List of national founders

Last updated

The following is a list of national founders of sovereign states who were credited with establishing a state. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up the systems of governance, (i.e., political system form of government, and constitution), of the country. They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the establishment of a sovereign state.

Contents

Africa

Algeria

Ahmed Ben Bella served as first Prime Minister of Algeria from 1962 to 1963, then as first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.

Angola

Agostinho Neto served as first President of Angola from 1975 to 1979.

Benin

Hubert Maga served as first President of Dahomey from 1960 to 1963.

Botswana

Seretse Khama served as first President of Botswana from 1966 to 1980.

Burkina Faso

Thomas Sankara served as first President of Burkina Faso from 1983 to 1987.

Burundi

Michel Micombero was the first President of Burundi from 1966 to 1976

Cameroon

Ahmadou Ahidjo served as first President of Cameroon from 1960 to 1982.

Cape Verde

Amílcar Cabral (var. Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral) (1924–1973) was an agricultural engineer, writer, and a nationalist thinker and political leader. He was also one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders. Amílcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and the ensuing war of independence in Guinea-Bissau. He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, several months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He is considered a founder of Cape Verde. Aristides Pereira served as first President of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991.

Central African Republic

David Dacko served as first President of Central African Republic from 1960 to 1966. The constitution outlines him as being the "Founding Father."

Chad

François Tombalbaye served as first President of Chad from 1960 to 1975.

Comoros

Ahmed Abdallah (State of the Comoros; First president of the Federal and Islamic Republic of the Comoros) Ali Soilih (State of the Comoros; First president) Azali Assoumani (Union of the Comoros)

Republic of the Congo

Fulbert Youlou served as first President of the Republic of the Congo from 1960 to 1963.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Patrice Lumumba, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, Albert Kalonji, Jean Bolikango, Cléophas Kamitatu, and Paul Bolya are all considered "Fathers of Independence" in the Congo. [1]

Djibouti

Hassan Gouled Aptidon served as first President of Djibouti from 1977 to 1999.

Egypt

Saad Zaghloul is seen as the founder of independent Egypt. "Zaeem al Ummah (Leader of the Nation)" Saad Zaghlul.jpg
Saad Zaghloul is seen as the founder of independent Egypt. "Zaeem al Ummah (Leader of the Nation)"

There is no agreed founder of Egypt as the area was politically unified around 3000 BC and has since endured multiple changes in terms of government and polities. The ruler who unified upper and lower Egypt is widely identified with Narmer or Menes, who are regarded by many scholars as the same person.[ citation needed ]

The prevailing historical view is that Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) is the Father of Modern Egypt, being the first ruler since the Ottoman conquest in 1517 to permanently divest the Porte of its power in Egypt. While failing to achieve formal independence for Egypt during his lifetime, he was successful in laying the foundation for a modern Egyptian state. [2]

The Founder of Independent Egypt, Saad Zaghloul (1859–1927), was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government, and was imprisoned by the British government in Malta, but returned to Egypt to participate in the revolution of 1919. Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I convince the British to grant Egypt independence with a friendly British-Egyptian relationship and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent kingdom, the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its prime minister. British military presence in Egypt ended with nationalisation of Suez Canal in 1956.

Equatorial Guinea

Francisco Macías Nguema served as first President of Equatorial Guinea from 1968 to 1979.

Eritrea

Isaias Afwerki serves as first President of Eritrea from 1993 to present.

Eswatini

Ngwane III was King of kaNgwane from 1745 to 1780. He is considered to be the first King of modern Eswatini.

Ethiopia

Menelik I is claimed to be first the first Emperor of Ethiopia during the 10th century B.C (975–950 B.C). Yekuno Amlak founded the Solomonic dynasty and was the first emperor of the Ethiopian Empire from 1270 to 1285 A.D. Menelik II is the founder of modern Ethiopian state.

Gabon

Léon M'ba served as first President of Gabon from 1961 to 1967.

The Gambia

Dawda Jawara served as first Prime Minister of the Gambia from 1962 to 1970. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1965.

Ghana

Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.

Guinea

Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (1922–1984) was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France.

He is with Kwame Nkrumah one of the founders of the African Union, and the Guinean Diallo Telli was the first general secretary of the African Union.

Guinea-Bissau

Luís Cabral served as first President of Guinea-Bissau from 1973 to 1980.

Ivory Coast

Félix Houphouët-Boigny served as first President of Ivory Coast from 1960 to 1993.

Kenya

Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of the Republic. Oginga Odinga served as the first vice-president.

Lesotho

Leabua Jonathan served as Prime Minister of Lesotho from 1965 to 1986. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1966.

Liberia

Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809–1876) was born a free man of African American descent. He migrated to Liberia in 1829 with his family to join thousands of other African Americans resettled from 1820 based on efforts of the American Colonization Society. In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (1841–1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847. [3] The descendants of Roberts and the African American settlers are the Americo-Liberian people.

Libya

King Idris Al-sanusi, also known as Idris I of Libya, (1889–1983) was the first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania, another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan). [4] By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951.

Madagascar

Malawi

Hastings Banda served as first Prime Minister of Malawi from 1964 to 1966, then as first President from 1966 to 1994.

Mali

Modibo Keïta served as first President of Mali from 1960 to 1968.

Mauritania

Moktar Ould Daddah served as first President of Mauritania from 1960 to 1978.

Mauritius

Seewoosagur Ramgoolam served as first Prime Minister of Mauritius from 1968 to 1982.

Morocco

The first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788. The 'Alawi dynasty, which rules the country to this day, was established by Sharif bin Ali in 1631.

Sultan Mohammed V, who secured Moroccan independence in 1956, declared himself the first King of Morocco in 1957.

Mozambique

Samora Machel served as first President of Mozambique from 1975 to 1986.

Namibia

Niger

Hamani Diori served as first President of Niger from 1960 to 1974.

Nigeria

All are considered founders of Nigeria. The troika of Obafemi Awolowo, Nnamdi Azikiwe, and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria's independence from Britain, aided by such figures as Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti.

Rwanda

Grégoire Kayibanda served as first President of Rwanda from 1962 to 1973.

São Tomé and Príncipe

Manuel Pinto da Costa served as first President of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1975 to 1991.

Sierra Leone

Freetown, Sierra Leone was founded in part by a Black American soldier, Thomas Peters in 1792, after managing to convince British abolitionists to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for the British in return for freedom. Peters, alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson, were influential in the establishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone. The descendants of Peters and the Black American founders form part of the Sierra Leone Creole or Krio ethnicity today [5] [6] and in 2011, a statue was erected in Freetown to honour him. [7]

Senegal

The founder of modern Senegal is Léopold Sédar Senghor. He served as first President from 1960 to 1980.

Seychelles

James Mancham served as first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977. He was one of the last White African presidents in the history of Africa. He considered himself the self-proclaimed "Founding Father"; however this title is often attributed to his socialist successor France-Albert René, who led the country to become one of the most democratic and most economically stable states in Africa.

Somalia

The Somali Youth League played a major role for Somalia's independence since the 1940s, with two of its members having served as the first two Somali presidents, Aden Adde and Abdirashid Shermarke. There are several murals and monuments dedicated to the SYL's independence movement in Mogadishu.

Republic of Somaliland

Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal was the founder and first prime minister of Somaliland.

Republic of South Africa

Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was the President of South Africa, in office from 1994 to 1999. He led the negotiations, together with F. W. de Klerk, to racially integrate and unite the country.

Other anti-apartheid activists include:

South Sudan

Sudan

Ibrahim Abboud served as first President of Sudan from 1958 to 1964.

Tanzania

Julius Nyerere Julius Nyerere (1965).jpg
Julius Nyerere

Being the first President of Tanzania, Julius Nyerere was the main figure involved in achieving Tanzania's independence. He is often regarded as the "Father of the Nation."

Togo

Sylvanus Olympio served as first President of Togo from 1960 to 1963.

Tunisia

Habib Bourguiba, considered the founder of modern Tunisia, led Tunisia to independence from France in 1956 as prime minister, then abolished its monarchy and served as the country's first President from 1957 to 1987; during his leadership, he modernized Tunisia, built schools and hospitals, and gave Tunisian women better human rights than other countries, and these rights still continue to be exercised by Tunisian women to this day.

Uganda

Milton Obote was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and the second president of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985.

Zambia

Kenneth Kaunda Kenneth Kaunda 1983-03-30.jpg
Kenneth Kaunda

Kenneth Kaunda (1924–2021) is the prominent icon in the independence and unification of Zambia. He served as first President from 1964 to 1991. However, there are important personalities like Simon Kapwepwe and Harry Nkumbula (1916–18) that fairly deserve recognition. Together, in their different capacities, they led the nation to freedom.

Zimbabwe

Abel Muzorewa (1925–2010) was the first black Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.
Robert Mugabe (1924–2019) was the leader of ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front), who ruled Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2017.
Others

Americas

Antigua and Barbuda

Vere Bird served as first Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1981 to 1994.

Argentina

The Argentine military commander Jose de San Martin is known as the "Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru". Jose de San Martin (retrato, c.1828).jpg
The Argentine military commander José de San Martín is known as the "Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru".

The military commander José de San Martín was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he is known as the "Father of the Homeland" (Spanish: Padre de la Patria) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; "Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday. [9] One of the main libertadores of the Spanish American wars of independence, San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he is thus also celebrated as a national hero. [10] One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes, when he crossed the mountain range from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a surprise attack on royalist forces. [11]

Manuel Belgrano, another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina, is also widely regarded as a national hero. [12]

María Remedios del Valle, an Afro-Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in the War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: Madre de la Patria). [13]

Bahamas

Lynden Pindling is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973.

Barbados

Errol Barrow served as first Prime Minister of Barbados from 1966 to 1976.

Belize

George Cadle Price (1919–2011) is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize. [14] [15] He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981.

Bolivia

Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) and Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia.

Brazil

Pedro I, founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil Portrait of Dom Pedro, Duke of Braganca - Google Art Project edited.jpeg
Pedro I, founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil

Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America.

José Bonifácio de Andrada (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence", is considered the maximum leader of the Independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal, the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy.

