINC INSULIN CLINICAL APPLICATION" . The Journal of the American Medical Association . 110 (2): 87–90. doi:10.1001/jama.1938.02790020001001.
  205. ↑ "Protamine Zinc Insulin for Dogs and Cats - Wedgewood Pharmacy". wedgewood.com. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.