Founders of statistics

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Statistics is the theory and application of mathematics to the scientific method including hypothesis generation, experimental design, sampling, data collection, data summarization, estimation, prediction and inference from those results to the population from which the experimental sample was drawn. Statisticians are skilled people who thus apply statistical methods. Hundreds of statisticians are notable. This article lists statisticians who have been especially instrumental in the development of theoretical and applied statistics.

Contents

NameNationalityBirthDeathContributionReferences
Al-Kindi Abbasid Caliphate801873Developed the first code breaking algorithm based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics [1]
Graunt, John English16201674Pioneer of demography who produced the first life table [2]
Bayes, Thomas English17021761Developed the interpretation of probability now known as Bayesian probability [3]
Laplace, Pierre-Simon French17491827Co-invented Bayesian statistics. Invented exponential families (Laplace transform), conjugate prior distributions, asymptotic analysis of estimators (including negligibility of regular priors). Used maximum-likelihood and posterior-mode estimation and considered (robust) loss functions
Playfair, William Scottish17591823Pioneer of statistical graphics
Carl Friedrich Gauss German17771855Invented least squares estimation methods (with Legendre). Used loss functions and maximum-likelihood estimation
Quetelet, Adolphe Belgian17961874Pioneered the use of probability and statistics in the social sciences
Nightingale, Florence English18201910Applied statistical analysis to health problems, contributing to the establishment of epidemiology and public health practice. Developed statistical graphics especially for mobilizing public opinion. First female member of the Royal Statistical Society.
Galton, Francis English18221911Invented the concepts of standard deviation, correlation, regression [4] [5]
Thiele, Thorvald N. Danish18381910Introduced cumulants and the term "likelihood". Introduced a Kalman filter in time-series
Peirce, Charles Sanders American18391914Formulated modern statistics in "Illustrations of the Logic of Science" (1877–1878) and "A Theory of Probable Inference" (1883). With a repeated measures design, introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments (before Fisher). Invented optimal design for experiments on gravity, in which he "corrected the means". He used correlation, smoothing, and improved the treatment of outliers. Introduced terms "confidence" and "likelihood" (before Neyman and Fisher). While largely a frequentist, Peirce's possible world semantics introduced the "propensity" theory of probability. See the historical books of Stephen Stigler
Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro Irish18451926Revived exponential families (Laplace transforms) in statistics. Extended Laplace's (asymptotic) theory of maximum-likelihood estimation. Introduced basic results on information, which were extended and popularized by R. A. Fisher
Pearson, Karl English18571936Numerous innovations, including the development of the Pearson chi-squared test and the Pearson correlation. Founded the Biometrical Society and Biometrika, the first journal of mathematical statistics and biometry [6] [7] [8] [9]
Spearman, Charles English18631945Extended the Pearson correlation coefficient to the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient [10]
Gosset, William Sealy (known as "Student")English18761937Discovered the Student t distribution and invented the Student's t-test [11]
Anderson, Oskar Johann Viktor (also known as Anderson, Oskar Nikolaevich)Russian, Bulgarian, German18871960A leading representative of the so-called Continental School of statistics. Invented the variate difference method for analyzing time series at the same time but independently from Gosset. A pioneer of random sampling in demographics and of quantitative methods applied to socio-economic sciences. [12] [13] [14] [15]
Fisher, Ronald English18901962Wrote the textbooks and articles that defined the academic discipline of statistics, inspiring the creation of statistics departments at universities throughout the world. Systematized previous results with informative terminology, substantially improving previous results with mathematical analysis (and claims). Developed the analysis of variance, clarified the method of maximum likelihood (without the uniform priors appearing in some previous versions), invented the concept of sufficient statistics, developed Edgeworth's use of exponential families and information, introducing observed Fisher information, and many theoretical concepts and practical methods, particularly for the design of experiments [16] [17] [18]
Bonferroni, Carlo Emilio Italian18921960Invented the Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons
Wilcoxon, Frank Irish-American18921965Invented two statistical tests: Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Neyman, Jerzy Polish-American18941981Discovered the confidence interval and co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma [19]
Deming, W. Edwards American19001993Developed methods for statistical quality control [20]
Pearson, Egon English18951980Co-developed the Neyman–Pearson lemma of statistical hypothesis testing [21]
de Finetti, Bruno Italian19061985Pioneer of the "operational subjective" conception of probability. Used this as the basis for exposition of the Bayesian method of statistical analysis. Developed the representation theorem for exchangeable random variables showing that they are the basis of the IID model in statistics.
Kendall, Maurice English19071983Co-developed methods for assessing statistical randomness; invented Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient
Tukey, John American19152000Jointly popularized Fast Fourier transformation, pioneer of exploratory data analysis and graphical presentation of data, developed the jackknife for variance estimation, invented the box plot. [22]
Blackwell, David American19192010Co-developed Rao-Blackwell theorem and wrote one of the first Bayesian textbooks, Basic Statistics. [23]
Rao, Calyampudi Radhakrishna Indian19202023Co-developed Cramér–Rao bound and Rao–Blackwell theorem, invented MINQUE method of variance component estimation. [24] [25]
Cox, David English19242022Developed the proportional hazards model for the analysis of survival data [26]
Efron, Bradley American1938Invented the bootstrap resampling technique for deriving an empirical distribution of an estimate of a model parameter [27]