Canada

The name "Fathers of Confederation" is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864, and the London Conference of 1866, to establish the Canadian Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation. [16]

Queen Victoria, who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation". [17]

Caribbean Community

Errol Barrow (Barbados: 1920–1987); Forbes Burnham (Guyana: 1923–1985); Michael Manley (Jamaica: 1924–1997); and Eric Williams (Trinidad and Tobago: 1911–1981) were the leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community. [18]

Chile

Posthumous (1854) portrait of the Founding Fathers of the Chilean Republic. From left to right: Jose Miguel Carrera, Bernardo O'Higgins, Jose de San Martin, Diego Portales Los Fundadores de Chile.jpg
Posthumous (1854) portrait of the Founding Fathers of the Chilean Republic. From left to right: José Miguel Carrera, Bernardo O'Higgins, José de San Martín, Diego Portales

Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) and José Miguel Carrera (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Diego Portales (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution.

Colombia

Simón Bolívar, was founder of Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Francisco de Paula Santander wrote the first constitution of Colombia. Antonio Nariño ("Precursor of the Independence") and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic.

Costa Rica

Juan Mora Fernández, first Head of State of Costa Rica. [19] José María Castro Madriz, First President of the Republic and proclaimed "Founder of the Republic" by Congress [20] Juan Rafael Mora Porras, President during Costa Rica's campaign against William Walker, proclaimed "Hero and Liberator" by Congress.

Cuba

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the Ten Years' War (1868–1878).

José Martí is a Cuban national hero.

Modern day Cuba was shaped by Fidel Castro with help from Che Guevara during the Cuban Revolution.

Dominica

Patrick John served as first Prime Minister of Dominica from 1978 to 1979.

Dominican Republic

Matías Ramón Mella (1816–1864), Juan Pablo Duarte (1813–1876) and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817–1861) are considered the Fathers of the Country. Duarte is featured on the $1 coin and on the now discontinued $1 bill; Sanchez on the $5 coin and on the also discontinued $5 bill; Mella on the $10 coin and on the also discontinued $10 bill. [21]

Ecuador

Jose Joaquin Olmedo took this as a cue to declare Ecuador's independence at a junta in Guayaquil in 1820.

El Salvador

José Matías Delgado is considered to be the "Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland". [22]

Grenada

Eric Gairy served as head of government of Grenada from 1967 to 1979. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1974.

Guatemala

In 1523, Pedro de Alvarado, a member of Hernán Cortés' group that conquered Mexico, was sent to conquer the area of land below Mexico that is known today as Guatemala.

Guyana

Explorer Christopher Columbus sighted the Guyana coast in 1498, and Spain subsequently claimed, but largely avoided, the area between the Orinoco and Amazon deltas, a region long known as the Wild Coast. It was the Dutch who finally began European settlement, establishing trading posts upriver in about 1580.Arthur Raymond Chung (10 January 1918 – 23 June 2008) was the 1st President of Guyana from 1970 to 1980.

Haiti

Toussaint Louverture of Haiti General Toussaint Louverture (cropped).jpg
Toussaint Louverture of Haiti

Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) and Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806) were revolutionary and early political leaders of Haiti. Henri Christophe and Alexandre Pétion were also important figures of early Haiti.

Honduras

Founders of the Honduran Nation are José Cecilio del Valle (1777–1834), Dionisio de Herrera (1781–1850), Francisco Morazán (1792–1842), José Trinidad Reyes (1797–1855), and José Trinidad Cabañas (1805–1871).

Jamaica

Norman Manley is particularly noted for his role in securing universal suffrage for the country's population in 1944 along with founding the People's National Party. Manley also served as Chief Minister of Jamaica from 1955 to 1962. Alexander Bustamante was an influential union leader and as founder of the Jamaican Labour Party. Bustamante served as the then colony's first Chief Minister from 1953 to 1955 and later went on to lead Jamaica to independence from the United Kingdom in 1962, becoming the country's first Prime Minister.

Mexico

According to the decrees of the Congress of the Union of Mexico issued in 1822 and 1823, [23] the Mexican founders are Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (1753–1811), Ignacio Allende (1769–1811), Juan Aldama (1774–1811), Mariano Abasolo (1783–1816), José María Morelos (1765–1815), Mariano Matamoros (1770–1814), Leonardo Bravo (1764–1812), Miguel Bravo (unknown–1814), Hermenegildo Galeana (1762–1814), Mariano Jiménez (1781–1811), Xavier Mina (1789–1817), Pedro Moreno (1775–1817), and Víctor Rosales (1776–1817).

Nine of the thirteen founders are buried in the Monument to Independence in Mexico City. [24]

Nicaragua

Jose Anacleto Ordonez, "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua" Jose Anacleto Ordonez.jpg
José Anacleto Ordóñez, "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua"

José Anacleto Ordóñez (1778–1839) is recognised as the "First Popular Caudillo of Nicaragua", as he led the state to independence by revolting against the pro Mexican government in 1823. Later he served as Head of State of Nicaragua within the Federal Republic of Central America.

José Núñez (1800–1880) and Joaquín del Cossío (1789–unknown) were the most important figures in Nicaragua's Independence, as they started the first and second transitional governments that declared to the State's Independence from the FRCA in 1838.

Fruto Chamorro (1804–1855) is considered as "Founder of the Republic", as he initiated the 1854 Constitution which formally declared Nicaragua a Republic.

Panama

The first Spanish settlement in Panama was made in 1510. Then on 25 September 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean (which he called the South Sea and which he claimed for Spain). Then in 1519 Pedro Arias de Avila founded Panama City.

Paraguay

José Gaspár Rodríguez de Francia is considered the founder of Paraguay. He was named perpetual dictator as of the country's formation. Although he was the one that ended up ruling the country, Rodríguez de Francia was not the only prócer of the 1811 revolution, others include: Fulgencio Yegros, Pedro Juan Caballero, Fernando de la Mora, Mauricio José Troche and Vicente Ignacio Iturbe. Yegros also served as consul alongside Francia, shortly before being deposed by him.

General Andrés Rodríguez was the first democratically elected president of Paraguay, shortly after leading the 1989 coup that ended Alfredo Stroessner's dictatorship. This is why he is often considered the father of modern Paraguay.

Peru

José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar led Peru to independence and forged the country. [25]

Pachacuti, the 9th Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cusco, is the founder of the Inca Empire.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Centre-Left Labour Party founded to campaign for independence of the country in 1932.

Saint Lucia

Saint Lucia was first known as Louanalao by the Arawak Indians in 200 AD, meaning "Island of the Iguanas", and then Hewanorra in 800 AD when the Carib Indians arrived and assimilated their culture into Saint Lucia. Residents of Carib descent can still be found in Saint Lucia today.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

The French (centred on the island of Martinique) would be the first European settlers on the island when they established their first colony at Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St. Vincent in 1719.

South America

Simon Bolivar of Venezuela Simon Bolivar (half-length).jpg
Simón Bolívar of Venezuela

José de San Martín, [26] Simón Bolívar, [27] Antonio José de Sucre, Francisco de Paula Santander, [28] Francisco de Miranda [29] have been referred to as the founding fathers of the region comprising modern day Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia and Panama.

Suriname

Johan Ferrier served as first President of Suriname from 1975 to 1980.

Trinidad and Tobago

Eric Williams served as first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1962 to 1981.

Uruguay

José Gervasio Artigas is considered to be the founder of Uruguay. He was a staunch democrat and federalist, opposed to monarchism and centralism.

United States

George Washington, chief among the founders of the United States, called "the Father of his country" (Pater Patriae) Gilbert Stuart Williamstown Portrait of George Washington.jpg
George Washington, chief among the founders of the United States, called "the Father of his country" (Pater Patriae)

Within the large group known as "the Founding Fathers", there are two key subsets, the Signers (who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776) and the Framers (who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States). Some historians have suggested a revised definition of the "Founding Fathers", including a significantly broader group of not only the Signers and the Framers but also all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesmen, soldiers, diplomats, and ordinary citizens took part in winning U.S. independence and creating the United States of America. [30]

American historian Richard B. Morris, in his 1973 book Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, identified the following seven figures as the key founders: John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and George Washington.

Venezuela

Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) is considered to be the founder not only of Venezuela, but of many of the region's countries as the Gran Colombia, which also included Panama, Ecuador, and Colombia. José Antonio Páez led the separation of Venezuela from the Gran Colombia and formed the modern statehood of the country. Scholars credit president Rómulo Betancourt as the founding father of modern democratic Venezuela, and Hugo Chávez as the founding father of modern Venezuela.

Asia

Afghanistan

Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of Afghanistan Portrait miniature of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg
Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of Afghanistan

Ahmad Shah Durrani (1723–1773) unified the Afghan tribes and founded Afghanistan in 1747. [31] His mausoleum is next to the Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar, Afghanistan, where he is fondly known as Ahmad Shah Baba (Ahmad Shah the Father ).

However, the founding father of modern Afghanistan is Mohammad Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan. Due to this, the Afghan parliament gave him the title of "Father of the Nation."

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Mammad Amin Rasulzade (Azerbaijani: Məhəmməd Əmin Axund Hacı Molla Ələkbər oğlu Rəsulzadə, Turkish: Mehmed Emin Resulzâde; (1884–1955) was an Azerbaijani statesman, scholar, public figure and one of the founding political leaders of Azerbaijan Republic (1918–1920). His expression "Bir kərə yüksələn bayraq, bir daha enməz!" ("The flag once raised will never fall!") became the motto of the independence movement in Azerbaijan in the 20th century.

Bahrain

Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa served as first Prime Minister of Bahrain from 1970 to 2020. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1971.

Bangladesh

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is considered by many as the founding father of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is considered by many as the founding father of Bangladesh

Apart from the founding leaders, the four key members of the Liberation Wartime government vice-president Syed Nazrul Islam, prime minister Tajuddin Ahmad, finance minister Muhammad Mansur Ali and home minister Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman (altogether known as 'Four National Leaders') and the Liberation Wartime armed forces chief Muhammad Ataul Gani Osmani are hailed as vital figures in Bangladesh's independence.

Bhutan

Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal (1594–1651) fled Tibet and unified the fiefdoms of Bhutan. He established the dual system of shared power between secular and Buddhist leadership that continues as a tradition to the present.

Brunei

According to local historiography, the country of Brunei was founded by Awang Alak Betatar, later to be Sultan Muhammad Shah, reigning around AD 1400.

Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia Sihanouk Harcourt 1948.jpg
Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia

Cambodia

Kaundinya I was the founder of ancient Khmer kingdom of Funan.

Jayavarman II (770–850) was the founder of the Khmer Empire.

Norodom Sihanouk (1922–2012) declared Cambodia's independence from France in 1953 and is regarded as the nation's founding father.

China

The Yellow Thearch is revered as the legendary initiator of Chinese civilization, one of the cradles of civilization. [38]

Yu the Great is conventionally regarded as having inaugurated dynastic rule in China by establishing the Xia dynasty, the first orthodox dynasty of China, in circa 2070 BC. [39]

In 221 BC, the State of Qin completed the conquest of the various Chinese kingdoms of the Warring States period and formed the first unified Chinese empire, the Qin dynasty. [40] Its monarch then took the title of Huángdì (皇帝; "Emperor") to reflect his prestigious status vis-à-vis prior rulers, thus becoming Qin Shi Huang. [40]

Sun Yat-sen was the founding father of the Republic of China and served as its first provisional president. He was officially conferred the title of Guófù (國父; "Father of the Nation") by the Nationalist government in AD 1940. [41] Today, he is still officially recognized as such in the Taiwan Area where the Republic of China continues to rule, while the People's Republic of China considers him the Gémìng Xiānxíngzhě (革命先行者; "Forerunner of the Revolution"). [42]

Mao Zedong is regarded as the founder of the People's Republic of China, [43] even though the state has yet to officially confer the title "Father of the Nation" upon anyone. [44]

Chinese woodcut, Famous medical figures; The Yellow Emperor Wellcome L0039314.jpg
Yellow Thearch
Da Yu Zhi Shui Tu .jpg
Yu the Great
Qinshihuang.jpg
Qin Shi Huang
Sun Yat-sen 2.jpg
Sun Yat-sen
Mao Zedong in 1959 (cropped).jpg
Mao Zedong

Cyprus

Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch". [45]

Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus. [46]

East Timor

Xanana Gusmao served as President of East Timor from 2002 to 2007.

East Turkistan

Sabit Damolla is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the East Turkistan independence movement. He organized the Kumul Rebellion which erupted in 1931 into a full national liberation movement and served as the Prime Minister of the First East Turkestan Republic from 1933 to 1934.

India

Mahatma Gandhi of India Portrait Gandhi.jpg
Mahatma Gandhi of India

Chandragupta Maurya (350-295 BCE) , the founder of the Mauryan Empire , is considered as the first unifier of India. His chief advisor, Chanakya , is regarded as one of the earliest people who envisioned a united India spanning the entire subcontinent.

Later, directly or indirectly, majority of the subcontinent was united for a brief period under the Gupta Empire (319-550 CE), the Rashtrakutas (753 – 982 CE) , the Mughal Empire (1526-1707) and the Maratha Confederacy (1674–1818).

Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) is considered the father of the nation and one of the most prominent leaders of the Indian independence movement. [47] [48] He is regarded as the founder of the modern Republic of India. He is featured on the Indian rupee.

Indonesia

The 4 general founders of Indonesia are generally considered to be Mohammad Hatta, Sukarno, Sutan Syahrir and Tan Malaka. [49] Sukarno is considered to be a founding father by some Indonesians, although he had an authoritarian rule during the time of his presidency. Mohammad Hatta is generally considered as one of the more democratic founder of Indonesia. They both signed the Proclamation of Independence, proclaiming the independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands on 17 August 1945. A day later, they were elected respectively as the first President and Vice President of Indonesia.

As the Netherlands did not recognize the proclamation of independence immediately, both of them were prominent figures and were seen as symbol of unity among Indonesian people to fight against Dutch during the National Revolution from 1945 to 1949. In August 1949, Hatta headed a delegation to The Hague for a Round Table Conference which then led to the recognition of Indonesian independence by the Netherlands on 27 December 1949. [50]

Presiden Sukarno.jpg
Sukarno
VP Hatta.jpg
Mohammad Hatta
Soetan Sjahrir 1948.jpg
Sutan Sjahrir
TanMalaka DariPendjara ed3.jpg
Tan Malaka

Iran

Cyrus the Great (600–530 BC) was the founder of the First Persian Empire under the Achaemenid dynasty. Many Iranians gather at his tomb in Pasargadae annually on the Cyrus the Great Day and Nowruz, the Persian New Year. Prior to the 1979 Revolution the 2,500th year of Foundation of Imperial State of Iran took place. It consisted of an elaborate set of festivities that took place on 12–16 October 1971 on the occasion of the 2,500th anniversary of the founding of the Imperial State of Iran and First Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great. [51] [52] The intent of the celebration was to demonstrate Iran's old civilization and history to showcase its contemporary advancements under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. [53] [54]

Ruhollah Khomeini is considered the founder of the modern Islamic Republic of Iran. [55]

Israel

Theodor Herzl of Israel. Theodor Herzl retouched.jpg
Theodor Herzl of Israel.

Theodor Herzl is considered the founder of political Zionism, the modern ideology that institutionalized the longstanding Jewish desire to return to the homeland, which eventually lead to the founding of Israel decades later.

David Ben-Gurion was the first Prime Minister of Israel, and is often considered an important founding figure as well as a leader of Labor Zionism, Israel's founding ideology. Ben-Gurion lead Israel for a total of thirteen years and is today admired by both the left and the right.

Other figures include Moshe Dayan, who became a war hero and symbol of the Israel Defense Forces and Eliezer Ben-Yehuda who led the revival of the Hebrew language.

Japan

Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇, Jinmu-tennō ) (traditional reign 660–585 BC) was the first emperor of Japan, [56] according to the traditional order of succession. [57] The Japanese national holiday National Foundation Day (建国記念の日, Kenkoku Kinen no Hi) is celebrated annually on 11 February in commemoration of the founding of the nation of Japan and the ascension of Emperor Jimmu to the imperial throne. [58]

Jordan

Abdullah I of Jordan Abdullah I of Jordan portrait.jpg
Abdullah I of Jordan

Abdullah bin Al-Hussain was the founder and ruler of the Jordanian realm from 11 April 1921 until his assassination on 20 July 1951.

He was the Emir of Transjordan, a British protectorate, until 25 May 1946, [59] [60] after which he was the king of an independent Jordan. He was a 38th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad, as he belongs to the Hashemite family.

Kazakhstan

Alikhan Bokeikhanov, leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. Alikhan Bukeikhanov.jpg
Alikhan Bokeikhanov, leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement.

There is no law in the country which officially recognizes a single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times.

Alikhan Bukeikhanov (1866–1937) was a Kazakh statesman, politician, publicist, teacher, writer and environmental scientist. He was leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement. He sided with the westernizers in the Kazakh political scene who were promoting the idea of the Western culture into the Kazakh steppe. In 1920, after the establishment of Soviet hegemony, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party and returned to scientific life. His earlier political activities caused the authorities to view him with suspicion, leading to arrests in 1926 and 1928. In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested on the charge of counter-revolutionary activity and put into Butyrka prison in Moscow. But due to the lack of evidence in the criminal case against him, he was released from prison. In 1930, the authorities banished him to Moscow, where he was arrested a final time in 1937 and executed.

Dinmukhamed Kunayev (1912–1993) was a Kazakh Soviet communist politician. He became first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan again in 1964 when Khrushchev was ousted and replaced by Brezhnev. He kept his position for twenty-two more years. He was an alternate member of the Politburo from 1967, and a full member from 1971 to 1987. During Kunayev's long rule, Kazakhs occupied prominent positions in the bureaucracy, economy and educational institutions. A Brezhnev loyalist, he was removed from office under pressure from Mikhail Gorbachev, who accused him of corruption. On 16 December 1986 the Politburo replaced him with Gennady Kolbin, who had never lived in the Kazakh SSR before. This provoked street riots in Almaty, which were the first signs of ethnic strife during Gorbachev's tenure. In modern Kazakhstan, this revolt is called Jeltoqsan, meaning December in Kazakh.

Nursultan Nazarbayev was elected the nation's first president following its independence from the Soviet Union in December 1991. In 2010 Parliament of Kazakhstan named him Елбасы (Elbasy) which means "Leader of the Nation".

North Korea

Dangun, Legendary founding father of Korea. Portrait of Dangun.jpg
Dangun, Legendary founding father of Korea.

Kim Il-sung was the founder of North Korea. He ruled from 1948 to 1994. After his death, he was declared as the Eternal President of North Korea in 1998.

South Korea

Dangun, the legendary first king of Gojoseon, is venerated in Korea as the founder of the Korean nation and peoples. His legendary birthday and the day he founded Gojoseon is celebrated as National Foundation Day (개천절), which falls on 3 October. There have been many founders throughout history such as Lee Seonggye, Taejo Wang Geon, and Dongmyeong the great.

There is no official founding father of South Korea who is generally accepted nor acknowledged by the government, though some figures like Syngman Rhee or Kim Ku are proposed as the father of his country.

Kuwait

The first recorded ruler of Kuwait was Sheikh Abu Salman Sabah. However, Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabir is known as the founder of the modern state of Kuwait. He was instrumental in moving the country away from the Ottoman Empire and toward British influence.

Kyrgyzstan

Askar Akayev served as first post-Soviet President of Kyrgyzstan from 1990 to 2005.

Laos

Fa Ngum is widely considered a founding father of the Lao people. In present-day Laos, Kaysonne Phomvihane and Prince Souphanouvoung are considered the fathers of the Marxist–Leninist state.

Lebanon

Bechara El Khoury and Riad El Solh served as the first president and the first Prime Minister respectively of Lebanon after the French mandate in 1943.

Maldives

Sumuvvul Ameer Mohamed Ameen Dhoshimeynaa Kilegefaanu, commonly known as Mohamed Ameen Didi, was the first elected president of the Maldives in 1953. After he passed away, Muhammad Fareed Didi I (The former sultan's heir) took power. He was succeeded by the former Prime Minister of the Maldives, Ibrahim Nasir.

Malaysia

Tunku Abdul Rahman of Malaysia Tunku abd rahman.jpg
Tunku Abdul Rahman of Malaysia

Tunku Abdul Rahman (1903–1990) usually known as "the Tunku" (a princely title in Malaysia), and also called Bapa Kemerdekaan (Father of Independence) or Bapa Malaysia (Father of Malaysia), was Chief Minister of the Federation of Malaya from 1955, and the country's first Prime Minister from independence in 1957. He remained Prime Minister after Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore joined in 1963 to form Malaysia.

