This article needs additional citations for verification .(July 2019) |
Often, discoveries and innovations are the work of multiple people, resulting from continual improvements over time. However, certain individuals are remembered for making significant contributions to the birth or development of a field or technology. [1] These individuals may often be described as the "father" or "mother" of a particular field or invention.
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Cowboy sculpture | Frederic Remington [2] | Created first bronze cowboy sculpture in 1895 |
Japanese Manga (comics) and Anime (animation) | Osamu Tezuka | Creator of Manga (Japanese comics) and Anime (Japanese Animation) |
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Collectible card game | Richard Garfield | Creator of Magic: The Gathering |
Miniature wargaming | H. G. Wells [3] | Publication of Little Wars |
Modern video game | Ralph H. Baer Nolan Bushnell | Magnavox Odyssey , Pong |
Role-playing game | Gary Gygax [4] | Creators of Dungeons & Dragons |
Stealth game | Hideo Kojima [5] | Creator of the Metal Gear stealth-action games |
Video game | Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. | Inventor of the first video game [ dubious – discuss ] |
Video game industry | Ralph H. Baer | Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey ; inventor of the first home video game console |
Wargaming | Charles S. Roberts [6] | Designer of Tactics |
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Atomic bomb | Enrico Fermi [7] Robert Oppenheimer [8] Leó Szilárd [9] | |
Blitzkrieg | Heinz Guderian [10] [11] | |
Hydrogen bomb | Edward Teller [12] | Member of the Manhattan Project in the 1940s |
Atomic submarine and "nuclear navy" | Hyman G. Rickover [13] [14] [15] | |
Fourth Generation Warfare | William S. Lind [ citation needed ] | |
The Soviet Union's Hydrogen Bomb | Andrei Sakharov [16] | |
Tank | Ernest Swinton (British), Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne (French) | The need for armored and armed tracked vehicles to break the stalemate of trench warfare in WWI was noticed early on in the war by Winston Churchill and the British Landship Committee with Ernest Swinton working on British development and Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne credited for coming up with the French version [17] [18] [19] |
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
1:8 radio-controlled off-road buggy | Yuichi Kanai (godfather) [20] [21] | Kyosho's lead designer and lifelong employee; best known for the Inferno series of cars, credited for redefining the class from being unreliable and fragile to being tough and user friendlier that helped his employer to lead the 1/8 buggy renaissance from the 1990s, becoming one of the most dominant cars of all time. |
American football | Walter Camp [22] | Established the snap, the line of scrimmage, eleven-player teams, and the concept of downs |
American motocross | Edison Dye [23] | Introduced motorcross to American riders |
American road racing | Cameron Argetsinger [24] | Introduced the first US auto race that was dedicated to road courses at Watkins Glen |
American sports car | Fred Tone [25] | Fred Tone was the engineer who designed the first sports car known as the American Underslung |
American soccer | Steve Ross (godfather) [26] | Created the New York Cosmos soccer team and imported a number of well known international footballers to the team in an attempt to bring interest to soccer in the US |
Angling | Izaak Walton [27] | Author of The Compleat Angler |
Argentine football | Alexander Watson Hutton [28] | |
Argentine professional golf | José Jurado [29] | |
Argentine winter sports | Otto Meiling [30] | |
Association football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley [31] | |
Australian rules football | Tom Wills | |
H. C. A. Harrison | ||
Baseball | Henry Chadwick [32] [33] [34] [35] | |
Taekwondo in India | Puran Andrew Gurung [36] | |
Basketball | James Naismith | Created basketball |
Black basketball | Edwin Henderson | Introduced the sport to the black community of Washington, D.C. in the first decade of the 20th century, and organized many early competitions for African Americans [37] |
BMX | Scot Breithaupt [38] | |
Brahma bull riding | Earl W. Bascom [39] | |
Brazilian football | Charles William Miller [40] | |