Founders of departments of statistics

The role of a department of statistics is discussed in a 1949 article by Harold Hotelling, which helped to spur the creation of many departments of statistics. [28]

YearCountryUniversityFounderReferences
1911England University College London Pearson, Karl [7]
1918USADepartment of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Pearl, Raymond [29]
1929Sweden Lund University Sven Dag Wicksell [30]
~1931India Indian Statistical Institute Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis [31]
~1931USA Columbia University Hotelling, Harold [32]
1931USA University of Pennsylvania  — [33]
1933USA Iowa State University Snedecor, George W. [34] [35]
1935USA George Washington University Weida, Frank [36] [37]
1941USA North Carolina State University Cox, Gertrude [38]
1942Sweden Uppsala University Wold, Herman [39]
1947England University of Manchester Bartlett, M. S. [40] [41]
1947USADepartment of Biometry and Statistics, Cornell University Federer, Walter T. [42] [43] [44]
1948USA Stanford University  — [45]
1948India University of Mumbai M. C. Chakrabarti [46]
1949USA University of Michigan Velz, Clarence [47]
1949USA University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill  — [48]
1949USA University of Chicago  — [49]
1949USA Virginia Tech Harshbarger, Boyd [50]
~1950Sweden Stockholm University  — [51]
1950Israel Hebrew University of Jerusalem  — [52]
1953England Cambridge University, Statistics Lab Wishart, John [53]
1953India University of Pune Huzurbazar, V. S. [54]
1955USA University of California, Berkeley Neyman, Jerzy [55]
1957USA Harvard University Cochran, William G.
Mosteller, Frederick 		[56] [57]
1957Australia University of Sydney Lancaster, Henry Oliver [58]
1958USA University of Minnesota  — [59]
1959USA Florida State University Ralph A. Bradley [60] [61]
1960USA University of Wisconsin–Madison George E. P. Box [62]
1962USA University of Florida Brandt, Alva Esmond [63]
1962USA Texas A&M University Hartley, Herman Otto [64]
1963USA Yale University Anscombe, Francis [65] [66]
1963USA Purdue University  — [67]
1964Bangladesh Institute of Statistical Research and Training Hussain, Q.M. [68]
1965USA Princeton University Tukey, John W. [69] [70]
1965USA University of Iowa Hogg, Robert V. [71]
1966USA Carnegie Mellon University Morris H. DeGroot
Gaver Jr, Donald P.		 [72]
1966Scotland University of Glasgow Aitchison, John
Silvey, David		 [73]
1967Canada University of Waterloo Sprott, David A. [74]
1968USA Pennsylvania State University Bartoo, James [75]
1969India Madras Christian College Gift Siromoney [76]
1969Hong Kong University of Hong Kong Saw Swee Hock [77] [78]
1970USADepartment of Biostatistics, University of Washington School of Public Health  — [79]
1973USA Ohio State University Whitney, D. Ransom [80]
1973Germany Universität Dortmund Eicker, Friedhelm [81]
1975India Aligarh Muslim University S.M. Ali
1979Canada University of Toronto Donald A. S. Fraser [82]
1981India Vidyasagar University Gain, Anil Kumar [83]
1982Hong Kong Chinese University of Hong Kong Tong, Howell [84]
1984India Banaras Hindu University Singh, S.N.
1985USA University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Sacks, Jerome [85]
1986USA Northwestern University Meyer Dwass [86]
1987USA Rice University James R. Thompson [87]
1988England University of Oxford Hinkley, D. V. [88]
1994New Zealand The University of Auckland Scott, Alastair
Seber, George
1996USA University of Virginia School of Medicine Harrell, Frank E. [89]
1997USA University of Pittsburgh Sampson, Allan R. [90]
1998USA University of California, Los Angeles Jan de Leeuw [91]

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