Mongolia

Genghis Khan posthumous portrait YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg
Genghis Khan posthumous portrait

Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227), who by uniting the nomadic tribes founded the Mongol Empire, is generally regarded as the father of modern-day Mongolia.[ citation needed ] Although downcast during the communist-era, Genghis Khan's reputation surged after the democratic revolution in 1990.

Myanmar

Anawrahta is considered to be founder of ancient Burmese Kingdom of Pagan.

General Aung San is the founder of modern Burma (also known as Myanmar). Although he did not live to see the country's independence, he is credited in forming the basic structure of the independence movement and government. Aung San started his political career in 1930 as the editor of Rangoon University's newspaper – where he accused one of the colonial administrators in Burma of misconduct. In late 1940 he went to Japanese controlled Taiwan and Xiamen to receive military training, and he led the Burma Independence Army, spearheading the Japanese invasion of Burma. Later, he switched sides to the Allies, and helped in the Burma campaign. After the war, he was appointed to the government of a returning British administration, and was able to negotiate Burma's independence. He helped organized the Panglong Agreement in February 1947, achieving independence for all Burmese territories. However, on Saturday, 19 July 1947, Aung San, along with his cabinet ministers, was assassinated at the secretariat building in Rangoon.

U Nu served as first Prime Minister of Myanmar from 1948 to 1956.

General Ne Win was one of the founders of Tatmadaw. On 1962, 15 years after the independence, he led a military coup that brought him to power. Ne Win established the Burmese Way to Socialism which ruled Burma for 26 years.

Nepal

Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal Prithvinarayanshah.jpg
Prithvi Narayan Shah of Nepal

Prithvi Narayan Shah was largely responsible for the unification of Nepal, and is considered to be the founder of Nepal. His vision of ruling over a unified Nepal is said to have started when atop a hill near Nepa Valley (Present day Kathmandu), he decided he would like to rule over it. His strategic plan was very successful and his successors continued to build on his progress. [61] Prithvi Narayan Shah's descendants continued to rule over Nepal for a total of 240 years before the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal toppled the constitutional power exercised by King Gyanendra, before abolishing the monarchy in 2008.

Oman

Sultan Qaboos bin Said changed the name of the country from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman to simply Oman.

Pakistan

Muhammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan Jinnah1945c.jpg
Muhammad Ali Jinnah of Pakistan

Pakistan's founder is Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who is hailed as Quaid-e-Azam or "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum or Father of Nation. He founded not only the Islamic Republic of Pakistan but is credited for creating an entirely new nation state. Other prominent founders include the poet Muhammad Iqbal or spiritual Father, believed to be the first person to propagate the idea of a state for India's Muslims, Fatima Jinnah (Mother of nation) and members of Pakistan's first Cabinet such as Liaquat Ali Khan, A. K. Fazlul Huq, Abdul Rab Nishtar, Malik Feroze Khan Noon, Khwaja Nazimuddin and I. I. Chundrigar.

Some historians credit the Muslim reformist Sir Syed Ahmad Khan as a founder of Pakistan because he provided the Two-Nation Theory which played a central role in the perception of Pakistan and its Muslim nationalist ideology largely based on Iqbal's philosophy and views.

Palestine

Yasser Arafat of Palestine Nasser and Arafat, 1970.jpg
Yasser Arafat of Palestine

Palestinian political leader Yasser Arafat has been considered by some commentators as being the "founding father" of Palestine. [62] [63] Born in 1929 in Cairo, Egypt, Arafat soon became a supporter of Arab nationalism and anti-Zionism; in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, he fought alongside the Muslim Brotherhood against the newly independent State of Israel. [64] From 1969 until 2004, he served as the chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), a Palestinian nationalist organization which engaged in a numerous guerrilla conflicts with the Israel Defense Forces during the second half of the 20th century. [65]

Beginning from 1983 onwards, Arafat based himself in Tunisia and switched to a tactic of negotiating with the Israeli government, acknowledging Israel's right to exist in a UN resolution and supporting a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Arafat engaged in a series of negotiations with the Israeli government to end the conflict between it and the PLO, including the Madrid Conference of 1991, the 1993 Oslo Accords and the 2000 Camp David Summit. [66] In 1994, he returned to Palestine and promoted self-government for the Palestinian territories, receiving the Nobel Peace Prize the same year. Among Palestinians, Arafat is viewed as a martyr who symbolized the national aspirations of his people. [67]

Philippines

Jose Rizal of the Philippines Jose Rizal full.jpg
José Rizal of the Philippines

There is no law in the Philippines which officially recognizes any single individual as the "Father of the Nation". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times: José Rizal (1861–1896) was a Filipino nationalist during the tail end of the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines. An ophthalmologist by profession, Rizal became a writer and a key member of the Filipino Propaganda Movement which advocated political reforms for the colony under Spain. He was executed by the Spanish colonial government for the crime of rebellion after an anti-colonial revolution, inspired in part by his writings, broke out. Though he was not actively involved in its planning or conduct, he ultimately approved of its goals which eventually led to Philippine independence. He is widely considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines, and is implied by Philippine law to be one of the national heroes. He was the author of the novels Noli Me Tángere , and El Filibusterismo, and a number of poems and essays. Andrés Bonifacio (1863–1897) rebel leader during the Philippine Revolution in 1896, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. Emilio Aguinaldo (1869–1964) Military Leader with the highest rank of Generalissimo of the Philippine Revolution and first president of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution. Manuel Roxas served as first President of independent Philippines from 1946 to 1948.

Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia Ibn Saud.png
Abdulaziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia

Qatar

Sheikh Jassim Bin Mohammed Bin Thani is the founder of the State of Qatar. He was a military leader, judge and scholar, knight and poet possessing both gallantry and magnanimity.

Saudi Arabia

King Abdulaziz Al Saud, also known as Ibn Saud, is the founding father of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He served as first King from 1932 to 1953.

Singapore

Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore Mr. Lee Kuan Yew Mayoral reception 1965 (cropped).jpg
Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore

Lee Kuan Yew (1923–2015), often referred to by his initials "LKY", was the first prime minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for three decades, from 1959 to 1990. Lee has helped to build the economy from a third world country to a first world country and turned Singapore into a metropolis after the separation from Malaysia in 1965.

Don Stephen Senanayaka of Sri Lanka Official Photographic Portrait of Don Stephen Senanayaka (1884-1952).jpg
Don Stephen Senanayaka of Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka

Prince Vijaya is considered to be the first King of Sri Lanka with King Dutugemunu honored as the first king to unify Sri Lanka. D. S. Senanayake (1883–1952) is widely known as the modern (post independence) father of the nation. William Gopallawa (1896–1981) was the first Constitutional President while J. R. Jayewardene (1906–1996) was the first Executive President.

Syria

Hashim al-Atassi, who had been Prime Minister under King Faisal's brief reign, was the first president to be elected under a new constitution, effectively the first incarnation of the modern republic of Syria.

Tajikistan

Emomali Rahmon was the first president of Tajikistan and founder of the country. He has been in office since 1994 after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Thailand

Turkey

Ataturk, the founding father of the Republic of Turkey Ataturk1930s.jpg
Atatürk, the founding father of the Republic of Turkey

Turkmenistan

Saparmurat Niyazov served as first post-Soviet President of Turkmenistan from 1990 to 2006.

United Arab Emirates

Initially independent emirates part of the Trucial states, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan established the United Arab Emirates by joining the seven independent emirates into a federation.

Uzbekistan

In Uzbekistan, no single individual is officially recognized as the "Founder of the Nation." However, different figures have been viewed as founders of Uzbekistan during various eras throughout history.

Muhammad Shaybani the Uzbek ruler, founder of Shaybanid Dynasty of the Khanate of Bukhara Muhammad Shaybani.jpg
Muhammad Shaybani the Uzbek ruler, founder of Shaybanid Dynasty of the Khanate of Bukhara
Amir Timur Timur reconstruction03.jpg
Amir Timur

Amir Timur is widely regarded as the main historical hero for modern Uzbekistan, as he founded the Timurid Empire and made significant contributions to the development of Uzbek Statehood.

Another significant historical figure, Muhammad Shaybani, is considered to be a significant founder of the nation due to his proximity in time to the establishment of the Uzbek state. He was an Uzbek leader who consolidated various Uzbek tribes and laid the foundations for their ascendance in Transoxiana and the establishment of the Khanate of Bukhara.

Fayzulla Xo`jayev in 1896 Khodzhaev Faizulla Gubaidulaevich (1896).jpg
Fayzulla Xoʻjayev in 1896

And Fayzulla Xoʻjayev was the founder of modern Uzbekistan. He first head of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic, which would later form part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. He became well known in the early 20th century as an advocate for Uzbekistani independence and as a leader of the Jadidist movement. This movement aimed to modernize and secularize Islamic society in Central Asia.

Khodzhayev's political career was marked by several challenges, including periods of exile and imprisonment. In 1920, he briefly served as the first prime minister of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. As Prime Minister, Khodjaev implemented a series of reforms aimed at promoting industrialization and collectivization in Uzbekistan. He also supported efforts to promote Uzbek culture and language, including the establishment of a national theater and the publication of a national encyclopedia. Khodjaev's political career came to an abrupt end in 1937, when he was arrested as part of Joseph Stalin's Great Purge. He was accused of espionage and treason and was executed in 1938. Today, Khodjaev is remembered as an important figure in the history of Uzbekistan and as a symbol of the complex relationship between the Central Asian republics and the Soviet Union. His legacy continues to be debated, with some seeing him as a progressive reformer and others as a Soviet stooge who contributed to the suppression of Uzbek national identity.

Vietnam

Kinh Dương VươngLạc Long Quân and the Hùng Kings were the founders of the Hồng Bàng dynasty – the first dynasty of Vietnam and laid the foundation to form the country of Vietnam.

Yemen

Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din ruled as first independent King of Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen from 1918 to 1948.

Europe

Albania

Ismail Kemal of Albania Ismail Qemali (portrait).jpg
Ismail Kemal of Albania

Ismail Kemal (24 January 1844 – 26 January 1919) was a distinguished leader of the Albanian national movement at the beginning of the 20th century, founder of the modern Albanian state in 1912, and its first prime minister and head of state and government.