Camel Lights | Jim Downing | Built a racecar a season before it became the basis of a new lightweight prototype class in 1985 [41] |
Canadian rodeo | O. Raymond Knight [42] | Coined the rodeo term "stampede" and was world's first rodeo producer, rodeo stock contractor, and rodeo champion in 1902 |
Modern chess | Wilhelm Steinitz | First official world chess champion |
Drag racing | Wally Parks [43] | Founder of the NHRA and organized the first legitimate drag race |
Don Garlits [44] | Innovator of drag racing safety | |
Eddie Hill [45] | Regarded as the "Four Father" of drag racing for being the first to break the 5-second barrier. AKA "First in the Fours". | |
Drifting | Kunimitsu Takahashi [46] | Introduced an aggressive high speed cornering technique that became widely used for illicit purposes, which eventually became a sport |
East Coast skateboarding | Vinny Raffa (godfather) [47] | |
Florida skateboarding | Bruce Walker (godfather) [48] | |
Modern football | Ebenezer Cobb Morley [49] | |
Freestyle BMX | Bob Haro [50] [51] | |
Freestyle Motocross | Mike Metzger (godfather) [52] | [ why? ] |
Funny Car | Dick Landy [53] | |
Modern gymnastic | Friedrich Ludwig Jahn | |
Modern Handball | Karl Schelenz | |
Ice hockey | James Creighton | Captained one of the two teams that participated in the first indoor hockey game on 3 March 1875 in Montreal |
Import drag racing | Frank Choi [54] | Hosted one of the first events specifically for import cars in the mid-1990s to keep drivers out of street racing that progressed into a professional category |
Italian football | James Richardson Spensley [55] | Associated with Genoa CFC; contributed to the modern day-variation of the game in Italy |
William Garbutt [56] | Laid the foundations of skilled coaching in Italian football | |
Japanese baseball | Horace Wilson [57] | Credited with introducing baseball in Japan |
Hiroshi Hiraoka [58] | Credited with establishing the first baseball team | |
Jogging | Jim Fixx [59] | Founding father[ why? ] |
Kart racing | Art Ingels [60] | Developed the world's first kart (1956) |
Kenyan running | Colm O'Connell [61] | Founded the first running camp in Kenya |
Lacrosse | William George Beers [62] [63] [64] [65] | Codified the sport from its original Indigenous American formation |
Mexican taekwondo | Dai-won Moon [66] | Credited with introducing the sport to Mexico; founded school that has trained tens of thousands in the sport |
Mississippi rodeo | Earl W. Bascom Weldon Bascom [67] | Produced the first rodeo in Columbia, Mississippi in 1935 |
Mixed martial arts | Edward William Barton-Wright [68] | Experimented 1898–1902 with Shinden Fudo Ryu jujutsu, Kodokan judo, British boxing, Swiss schwingen, French savate and a defensive la canne (stick fighting) style that had been developed by Pierre Vigny of Switzerland, which led to the invention of Bartitsu |
Model aviation | Joseph S. Ott [69] | Chicago Tribune , in an obituary, referred him as the father mainly for his designs of thousands of model aircraft spanning from the 1920s up to his death in 1986. |
Modern bodybuilding | Eugen Sandow [70] | |
Harold Zinkin [71] | Called so by Arnold Schwarzenegger during a press statement on his passing in 2004; inventor of modern exercise machines | |
Modern boxing | James Figg [72] James J.Corbett The Father of Modern American Scientific Boxing | |
Modern figure skating | Jackson Haines [73] | "Jackson Haines — The Father of Figure Skating", according to Roy Blakey |
Modern football in Japan | Dettmar Cramer [74] | |
Modern rodeo | Earl W. Bascom [75] | Inventor of rodeo gear and equipment that made rodeo into a modern international sport |
Modern tennis | Jack Kramer [76] | Creator of the "Open"-era tournaments and the Association of Tennis Professionals |
Puroresu | Rikidōzan [77] | |
Para-equestrian dressage | Lee Pearson (godfather) [78] | Most decorated para-equestrian rider of all time |
Organized radio controlled racing | Ted Longshaw [79] | Regarded as a grandfather of the sport; founded an organization for racing in the United Kingdom (1971); founded governing bodies for organized racing in Europe (1973), the far east (1980) and worldwide (1979) |
Roger Curtis | Co-founder of Associated Electrics, one of the most significant R/C car brands; contributed to racing [80] | |
Modern sabre fencing | Italo Santelli [81] | |
Modern surfing | Duke Kahanamoku [82] | |
Rodeo bareback bronc riding | Earl W. Bascom [83] [84] | Designed and made the first one-hand rigging in 1924 |
Rugby union | A. G. Guillemard [85] | |
William Webb Ellis [86] | "Who with a fine disregard for the rules of football as played in his time first took the ball in his arms and ran with it thus originating the distinctive feature of the rugby game". | |
Scuba diving | Jacques Cousteau [87] | Developed the aqua-lung jointly with Émile Gagnan; popularized scuba diving as a research diver, writer, and film and television producer and personality |
Skateboarding | Skip Engblom (godfather) [88] | |
Tony Hawk (godfather) [89] | ||
Rodney Mullen (godfather) | ||
Snooker | Neville Francis Fitzgerald Chamberlain [90] | Adopted the name and framed the rules in Ooty, India |
Snowboarding | Jake Burton Carpenter [91] | |
Stock car racing | Bill France Sr. [92] [93] | Founded the sanctioning body for stock car racing |
Supercross | Mike Goodwin [94] | Organized the first supercross race |
Telemark skiing | Sondre Norheim [95] | |
Televised golf | Frank Chirkinian [96] [97] | Personally responsible for much of the production conventions of modern golf broadcasting |
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Aerodynamics (modern) | Sir George Cayley [98] [99] | Founding father of modern aerodynamics; first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight— weight, lift, drag, and thrust; modern airplane design is based on those discoveries |
American manufacture | Samuel Slater [100] | described by Andrew Jackson |
American landscape architecture | Frederick Law Olmsted [101] | Olmsted designed Central Park in New York City |
Architecture | Imhotep [102] | Built the first pyramid |
Astronautics | Konstantin Tsiolkovsky [103] Sergei Korolev [104] Robert H. Goddard [105] Hermann Oberth [106] | |
Aviation | Father Francesco Lana-Terzi [107] and Abbas ibn Firnas [1] [108] [109] Ibn Firnas built the first human carrying glider and is reputed to have attempted two successful flights. [110] [111] | Wrote Prodromo alla Arte Maestra (1670); first to describe the geometry and physics of a flying vessel |
Bionanotechnology | Carlo Montemagno [112] | The development of biomolecular motors for powering inorganic nanodevices while at Cornell and muscle-driven self-assembled nanodevices while at UCLA. [113] |
British watchmaking | Thomas Tompion [114] | |
Clinical trials | James Lind [115] | Conducted the first controlled clinical trial in the modern era of medicine, an investigation on using citrus food as a treatment for scurvy aboard HMS Salisbury in 1747 |
Computing | Charles Babbage [116] | Inventor of the analytical engine, which was never constructed in his lifetime |
Cybernetics | Norbert Wiener [117] [118] | |
Gastrointestinal physiology | William Beaumont [119] | |
Genetics | Gregor Johann Mendel | Founder of genetics. [120] |
Green Revolution | Norman Borlaug | |
Microscopy | Antonie van Leeuwenhoek [121] | |
Information theory | Claude Shannon [122] | |
Modern bladesmithing | William F. Moran | Founder of the American Bladesmith Society |
Modern kinematics | Ferdinand Freudenstein | Applied digital computation to the kinematic synthesis of mechanisms [123] |
Modern Knifemaking | Bob Loveless | Founder of the Knifemakers' Guild |
Nanotechnology | Richard Smalley | Nobel Prize Biography [124] |
Photography | Louis Daguerre [125] Nicéphore Niépce [126] William Henry Fox Talbot [127] Thomas Wedgwood [128] | |
Robotics | Ismail al-Jazari [129] [130] Banū Mūsā brothers [131] | Ismail al-Jazari Invented the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206 [132] The Bānu Musā brothers invented an automatic flute which may have been the first programmable machine |
Western fiction novels | Owen Wister | Wister wrote the first fictional western novel The Virginian in 1902 |
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
C (programming language) | Dennis Ritchie | |
Assembler | Nathaniel Rochester [133] | |
Concurrent computing / Concurrent programming | Edsger W. Dijkstra | In his 2004 memoir, "A Programmer's Story: The Life of a Computer Pioneer", Per Brinch Hansen wrote that he used "Cooperating Sequential Processes" to guide his work implementing multiprogramming on the RC 4000, and described it saying, "One of the great works in computer programming, this masterpiece laid the conceptual foundation for concurrent programming." |