Andorra

The first Co-Princes of Andorra were Roger-Bernard III, Count of Foix and Pere d'Urtx, Bishop of Urgell, who signed the Paréage, which gave them joint sovereignty over Andorra in 1278.

Austria

Karl Renner, who was the first Chancellor of Austria and the first post-war President of Austria after World War II, is often referred to as the "Father of the Republic" due to his leadership of the First Austrian Republic, and for playing a decisive role in establishing the present Second Austrian republic.

Belarus

Belgium

Though there is no official founding father of Belgium, the leaders of the Belgian Revolution, Charles Rogier and Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier, as well as the first King of the Belgians, Leopold I, were key figures in the independence of Belgium from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Mythical rulers of Bulgaria date back as far as 3rd millennium BC.

Medieval

Modern

Croatia

Cyprus

Makarios III (1913–1977), archbishop and primate of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church of Cyprus (1950–1977), and first president of Cyprus (1960–1977), is widely regarded by Greek Cypriots as the Father of the Nation or "Ethnarch". [45]

Conversely, Rauf Denktaş (1924–2012), under Makarios III second and last Vice President of Cyprus (1973–1974), and first President of Northern Cyprus (1983–2005), is considered the founding father of Northern Cyprus. [46]

Czech Republic

Denmark

Gorm the Old August Thomsen - Thyra Dannebod meddeler Kong Gorm den Gamle Underretning om hans Son Knuds Dod.png
Gorm the Old
Niels Ebbesen (1308 - 21 November 1340) Niels Ebbesen (Agnes Slott-Moller).jpg
Niels Ebbesen (1308 – 21 November 1340)

Estonia

Edgar Savisaar served as first post-Soviet Prime Minister of Estonia from 1991 to 1992.

Finland

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud served as first Prime Minister of Finland from 1917 to 1918.

France

Georgia

Germany

Otto von Bismarck Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0057, Otto von Bismarck.jpg
Otto von Bismarck

Before the national unification of Germany in 1871, German nationalists sought out multiple legendary founders of the German nation, such as Arminius, Charlemagne and – as championed by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Richard WagnerHenry the Fowler. Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898), the "Iron Chancellor", engineered the unification of the numerous states of Germany in 1871.[ citation needed ]

Modern, democratic Germany was decisively shaped by the "Fathers of the Basic Law" in the 1948 Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee, and by the first German Chancellor, Konrad Adenauer. For reunified Germany, the slogan "Wir sind das Volk!" ("We are the people!") became symbolic, thus making all Germans founders of modern Germany.[ citation needed ]

Greece

Ancient

Modern

Hungary

According to Anonymus the fejedelem who made the Magyars settle into the Carpathian Basin in 896 AD was Árpád. His dynasty reigned over the Hungarian Kingdom from the ninth century until 1301. In Hungary Stephen I of Hungary is commonly regarded as the founder of the nation. He was Hungary's first king and united the Magyar people into the Kingdom of Hungary. Amongst others, Lajos Kossuth is supposed to be the Pater Patriae. He is known as the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 against the Habsburgs, and therefore founder of the modern Hungarian Republic.

Iceland

Jón Sigurðsson was the leader of the 19th century Icelandic independence movement. [81] He was the first president of the Althingi, restored as a legislative branch in 1875.

Ireland

The Irish Free State was established after the Irish War of Independence (1919–21), in which Éamon de Valera, Cathal Brugha and Michael Collins were key leaders. However, they became antagonists in the Irish Civil War (1922–23), in which Collins and Brugha were killed and de Valera defeated. For decades, the inheritors of the opposing factions bypassed these sensitivities to honour the earlier leaders of the Easter Rising of 1916, in particular the seven signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic: Patrick Pearse, James Connolly, Éamonn Ceannt, Tom Clarke, Seán Mac Diarmada, Thomas MacDonagh, and Joseph Plunkett.

Italy

Ancient

Augustus Augustus Prima Porta (cropped).jpg
Augustus

Modern Italy

Giuseppe Garibaldi Giuseppe Garibaldi (1866).jpg
Giuseppe Garibaldi

Kosovo

It is likely that the Kosovo Albanians regard Ibrahim Rugova as a key figure, since he was the one that brought an independence movement of Kosovo from the fall of Yugoslavia. Additionally, Rugova ruled Kosovo from the 1992 till 2006 as president of the nation, and ever since has been regarded as the National Hero of Kosovo, and led to further independence in 2008 from Serbia to which now 97 nations have recognised Kosovo as of September 2021.

Latvia

Most Latvians regard Kārlis Ulmanis, a key figure in the Latvian war of independence and four-times Prime Minister of Latvia, as being the founding father of modern Latvia.

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

The first and the only king (1251–1263) of Lithuania, Mindaugas, is seen as the founder of the Lithuanian state, as is commemorated on Statehood Day on 6 July. [84] Dr. Jonas Basanavičius, activist and proponent of the Lithuanian National Revival in the turn of the 19th century into the 20th, who participated in every major event leading to the independence of Lithuania, member of the Council of Lithuania which on 16 February 1918 declared Lithuania an independent state, is universally considered the "Patriarch of the Nation". [85]

Luxembourg

Sigfried, Count of the Ardennes

Malta

Anthony Mamo (1909–2008) was the first president of the Republic of Malta.

Moldova

Monaco

Montenegro

Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1747–1830) acquired de facto independence for Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire and created the first Montenegrin law in the modern era.

Netherlands

Prince William I of Orange (1533–1584) or William the Silent, is known as the father of the Netherlands. He led the Dutch in their Revolt against Spain for their independence. Today he is often called Vader des Vaderlands ("Father of the Fatherland"). [89]

North Macedonia

Kiro Gligorov (first president of independent Macedonia). [90]

Norway

Poland

Mieszko I of Poland MieszkoDagome.jpg
Mieszko I of Poland

Legendary:

Kingdom of Poland and Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów:

Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Wladyslaw II Jagiello rule. Polska 1386 - 1434.png
Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Władysław II Jagiełło rule.
Gen. Jozef Pilsudski (first on the left) Ignacy Jan Paderewski (next to Pilsudski in the a civil coat) and Stanislaw Wojciechowski (behind Paderewski), future second President of Poland, during the opening ceremony of the Legislative Sejm, 9 February 1919. Pilsudski and Paderewski.jpg
Gen. Józef Piłsudski (first on the left) Ignacy Jan Paderewski (next to Piłsudski in the a civil coat) and Stanisław Wojciechowski (behind Paderewski), future second President of Poland, during the opening ceremony of the Legislative Sejm, 9 February 1919.

Fathers of Polish Independence:

Portugal

Romania

Russia

San Marino

Saint Marinus was the founder of the world's oldest surviving republic, San Marino, in 301. Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Rab on the other side of the Adriatic Sea (modern Croatia), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution.

Serbia

Slovakia

Many Slovaks see Great Moravia as their ancestors, which would make Mojmír I a founder.

Slovenia

France Bučar is a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. Between 1990 and 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament. He was the one to formally declare the independence of Slovenia on 25 June 1991. He is considered one of the founders of Slovenian democracy and independence. He is also considered, together with Peter Jambrek, as the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. Jože Pučnik was president of DEMOS and one of the main persons in the Slovenian fight for independence. The largest Slovenian airport is named Letališče Jožeta Pučnika (Jože Pučnik airport). Lojze Peterle was first prime minister of Slovenia and Milan Kučan was the first president.

Spain

The Catholic Monarchs of Spain Losreyescatolicos.jpg
The Catholic Monarchs of Spain

The Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, unified Spain in the 15th century. Both came from the noble House of Trastámara. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor was the first to inherit the dynastic union and the first Habsburg monarch. His successor, Philip II of Spain, established a capital in Madrid. The first Bourbon King of Spain was Philip V of Spain, who is also responsible for the de jure unification of the country.

Sweden

While Sweden had existed as a monarchy of sorts long before his time, Birger Jarl, father of and regent for Valdemar, King of Sweden, can be said to have established Sweden as a nation. Birger was Jarl in the years 1248–66.

Gustav I of Sweden, who secured Sweden's independence from Denmark in 1523, is often considered a father of the nation.

Switzerland

Both the anonymous Eidgenossen who drew up the Federal Charter of 1291, or the liberal statesmen who helped found the modern Swiss Confederation in 1848 can be considered the founders of Switzerland. Among the latter, those who became the first members of the Swiss Federal Council were perhaps the most notable: Ulrich Ochsenbein, Jakob Stämpfli, Jonas Furrer, Josef Munzinger, Henri Druey, Friedrich Frey-Herosé, Wilhelm Matthias Naeff and Stefano Franscini.[ citation needed ]

Ukraine

Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv were brothers who founded city of Kyiv in 482 CE

Oleg the Wise who was first Grand Prince of Kiev and created Kyivan Rus in 880

Daniel of Galicia was King of Ruthenia

In 1648, Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Petro Doroshenko led the largest of the Cossack uprisings against the Commonwealth and the Polish king.

Mykhailo Hrushevsky was the President the Central Council of Ukraine People's Republic.

Leonid Kravchuk is the First President of Ukraine elected in 1991.

United Kingdom

Robert Walpole Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford.jpg
Robert Walpole

James VI and I was regarded by some as the first king of Great Britain (both England and Scotland). Robert Walpole is considered the first Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

Vatican City

Peter the Apostle is seen as the first pope.

Vatican City took on its modern form under the Lateran Treaty signed by Pope Pius XI.