Compiler | John Backus | Credited as having introduced the first complete compiler in 1957, although rudimental compilers (linker) were created by Grace Hopper in 1952 and by J. Halcombe Laning and Neal Zerlier (Laning and Zierler system) in 1954. |
Computer | Charles Babbage [134] | The concepts he pioneered in his analytical engine later formed the basis of modern computers. |
Alan Turing [135] [136] | Secret code breaker during WWII; invented the Turing machine (1936) | |
John V. Atanasoff [137] | Invented the digital computer in the 1930s | |
Konrad Zuse [138] | Invented world's first functional program-controlled computer | |
John von Neumann [139] | Became "intrigued" with Turing's universal machine and later emphasised the importance of the stored-program concept for electronic computing (1945), including the possibility of allowing the machine to modify its own program in useful ways while running. John von Neumann is also considered to be the inventor of flowchart. | |
John W. Mauchly [140] J.Presper Eckert [141] | Invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) in 1946. ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. | |
Computer program | Ada Lovelace | Recognized by historians as the writer of the world's first computer program which was for the Charles Babbage Analytical Engine, but was never completed. |
Internet | Vint Cerf [142] [143] Bob Kahn [144] | Developed the Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) during 1973-81, the two original protocols of the Internet protocol suite. [145] There were many other Internet pioneers involved in the creation of the Internet. |
Logo (programming language) | Seymour Papert [146] | |
Microprocessor | Federico Faggin Stanley Mazor | Designers of the first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004. |
Packet switching | Paul Baran [149] | Recognized by historians and the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame for independently inventing the concept of digital packet switching used in modern computer networking including the Internet. [151] Baran published a series of briefings and papers about dividing information into "message blocks" and sending it over distributed networks between 1960 and 1964. [152] [153] Davies conceived of and named the concept of packet switching in data communication networks in 1965. [154] [155] Many of the wide-area packet-switched networks built in the 1970s were similar "in nearly all respects" to Davies' original 1965 design. [156] Larry Roberts learned about Davies' and Baran's work at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles in October 1967. He and Leonard Kleinrock subsequently worked on the ARPANET, but their claims to have originated the concept of packet switching are disputed by other Internet pioneers, [157] [158] [159] including by Robert Taylor, [160] Paul Baran, [161] and Donald Davies. [162] [163] |
Pentium microprocessor | Vinod Dham [164] [165] | The original Pentium (P5) was developed by a team of engineers, including John H. Crawford, chief architect of the original 386, [166] and Donald Alpert, who managed the architectural team. Dror Avnon managed the design of the FPU. [167] Dham was general manager of the P5 group. [168] Some media sources have called him the "father of the Pentium". |
Personal computer | Chuck Peddle [169] | Developed the 6502 microprocessor, the KIM-1 and the Commodore PET |
Henry Edward "Ed" Roberts [170] André Truong Trong Thi [171] | ||
Programmable logic controller | Dick Morley [ citation needed ] | |
Python (programming language) | Guido van Rossum | |
Search engine | Alan Emtage [172] [173] [174] | Created Archie, a pre-Web search engine which pioneered many of the techniques used by subsequent search engines |
SGML | Charles Goldfarb [175] | |
Spreadsheet | Dan Bricklin | Invented the VisiCalc spreadsheet program, which was the killer application of the Apple II. VisiCalc is considered the first killer app in computer history. [176] |
Self-stabilization (Self-stabilizing distributed systems) | Edsger W. Dijkstra | |
Structured programming | Edsger W. Dijkstra | |
World Wide Web | Tim Berners-Lee [177] | The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). |
Visual Basic | Alan Cooper [178] | |
XML | Jon Bosak [179] | |
Wi-Fi | Vic Hayes |