Oceania

Australia

Early colonial era

Late colonial and federation era

Sir Henry Parkes, colonial Australian politician, premier of New South Wales and "Father of Federation" Henryparkes.jpg
Sir Henry Parkes, colonial Australian politician, premier of New South Wales and "Father of Federation"
  • Sir Henry Parkes is often regarded as the "Father of Federation" in Australia. During the late 19th century, he was the strongest proponent for a federation of Australian territories. However, he died before Australia federated, and was never able to see his plan come to fruition. [95]
  • Andrew Inglis Clark is another founding father of Australia. He largely wrote the Australian Constitution in addition to developing the Hare-Clark system of voting and pushing for universal adult suffrage and other progressive ideals that would become law early in Australia's history.
  • Alfred Deakin also stands out as a significant founding father as he attended all the Federation Conferences, he gave up 10 years of senior political appointments to travel the country promoting federation and was Australia's first Attorney General. He was instrumental in securing Edmond Barton as the first Prime Minister while Deakin went on to be Australia's 2nd, 5th and 7th Prime Minister. Deakin was responsible for establishing the High Court, Australian Navy, and many other important acts of parliament. Sir Robert Menzies is on record for saying he was Australia's greatest Prime Ministers. [96]
  • John Dunmore Lang. Although passing away over two decades before federation, John Dunmore Lang was a strong advocate of a federation of the Australian colonies as a democratic republic, independent from the British Empire. [97] [98]
  • Sir Edmund Barton was the first Australian Prime Minister. Unlike many other nation's inaugural leaders, he is not often regarded as a Founder of Australia

Federated States of Micronesia

Chief Justice Andon Amaraich is regarded as "one of the founding fathers of the Federated States of Micronesia". [99] [100]

Fiji

Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara is widely viewed as the "Founding Father" of an independent Fiji. [101] [102] [103] [104] [105]

Kiribati

The I-Kiribati or Gilbertese people settled what would become known as the Gilbert Islands (named for British captain Thomas Gilbert by von Krusenstern in 1820) some time in between 3000 BC[1] [2] and 1300 AD.

Marshall Islands

The British naval captains John Marshall and Thomas Gilbert partially explored the Marshalls in 1788, but much of the mapping was done by Russian expeditions under Adam Johann Krusenstern (1803) and Otto von Kotzebue (1815 and 1823).

Nauru

Hammer DeRoburt dominated the political scene for the first two decades of the republic; he served as president for most of the postindependence period until being voted out of office in 1989. Thereafter, national politics was marked by a series of weak, short-lived governments; the presidency tended to be traded among a small number of politicians.

New Zealand

Maori people consider Kupe, a mythologised figure who led the first Polynesian migration to New Zealand from Hawaiki in the 10th century, to be a founding figure and the common ancestor of all Maori. In the 19th century, the Scottish businessman, James Busby, drafted the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand and co-authored the Treaty of Waitangi with the Royal Navy officer, William Hobson. It is considered by many to be the founding document of the nation of New Zealand. [ citation needed ]

Palau

Palau was truly discovered by the Europeans on 28 December 1696 when the first map of Palau was drawn by the Czech missionary Paul Klein.

Papua New Guinea

Grand Chief Sir Michael Somare is viewed as the "Founding Father" of Papua New Guinea. [106] [107] [108] [109] The leading figure during the country's transition to independence from Australia, he was Papua New Guinea's first Prime Minister.

Samoa

In 1722, Dutchman Jacob Roggeveen was the first European to see the islands. This visit was followed by the French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville (1729–1811), the man who named them the Navigator Islands in 1768.

Solomon Islands

It is believed that at least 30,000 years ago, the first Papuan settlement from New Guinea happened in the Solomon Islands. Most of the languages spoken in the Solomons derive from this era. Spanish explorer Alvoro de Mendana was the first European to officially sight the islands and found signs of gold on Guadalcanal.

Tonga

George Tupou I founded the modern Kingdom of Tonga George Tupou I, engraving by John Cochran (1904).jpg
George Tupou I founded the modern Kingdom of Tonga

King George Tupou I, who united his country and established the contemporary Kingdom of Tonga, has been described as Tonga's "founding father". [110] [111]

Tuvalu

Captain John Byron passed through the islands of Tuvalu in 1764 during his circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Dolphin (1751). Byron charted the atolls as Lagoon Islands.

Vanuatu

The first settlers to arrive in Vanuatu are believed to have arrived by canoe approximately 3,500 years ago from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. In 1606, the Portuguese explorer, Pedro Fernández de Quirós, discovered the island of Espiritu Santo, which he thought was a great southern continent.

Former states and other territories

Arabian Peninsula

After the Hijrah (622), the Islamic Prophet Muhammad (570–632) assumed political leadership over Yathrib, present day Medina. This feat in and of itself was unheard of, as the city consisted of both Jews and Arab pagans. Alongside consolidating his power in Medina, the Battle of Badr (624) saw the de facto leadership of Mecca destabilised. Eventually, at the Conquest of Mecca (629–630) Muhammad took leadership over his tribesmen. Furthermore, Muhammad oversaw delegations and armies sent across Arabia, including Yemen. The last Persian governor Badhan converted to Islam (628), thus including Southern Arabia under Islamic rule. Pre-Islamic Arabia was strife with tribalism and territoriality, therefore it was implausible for tribes to elect leaders let alone Arabia itself. Yet come Muhammad's death (632), Arabia was unified under one polity and religion.

Despite this state not possessing a specific name, it proved to be the platform for the Rashidun Caliphs (632–661) to eventually look beyond the Arabian Peninsula to the Byzantine and Sassanid Empires.

Bohemia

Although the first known ruler of Bohemia was Bořivoj I, Duke of Bohemia, the real unifier of various Slavic tribes in Bohemia and creator of nation was Duke Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia. Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor is regarded as the "Father of the Homeland" in the Czech Republic, because during his time the Kingdom of Bohemia experienced the greatest prosperity. Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937) is widely revered as the Liberator President who played the chief role in the 1918 melding of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and Ruthenia into the Czechoslovak Republic, and who served as President of the Republic from 1918 to 1935.

Czechoslovakia

Kingdom of England

It was King Athelstan (893/95–939) who united the several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England around the year 927, when he became King of the English as opposed to his previous title, King of the West Saxons. However, his fame is often overshadowed by his predecessor and grandfather Alfred the Great (871–899), who set in motion the unification of the English kingdoms and could also claim to be the nation's founder.

Kingdom of Hawaiʻi

Polynesians arrived on the islands from 1000-1200 AD, becoming Native Hawaiians. However, it was in 1795 when King Kamehameha I conceived the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi and unified the islands, beginning modern Hawaiian history.

Ancient Korea

For ancient Korea, Hwanung (환웅/桓雄) and his son Dangun Wanggeom (단군왕검/檀君王儉) were the legendary founders of Gojoseon, the first kingdom of Korea. The founding date is usually calculated as 3 October 2333 BC; 3 October is a South Korean national holiday known as Gaecheonjeol (개천절/開天節, lit.'Festival of the Opening of Heaven'). However, in North Korea, Gaecheonjeol is not celebrated and recognized at all, unlike South Korea.

Ottoman Empire

Osman I, the founding father of the Turkish Empire Sultan Gazi `Uthman Han I - lsulTn lGzy `uthmn khn l'waWl.png
Osman I, the founding father of the Turkish Empire

By the end of the 14th century, most of Anatolia was controlled by various Anatolian beyliks due to the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty in the area. The Seljuk dynasty had established both the Seljuk Empire, which was founded by Tughril and the Sultanate of Rum, with the first one being responsible for the Turkification of Anatolia. Osman I unified the beyliks under one banner, proclaiming the Ottoman Empire. [112]

Russian Empire

Kingdom of Scotland

It was King Kenneth MacAlpin (841–858) who united Pictland and Scotland, around the year 843, when he became King of Scots, as opposed to his previous title, King of Dál Riada. However, his fame is partly eclipsed by Malcolm III (1058–1093), who was the first king to rule over nearly all Scotland, after annexing Strathclyde. [116]

The fictionalising medieval poem The Wallace (c. 1477) celebrated William Wallace (died 1305) as one of the founder-heroes of Scotland's struggle to preserve/re-establish independence from Plantagenet England. [117]

Serbia and Montenegro

Soviet Union

Lenin in 1920 (cropped).jpg
Vladimir Lenin, founder of the Soviet Union and the leader of the Bolshevik party.
Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R15068, Leo Dawidowitsch Trotzki.jpg
Leon Trotsky, founder of the Red Army and a key figure in the October Revolution.

Republic of Texas

Wales

Republic of Vietnam

Ngô Đình Diệm (1901–1963), first president of South Vietnam.

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, known as Alexander the Unifier.

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Josip Broz Tito, Marshal of Yugoslavia (1943–1980).

Union of South Africa

Zaire

Mobutu Sese Seko was the founder of Zaire and its only president.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constitutional monarchy</span> Form of government

Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework.

The history of Egypt has been long and wealthy, due to the flow of the Nile River with its fertile banks and delta, as well as the accomplishments of Egypt's native inhabitants and outside influence. Much of Egypt's ancient history was a mystery until Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered with the discovery and deciphering of the Rosetta Stone. Among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the Great Pyramid of Giza.

A monarch is a head of state for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest authority and power in the state, or others may wield that power on behalf of the monarch. Usually a monarch either personally inherits the lawful right to exercise the state's sovereign rights or is selected by an established process from a family or cohort eligible to provide the nation's monarch. Alternatively, an individual may proclaim oneself monarch, which may be backed and legitimated through acclamation, right of conquest or a combination of means.

The history of North Macedonia encompasses the history of the territory of the modern state of North Macedonia.

The abolition of monarchy is a legislative or revolutionary movement to abolish monarchical elements in government, usually hereditary.