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
AC induction motor | Nikola Tesla | Inventor of the AC induction motor, the foundation of the electric power grids worldwide for the transmission and distribution of electric power. |
Airplane | Wright brothers [180] [181] [182] | Invented the first successful powered fixed-wing aircraft, upon which further aircraft designs, methods of flight, and aircraft control systems were based. |
Air conditioning | Willis Carrier [183] | |
Battery | Alessandro Volta [184] | Invented the first electrical battery, the Voltaic pile. |
Canning | Nicolas Appert | |
Chronograph | George Graham [114] [185] | Referred so by Bernard Humbert of the Horology School of Bienne on his 1990 book The Chronograph as Graham was the first to construct a horological mechanism |
Color photography | Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky [186] | A Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in color photography of early 20th-century Russia. |
Compact Disc | Kees Immink [187] | |
Ekranoplan | Rostislav Alexeev [188] | Alexeyev revolutionised the shipbuilding industry (though in secrecy) by inventing craft that use ground effect, whereby a wing traveling close to the ground is provided with a better lift-drag ratio - thereby enabling a combination of greater aircraft weight for less power and/or enhanced fuel economy. |
Electric generator | Michael Faraday | Discoverer of electromagnetism. Inventor of the Faraday disk, the first electric generator and the Faraday cage. |
Modern firearms | John Moses Browning [189] | Browning revolutionized the firearm industry with his automatic rifles that were manufactured by Winchester, Colt, Remington and Savage |
Glow plug engine | Ray Arden [190] | Invented the first glow plug for model engines |
Helicopter | Igor Sikorsky [191] | Invented the first successful helicopter, upon which further designs were based. |
Instant noodle | Momofuku Ando [192] | Inventor of the instant noodle, also founder of Nissin Foods to produce and market them. |
Japanese television | Kenjiro Takayanagi [193] [194] | |
Jet engine | Frank Whittle [195] [196] Hans von Ohain [197] | Von Ohain´s design, an axial-flow engine, as opposed to Whittle's centrifugal flow engine, was eventually adopted by most manufacturers by the 1950s. [198] |
Karaoke | Daisuke Inoue [199] | Inventor of the machine as a means of allowing people to sing without the need of a live back-up. |
Laser | Charles Hard Townes | |
Lightning prediction system | Alexander Stepanovich Popov | The first lightning prediction system, the Lightning detector, was invented in 1894 by Alexander Stepanovich Popov. |
Marine chronometer | John Harrison [200] | |
Mobile phone | Martin Cooper [201] | |
Periodic table | Dmitri Mendeleev [202] | Russian chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, arranged the elements in an order that we would now recognise. He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a 'periodic' way, and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table. |
Plastics | Leo Baekeland | Baekeland was responsible for the creation of Bakelite, an early marketable plastic, in 1907. |
Printing press | Johannes Gutenberg | Inventor of the movable type printing press, which led to a sharp worldwide increase in literacy, education and mass communication. It also led to the spread and sharing of knowledge. |
Radio (radio communication) | Guglielmo Marconi [203] | Developed the first form of radio wireless telegraphy |
Radio (Radio broadcasting) | Reginald Fessenden [ citation needed ] David Sarnoff [ citation needed ] | Fessenden is credited as the first to broadcast radio signals on Christmas Eve, 1906. Sarnoff proposed a chain of radio stations to Marconi's associates in 1915. |
Radio (FM radio) | Edwin H. Armstrong [ citation needed ] | Obtained the first Federal Communications Commission (FCC) license to operate an FM station in Alpine, New Jersey at approximately 50 megahertz (1939) |
Radiotelephony | Reginald Fessenden [204] [205] | |
Spread spectrum | Paul Beard [206] | Inventor of the spread spectrum, created Spektrum to promote its use. |
Telephone | Johann Philipp Reis Antonio Meucci Alexander Graham Bell [207] | See Invention of the telephone |