The phrase "power behind the throne" refers to a person or group that informally exercises the real power of a high-ranking office, such as a head of state. In politics, it most commonly refers to a relative, aide, or nominal subordinate of a political leader who serves as de facto leader, setting policy through possessing great influence and/or skillful manipulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuad I of Egypt</span> King of Egypt and the Sudan (1868–1936)

Fuad I was the Sultan and later King of Egypt and the Sudan. The ninth ruler of Egypt and Sudan from the Muhammad Ali dynasty, he became Sultan in 1917, succeeding his elder brother Hussein Kamel. He replaced the title of Sultan with King when the United Kingdom unilaterally declared Egyptian independence in 1922.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mohamed Naguib</span> Egyptian revolutionary and President of Egypt (1901–1984)

Mohamed Bey Naguib Youssef Qutb El-Qashlan, also known as Mohamed Naguib, was an Egyptian military officer and revolutionary, who along with Gamal Abdel Nasser, was one of the two principal leaders of the Free Officers movement of 1952 that toppled the monarchy of Egypt and the Sudan, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Egypt, and the independence of Sudan, and eventually South Sudan in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hashim al-Atassi</span> Syrian statesman, thrice president (1875–1960)

Hashim al-Atassi was a Syrian nationalist and statesman and the President of Syria from 1936 to 1939, 1949 to 1951 and 1954 to 1955.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Decolonisation of Africa</span> Independence of African colonies from European powers

The decolonisation of Africa largely took place from the mid-1950s to 1975 during the Cold War, with radical changes in governance on the continent taking place as colonial governments gave way to Sovereign states. The process was often marred by violence, political turmoil, widespread unrest, and organised revolts in both northern and sub-Saharan countries including the Mau Mau rebellion in British Kenya, the Algerian War in French Algeria, the Congo Crisis in the Belgian Congo, the Angolan War of Independence in Portuguese Angola, the Zanzibar Revolution in the Sultanate of Zanzibar, and the events leading to the Nigerian Civil War in the secessionist state of Biafra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1952 Egyptian Revolution</span> Military overthrow of King Farouk

The Egyptian Revolution of 1952, also known as the 1952 coup d'état and 23 July Revolution, was a period of profound political, economic, and societal change in Egypt. On 23 July 1952 the revolution began with the toppling of King Farouk in a coup d'état by the Free Officers Movement. This group of army officers was led by Mohamed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Revolution ushered in a wave of revolutionary politics in the Arab World, and contributed to the escalation of decolonisation, and the development of Third World solidarity during the Cold War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bandung Conference</span> 1955 meeting of Asian and African states

The first large-scale Asian–African or Afro–Asian Conference —also known as the Bandung Conference—was a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on 18–24 April 1955 in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. The twenty-nine countries that participated represented a total population of 1.5 billion people, 54% of the world's population. The conference was organized by Indonesia, Burma (Myanmar), India, Ceylon, and Pakistan and was coordinated by Ruslan Abdulgani, secretary general of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fares al-Khoury</span> Syrian statesman and minister

Faris al-Khoury was a Syrian statesman, minister, prime minister, speaker of parliament, and father of modern Syrian politics. Faris Khoury went on to become prime minister of Syria from October 14, 1944, to October 1, 1945, and from October 1954 to February 13, 1955. Faris Koury's position as prime minister is, as of 2017, the highest political position a Syrian Christian has ever reached. Khoury's electoral popularity was due in part to his staunch secularist and nationalist policies. As a die-hard Syrian nationalist, Khoury never compromised on his principles and was resolutely against pan-Arabism and the ill-fated union between Syria and Egypt. Khoury opposed the short-lived union between Nasser's Egypt and republican Syria, the United Arab Republic. Through it all Faris Khoury served his country for almost 50 years. He was the grandfather of noted Syrian novelist Colette Khoury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Egypt</span> State in Northeast Africa and Western Asia (1922–1953)

The Kingdom of Egypt was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Until the Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, the Kingdom was only nominally independent, as the United Kingdom retained control of foreign relations, communications, the military, and Sudan. Officially, Sudan was governed as a condominium of the two states, however, in reality, true power in Sudan lay with the United Kingdom. Between 1936 and 1952, the United Kingdom continued to maintain its military presence, and its political advisers, at a reduced level.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Libya</span> Kingdom in North Africa from 1951 to 1969

The Kingdom of Libya, known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless coup d'état on 1 September 1969. The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic.

A non-sovereign monarchy, subnational monarchy or constituent monarchy is one in which the head of the monarchical polity, and the polity itself, are subject to a temporal authority higher than their own. The constituent states of the German Empire or the princely states of British India provide historical examples; while the Zulu king, whose power derives from the Constitution of South Africa, is a contemporary one.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Tunisia</span> 1956–1957 monarchy in Northern Africa

The Kingdom of Tunisia was a short-lived country established as a monarchy on 20 March 1956 after Tunisian independence and the end of the French protectorate period. It lasted for a period of one year and five months between 20 March 1956, the day of the independence, until 25 July 1957, the day of the declaration of the republic. Its sole monarch, titled Bey of Tunis, was Muhammad VIII al-Amin who appointed the Prime Ministers Tahar Ben Ammar and Habib Bourguiba.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pan-Arabism</span> Ideology espousing the unification of the Arab world

Pan-Arabism is a pan-nationalist ideology that espouses the unification of all Arab people in a single nation-state, comprising the Arab countries of West Asia and North Africa from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world. It is closely connected to Arab nationalism, which asserts the view that the Arabs constitute a single nation. It originated in the late 19th century among the Arab regions of the Ottoman Empire, and its popularity reached its height during the 1950s and 1960s. Advocates of pan-Arabism have often espoused Arab socialist principles and strongly opposed Western political involvement in the Arab world. It also sought to empower Arab states against outside forces by forming alliances and, to a lesser extent, economic co-operation.