Television | Paul Gottlieb Nipkow [208] [209] | Co-inventors of the electronic television, Farnsworth invented the Image dissector while Zworykin created the Iconoscope, both fully electronic forms of television. Logie Baird invented the world's first working television system, also the first electronic color television system. Fundamental to Baird's system was the Nipkow disk, invented by Paul Gotlieb Nipkow. [215] |
Tokamak | Lev Artsimovich | |
Tube structure | Fazlur Rahman Khan [216] | One of the greatest engineers of the 20th century. Invented the tube structural system and first employed it in his designs for the DeWitt-Chestnut Apartments, John Hancock Center and Sears Tower. |
Video game console | Ralph H. Baer | Creator of the Magnavox Odyssey ; inventor of the first video game console |
Subject | Father/mother | Reason |
---|---|---|
Automotive industry | Carl Benz [217] [218] | His Benz Patent Motorcar from 1885 is considered the first practical modern automobile and first car put into series production. [219] |
20th century American car industry | Henry Ford [220] | Noted for introducing a simple and affordable car for the ordinary American masses. |
American Interstate Highway System | Dwight D. Eisenhower [221] | Proposed and signed the act which created the System. |
Automatic transmission | Oscar Banker [222] [223] | |
Bicycle industry | James Starley [224] | Developed the differential gear and the bicycle chain. |
Erie Canal | De Witt Clinton [225] | |
Electric traction | Frank J. Sprague [226] | Developed electric elevator, electric railway and electric motor. |
Flight simulator | Edwin Albert Link [227] | Developed the Link Trainer. |
Full-suspension mountain bike | Jon Whyte [228] | Used his suspension design expertise at Benetton Formula to design the first full-suspension mountain bike for Marin Bikes. |
Gasoline Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen) | Carl Benz | |
Gasoline Omnibus | Carl Benz | |
Gasoline Motorcycle (Daimler Reitwagen) | Gottlieb Daimler/Wilhelm Maybach | |
Gasoline Truck | Gottlieb Daimler (DMG Lastkraftwagen)/Carl Benz | |
High-performance VW industry | Gene Berg [229] | |
Hot rod | Ed Winfield [230] | |
Import car culture | RJ DeVera [231] | Influential for popularizing the import car scene in the mid-1990s. |
Kustom Kulture | Von Dutch [232] | |
Maglev | Hermann Kemper, [233] Eric Laithwaite [234] | German engineer Hermann Kemper built a working model linear induction motor in 1935. [235] In the late 1940s, professor Eric Laithwaite of Imperial College in London developed the first full-size working model, an important and necessary precursor to maglev trains. |
Monster truck | Bob Chandler [236] | Famed for building Bigfoot, which was the first to be capable of driving over cars and subsequently became one of the most famous monster truck in history. |
Mountain bike | Gary Fisher [237] | |
Railways | George Stephenson [238] | Pioneered rail transport, steam locomotives and invented standard-gauge railway track gauge. |
Rock Crawling | Marlin Czajkowski [239] | In 1994, Marlin made final drive ratios of 200:1 and lower possible in typical off road vehicles (primarily Toyota Hilux trucks) and changed the way people access remote off-roading destinations. |
Rotary engine | Felix Wankel [240] [241] | |
Route 66 | Cyrus Avery [242] | |
Tailfin | Harley Earl [243] [244] [245] | |
Tunneling (Modern) | Alan Muir Wood [246] [247] [248] | Involved in the Channel Tunnel and Jubilee line extension. |
Traffic safety | William Phelps Eno [249] | |
Trolleybus | Ernst Werner von Siemens [250] [251] | Built the Electromote in 1882. |
Turbocharged engine | Paul Rosche [252] | A lifetime employee of BMW, he evolutionized the turbocharged engine into automobile use. He also developed the first European turbocharged car, the racing 1969 BMW 2002 TiK that evolved into the production 1972 2002 Turbo. |
Vehicular cycling | John Forester [253] | Effective cycling founder |
Yellow school bus | Frank W. Cyr [254] |
In telecommunications, packet switching is a method of grouping data into short messages in fixed format, i.e. packets, that are transmitted over a digital network. Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating system, application software, or higher layer protocols. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.
This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing from 1950 to 1979. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see the history of computing.
The Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. In operation since before 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use. NTP was designed by David L. Mills of the University of Delaware.
In computer networking, ARP spoofing, ARP cache poisoning, or ARP poison routing, is a technique by which an attacker sends (spoofed) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) messages onto a local area network. Generally, the aim is to associate the attacker's MAC address with the IP address of another host, such as the default gateway, causing any traffic meant for that IP address to be sent to the attacker instead.
SRI International (SRI) is an American nonprofit scientific research institute and organization headquartered in Menlo Park, California. The trustees of Stanford University established SRI in 1946 as a center of innovation to support economic development in the region.
The Professional Wrestling Hall of Fame (PWHF) and Museum was an American professional wrestling hall of fame and museum located in Wichita Falls, Texas; following the postponement of its 19th induction ceremony, planned for May 2020, and an announced temporary closure to expand the museum, its status was changed to "closed due to water leaks" in 2021, and never re-opened.
Mark E. Dean is an American inventor and computer engineer. He developed the ISA bus, and he led a design team for making a one-gigahertz computer processor chip. He holds three of nine PC patents for being the co-creator of the IBM personal computer released in 1981. In 1995, Dean was named the first ever African-American IBM Fellow.
The Wrestling Observer Newsletter (WON) Hall of Fame is a professional wrestling and mixed martial arts (MMA) hall of fame that recognizes people who make significant contributions to their professions. It was founded in 1996 by Dave Meltzer, editor of WON. Like many other wrestling halls of fame, such as the WWE, TNA, ROH and WCW halls of fame, WON's Hall of Fame is not contained in a building, and there are no ceremonies for inductions other than a highly detailed biographical documentation of their career in the newsletter. Inductees include wrestlers/fighters, managers, promoters, trainers, and commentators. On select occasions, groups, either tag teams, trios, or quartets, have been inducted rather than the individual members of the group. This first occurred in 1996, when The Fabulous Kangaroos and The Road Warriors entered the hall. The Fabulous Freebirds, The Midnight Express, The Rock 'n' Roll Express, The Assassins, The Holy Demon Army, The Sharpe Brothers, Los Misioneros de la Muerte, and Los Brazos among others all also entered as groups. Occasionally entire wrestling families have been inducted into the hall. This first occurred in 1996 when The Dusek Family entered the hall; in 2022, the five man familial team of Los Villanos was inducted.
Protocol encryption (PE), message stream encryption (MSE) or protocol header encrypt (PHE) are related features of some peer-to-peer file-sharing clients, including BitTorrent clients. They attempt to enhance privacy and confidentiality. In addition, they attempt to make traffic harder to identify by third parties including internet service providers (ISPs). However, encryption will not protect one from DMCA notices from sharing illegal content, as one is still uploading material and the monitoring firms can merely connect to the swarm.
This is a comparison of the various internal components and features of many smartphones.
Control-Alt-Delete is a computer keyboard command on IBM PC compatible computers, invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Ctrl+Alt+Delete. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance, in pre-boot environment or in MS-DOS, Windows 3.0 and earlier versions of Windows or OS/2, the key combination reboots the computer. Starting with Windows 95, the key combination invokes a task manager or security related component that facilitates ending a Windows session or killing a frozen application.
'Admiral Rickover', said Powell, '"father of the atomic submarine", is a great naval officer... It is not equally clear that he is a careful and thorough student of American education.'
Arnoldo Pencliffe Watson Hutton (20.8.1886–29.7.1951), popularly known as "El Fantástico", was the son of Scotsman Alexander (Alejandro) Watson Hutton, who was a football pioneer and is considered the father of Argentine football.
Only at our pro shop can you find unique AWE merchandise, as well as memorabilia of the legends who inspire us; José Jurado, "The Father of Argentine Professional Golf", and José Luis Clerc ("Batata"), one of the most important Argentine tennis players in history.
Across the road from Priebke's delicatessen is the Club Andino Bariloche, a mountaineering association set up in 1931 by Otto Meiling, the father of Argentine winter sports and a former member of the Hitler Youth.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Bringing sounds to golf is just part of the reason why Chirkinian — who is considered "the father of televised golf" — was elected February 9 into the World Golf Hall of Fame on an emergency vote.
Frank is universally regarded as the father of golf television," Jim Nantz, CBS's longtime lead golf announcer, told the PGA Tour Web site this year. "He invented it. He took a sport that no one knew how to televise and made it interesting. He brought the Masters tournament to life.
English pioneer of aerial navigation and aeronautical engineering and designer of the first successful glider to carry a human being aloft.
Sir George Cayley, is sometimes called the 'Father of Aviation'. A pioneer in his field, he is credited with the first major breakthrough in heavier-than-air flight. He was the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight—weight, lift, drag, and thrust—and their relationship and also the first to build a successful human carrying glider.
Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre: The second father of photography is Daguerre...
The first father of photography was Nicéphore Niépce....
cites book title: "A. H. Booth: William Henry Fox Talbot: father of photography, 1965"
Robert Hall, the divine, was addicted [to opium], as was Thomas Wedgwood, the father of photography.
Other chapters of al-Jazari's work describe fountains and musical automata which are of interest mainly because the flow of water in them alternated from one large tank to another at hourly or half-hourly intervals. Several ingenious devices for hydraulic switching were used to achieve this operation (Rosheim 1994). These revolutionary machines owed him the title of the father of robotics (Chapius and Droz 1958; Nocks 2007).
One of the most important mechanical inventions in the history of humankind was the crankshaft, invented by the Muslim engineer Al-Jazari. He devised it to raise water for irrigation. He also invented or refined the use of valves and pistons, and was the father of robotics.
Others gave amusement and aesthetic pleasure to the members of royal circles, which led him to invent the first programmable humanoid robot in 1206. Al-Jazari's robot was a boat with four automatic musicians that floated on a lake to entertain guests at royal drinking parties (Margaret 2006; Franchi and Güzeldere 2005).
Charles Babbage is called the Father of Computers, because the concepts he pioneered in his engine later formed the basis of modern computers.
The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine
Historians credit seminal insights to Welsh scientist Donald W. Davies and American engineer Paul Baran
Essentially all the work was defined by 1961, and fleshed out and put into formal written form in 1962. The idea of hot potato routing dates from late 1960.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)Almost immediately after the 1965 meeting, Donald Davies conceived of the details of a store-and-forward packet switching system; Roberts, Lawrence G. (May 1995). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". Archived from the original on 2016-03-24. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
In nearly all respects, Davies' original proposal, developed in late 1965, was similar to the actual networks being built today.
This led to an outcry among many of the other Internet pioneers, who publicly attacked Kleinrock and said that his brief mention of breaking messages into smaller pieces did not come close to being a proposal for packet switching
Dr Willis H. Ware, Senior Computer Scientist and Research at the RAND Corporation, notes that Davies (and others) were troubled by what they regarded as in appropriate claims on the invention of packet switching
Authors who have interviewed dozens of Arpanet pioneers know very well that the Kleinrock-Roberts claims are not believed.
The Internet is really the work of a thousand people," Mr. Baran said. "And of all the stories about what different people have done, all the pieces fit together. It's just this one little case that seems to be an aberration.
I can find no evidence that he understood the principles of packet switching.[ dead link ]
Isn't it about time that Philo Farnsworth gets some credit???
the oft-called Father of Television Vladimir Zworykin
inventor Vladimir Zworykin is often described as "the father of television".
John Logie Baird invented Television in 1926. His initial TV system was electro-mechanical. He (later) embraced electronic TV and developed the world's first color television system.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)Avery, though dubbed the 'Father of Route 66' by some, was a political appointee who also left office the next year.
Forester is the father of the "vehicular cycling" movement -- a philosophy that views the bicycle as a form of transportation that belongs on the streets alongside cars.
The modern school bus began in a conference in 1939 called by Frank W. Cyr, the 'Father of the Yellow School' bus, who was a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University. At that meeting, Cyr urged the standardization of the school bus. Participants came up with the standard yellow color and some basic construction standards. Cyr had... found that children were riding in all sorts of vehicles—one district, he found, was painting their buses red, white, and blue to instill patriotism.