References

  1. "Congo Celebrates 50th Anniversary of Independence". Congo Planet. Congo News Agency. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
  2. The 'Father of Modern Egypt' school includes: Henry Dodwell, The Founder of Modern Egypt: A Study of Muhammad Ali (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965); Arthur Goldschmidt, Jr., Modern Egypt: The Formation of a Nation-State (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1988); Albert Haurani, A History of the Arab Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); Jean Lacouture and Simonne Lacouture, Egypt in Transition, trans. Francis Scarfe (New York: Criterion Books, 1958); P.J. Vatikiotis, The History of Modern Egypt: From Muhammad Ali to Mubarak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). The following internet sources, while not necessarily scholarly, show how widespread this interpretation is. "History," The Egyptian Presidency, 2008, "History". Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2009. (accessed 29 October 2008); Metz, Helen, Chapin. "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48," Egypt: a Country Study, 1990, http://countrystudies.us/egypt/ (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt 1805–48: The Father of Modern Egypt," Travel to Egypt – Egypt Travel Guide, 2007, http://www.travel-to-egypt.net/muhammad-ali.html (accessed 29 October 2008); "Muhammad Ali of Egypt," Answer.com, 2008, http://www.answers.com/topic/muhammad-ali (accessed 29 October 2008).
  3. Joseph Roberts, Liberia's first President! Archived 23 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine The African American Registry
  4. Diller, Daniel; Moore, John (1995). The Middle East. Congressional Quarterly. p. 308.
  5. Walker, James W (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone". The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870 . Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.  94–114. ISBN   978-0-8020-7402-7., originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
  6. Redmond Shannon (13 April 2016). "Saint John historian illuminates story of Thomas Peters, prominent black loyalist". New Brunswick: CBC News. Retrieved 22 November 2016.
  7. A Tribute to Thomas Peters
  8. John Lynch, San Martin: Argentine Soldier, American Hero (2009)
  9. "¿Por qué San Martín es considerado el "Padre de la Patria"?". La Nación (in Spanish). Buenos Aires. 17 August 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  10. Coca Pimentel, Valeria (30 July 2023). "José de San Martín: ¿cómo llegó a convertirse en el gestor de la independencia del Perú?" (in Spanish). Lima: Infobae Perú . Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  11. Wallenfeldt, Jeff. "When the "Hannibal of the Andes" Liberated Chile". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  12. "Manuel Belgrano, de líder a héroe nacional" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Museo Roca - Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas. Ministry of Culture. 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  13. "María Remedios del Valle, la "Madre de la Patria"" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Museo Nacional del Cabildo de Buenos Aires y de la Revolución de Mayo. Ministerio de Cultura . Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  14. "Respect to Father of the Nation, George Cadle Price". Amandala . Belize City, Belize. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  15. "Father of the Nation, George Cadle Price, passes". The San Pedro Sun . San Pedro Town, Belize. 19 September 2011. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  16. Library and Archives Canada. Fathers of Confederation. Collections Canada: Canadian Confederation.
  17. Canada History: Fathers of Confederation Archived 14 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Access History Web Company: The History Project.
  18. Granger, David (16 February 2017). "The Spirit of Chaguaramas". CARICOM. Georgetown, Guyana: Government of CARICOM. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  19. "Juan Mora Fernández". Guiascostarica.com. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  20. "Francisco María Oreamuno Badilla". Guiascostarica.com. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  21. es:República Dominicana#Independencia nacional
  22. Zepeda Peña, Ciro Cruz (2006). "Historia del Órgano Legislativo de la República de El Salvador" [History of the Legislative Organ of the Republic of El Salvador](PDF) (in Spanish). Legislative Assembly of El Salvador. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  23. "Colección Muro de Honor" (PDF). MX: H. Congreso de la Unión, México. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
  24. "Monumento de la Independencia" (PDF). MX: INAH, México. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  25. Timothy Anna, The fall of the royal government in Peru, pp. 237–238.
  26. "Central & South America". Gosouthamerica.about.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017.[ permanent dead link ]
  27. "Statue of Venezuela's founding father unveiled in Tehran in presence of Chavez". Payvand.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
  28. "Bentham Project". Ucl.ac.uk.
  29. "Francisco de Miranda and Andrés Bello lectures at The Bolívar Hall". Venezlon.co.uk. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  30. R.B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009).
  31. "The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. 21 December 2021.
  32. Hovannisian, Richard (1971). The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919 . University of California Press. p.  147. ISBN   9780520018051. Aram pasha, as he was known to friend and foe alike, had been a veritable founder of the Armenian republic.
  33. Libaridian, Gerard J. (1991). Armenia at the crossroads: democracy and nationhood in the post-Soviet era: essays, interviews, and speeches by the leaders of the national democratic movement in Armenia. Watertown, Massachusetts: Blue Crane Nooks. p. 19. ISBN   9780962871511. Aram Manukian (1879–1919), a leading member of the Dashnaktustiune, organized the defense of Van in 1915 and Yerevan in 1918. He is considered the founder of the Republic of Armenia in 1918.
  34. Asryan, Armen (2005). "Արամ Մանուկյանը հայոց մեծ ողբերգության տարիներին [Aram Manukyan in the Years of the Great Armenian Tragedy]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian). № 1 (1): 54. ISSN   0135-0536.
  35. Virabyan, Amatuni, ed. (2009). Արամ Մանուկյան. Փաստաթղթեր և նյութերի ժողովածու [Aram Manukian: Collection of documents and materials] (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: National Archives of Armenia. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2014. ...20–րդ դարասկզբի հայոց ազգային–ազատագրական շարժման ականավոր ղեկավար, Վանի ինքնապաշտպանության ղեկավար, 1918թ. մայիսյան հերոսամարերի կազմակերպիչ, Հայաստանի Հանրապետության կերտող Արամ Մանուկյանի...
  36. Harutyunyan, Arpi; Barseghyan, Haykuhi (16 March 2012). "Derision at "Servile" Putin Fan Club in Armenia". No. 634. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. Archived from the original on 18 September 2014. "...an Armenian national figure like Aram Manukyan, founder of the [1918] First Republic," Levon Shirinyan, who holds the chair of politics and history at Yerevan's teacher-training university.
  37. Ahmed, ABM Shamsuddin (2012). "Iliyas Shah". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  38. Yang, Zhenhai (2020). The Yellow Emperor's Inner Transmission of Acupuncture. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. p. 62. ISBN   9789882371132.
  39. Ebrey, Patricia; Liu, Kwang-Ching (2010). The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 10. ISBN   9780521124331.
  40. 1 2 Perkins, Dorothy (2013). Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN   9781135935627.
  41. Yin, Xiong (2015). 至樂齋詩抄 第二部. 新華出版社. p. 181. ISBN   9787516616048.
  42. Xie, Xuanjun (2017). 少数民族入主中国史略. Lulu.com. p. 403. ISBN   9781387255351.
  43. Stefoff, Rebecca (1996). Mao Zedong: Founder of the People's Republic of China. Millbrook Press. ISBN   9781562945312.
  44. Liu, Wenbin (2015). 思想独舞.
  45. 1 2 Varnava, Andrekos; Michael, Michalis N. (26 July 2013). The Archbishops of Cyprus in the Modern Age: The Changing Role of the Archbishop-Ethnarch, their Identities and Politics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN   9781443850810 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 via Google Books.
  46. 1 2 "Turkey remembers founding father of Northern Cyprus". Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
  47. "India becomes first Asian country to participate as 'Guest of Honour' in international book fair". India Today.
  48. Nagaland CM inaugurates Multi Media Exhibition at World War II museum Archived 2 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  49. 4 Serangkai Pendiri Republik Sukarno pradoks Revolusi Indonesia, hatta jejak yang melampaui zaman, Sjahrir Peran besar Bung Kecil, Tan Malaka Bapak Republik yang Dilupakan . Retrieved 11 November 2023.{{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  50. H.J. Van Mook (1949). "Indonesia". Royal Institute of International Affairs. 25 (3): 274–285. doi:10.2307/3016666. JSTOR   3016666.; Charles Bidien (5 December 1945). "Independence the Issue". Far Eastern Survey. 14 (24): 345–348. doi:10.2307/3023219. JSTOR   3023219.; Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and History . Yale University Press. pp.  325. ISBN   978-0-300-10518-6.; Reid (1973), p. 30
  51. Amuzegar, The Dynamics of the Iranian Revolution, (1991), pp. 4, 9–12
  52. Narrative of Awakening : A Look at Imam Khomeini's Ideal, Scientific and Political Biography from Birth to Ascension by Hamid Ansari, Institute for Compilation and Publication of the Works of Imam Khomeini, International Affairs Division, [no date], p. 163
  53. Nina Adler (14 February 2017). "Als der Schah zur größten Party auf Erden lud". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  54. Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i. The clan and dynasty)
  55. "international relations :: The Iranian revolution – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". 15 December 2007. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  56. Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 神武天皇 (1)
  57. Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 28–29.
  58. Hardacre, Helen (1989). Shinto and the State, 1868–1988, pp. 101–102.
  59. Kamal S. Salibi (15 December 1998). The Modern History of Jordan. I.B.Tauris. p. 93. ISBN   978-1-86064-331-6.
  60. Hashemite Monarchs of Jordan, "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on 11 April 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946"
  61. Bowman, John S. (5 September 2000). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 396. ISBN   978-0-231-50004-3. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  62. "The Father of Palestine". The Atlantic . 10 August 2005.
  63. "Yasser Arafat: Father of a nation". Daily Sabah . 23 December 2017.
  64. Bernadette Brexel (2003). Yasser Arafat. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 12.
  65. Aburish, Said K. (1998). From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. p.  46. ISBN   978-1-58234-049-4.
  66. The Oslo Accords: international law and the Israeli-Palestinian peace agreements, By Geoffrey R. Watson, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN   978-0-19-829891-5, page 33
  67. As'ad Ghanem Palestinian Politics after Arafat: A Failed National Movement:Palestinian Politics after Arafat, Indiana University Press, 2010 p.259.
  68. "Turkey – Location, Geography, People, Economy, Culture, & History". Britannica.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  69. Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Mirza, Mahan (28 November 2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. ISBN   9781400838554 via Google Books.
  70. Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 407. ISBN   9780520015968.
  71. Krum, Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  72. Токушев, Д. "История на българската средновековна държава и право", Сиби, С. 2009
  73. Runciman, p. 152
  74. Andreev, J. The Bulgarian Khans and Tsars (Balgarskite hanove i tsare, Българските ханове и царе), Veliko Tarnovo, 1996, p. 127, ISBN   954-427-216-X
  75. "Bulgaria after Simeon". Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  76. There has been no Macedonian state since the days of the Ancient Macedon that was finally abolished in 148 BC and 1945, when Communist Yugoslavia established its constituent republic with such name. It is unlikely that the contemporary Republic of Macedonia founded in 1991, may establish credible historical link to the medieval Samuel's state. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Columbia Encyclopedia, Collier's Encyclopedia, the Great Russian Encyclopedia, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium and the Cambridge Medieval History, Samuel was Tsar of Bulgaria.
  77. Predrag Matvejević; Vidosav Stevanović; Zlatko Dizdarević (1999). Gospodari rata i mira. Feral Tribune. p. 64. ISBN   9789536359400.
  78. James Minahan (1 January 2000). One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 198. ISBN   978-0-313-30984-7. On 15 June 1997 Franjo Tudjman, the self-proclaimed "Father of the Nation," was elected for another five-year term
  79. Carl A.P. Ruck and Danny Staples, The World of Classical Myth (Carolina Academic Press, 1994), ch. ix "Theseus:Making the New Athens" pp. 203–222
  80. Brewer, David The Greek War of Independence, London: Overlook Duckworth, 2011 p. 130.
  81. Birgir Hermannsson. (2005). Understanding nationalism : studies in Icelandic nationalism, 1800–2000. Stockholm Univ. p. 174. ISBN   91-7155-148-4. OCLC   238669014.
  82. "LaGrandeBiblioteca.com is available at DomainMarket.com". LaGrandeBiblioteca.com is available at DomainMarket.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  83. V. Creation of the Italian Kingdom Archived 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  84. Budrytė, Brigita (6 July 2019). "Karaliaus Mindaugo paslaptys: nuo gimimo ir karūnavimo – iki charakterio ir mirties". lrytas.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  85. "Signataras J.Basanavičius – tautos patriarchas, pasilikęs gyventi lenkų užimtame Vilniuje". 15min.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  86. "Descălecatul (întemeierea) Moldovei. Bogdan I, primul domn al Moldovei". 4 December 2017.
  87. "Când Ștefan cel Mare face politică. Președintele Igor Dodon folosește imaginea domnitorului pentru a promova ideologia moldovenismului". G4Media.ro. 10 September 2018.
  88. "Țepeș, Ștefan cel Mare sau Lăpușneanu. Moldoveni, despre personalități pe care și le-ar dori președinte". AGORA. 24 September 2020.
  89. Small Planet Named After Willem the Silent, Astronomie.nl (in Dutch)
  90. Dawisha, Karen; Parrott, Bruce (1997). Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521597333.
  91. "Why did the Norwegian constitution of 1814 become a part of positive law in the nineteenth century?". Blogit.helsinki.fi. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  92. Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788–1921. p. 56. ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ – КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ
  93. Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
  94. "Governor, soldier, spy: Uncovering the history of Arthur Phillip". ABC News. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  95. "RBA: Sir Henry Parkes Biographical Summary". Archived from the original on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.
  96. "Home". alfreddeakin.
  97. "Who Was John Dunmore Lang?". dunmorelangcollege.nsw.edu.au. Dunmore Lang College, Macquarie. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  98. "John Dunmore Lang". explore.moadoph.gov.au. Museum of Australian Democracy. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
  99. "The Federated States of Micronesia Mourns the loss of one of its Founding Fathers: Chief Justice Andon Amaraich", Government of the F.S. Micronesia, 28 January 2010
  100. "FSM chief justice dies in Hawaii". Radio New Zealand International . 28 January 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  101. "Biography on Fiji's founding father released", Fiji Daily Post, 14 October 2009
  102. "Fiji's founding father, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, to be buried on home island today". Radio New Zealand International . 2 May 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  103. "Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara – prime minister of Fiji". Britannica.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  104. "Fiji profile – timeline". BBC News. 4 January 2018.
  105. "Fiji founding father, Ratu Mara, dies", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 19 April 2004
  106. Speech in honour of Sir Michael Somare Archived 9 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine by President Gloria Arroyo of the Philippines
  107. "Somare returns as PNG leader". Radio New Zealand International . 6 August 2002. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
  108. http://google.com/search?q=cache:Gi52xv9pGp8J:www.dwu.ac.pg/news/2009/Prime%2520Minister%2520opens%2520student%2520admin%2520building%2520named%2520after%2520him.html+Michael+Somare+founding+father&cd=16&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=fr "Prime Minister opens student admin building named after him", Divine Word University
  109. "Step aside Chief!", Papua New Guinea Post-Courier , 14 September 2007
  110. "Uncertain Times: Sailors, Beachcombers and Castaways as "Missionaries" and Cultural Mediators in Tonga (Polynesia)", Françoise Douaire-Marsaudon, in Margaret Jolly, Serge Tcherkézoff & Darrell Tryon (eds.) Oceanic Encounters: Exchange, Desire, Violence, July 2009, ISBN   978-1-921536-28-1
  111. Peter Lyon (1991). "Tonga: Two contemporary tendencies". The Pacific Review. 4 (3).
  112. Korobeĭnikov, Dimitri (2014). Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-870826-1.
  113. Rurik (Norse leader) Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  114. Rurik Dynasty (medieval Russian rulers) Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  115. Plokhy, Serhii (2006). The Origins of the Slavic Nations: Premodern Identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (PDF). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–15. ISBN   978-0-521-86403-9 . Retrieved 27 April 2010. For all the salient differences between these three post-Soviet nations, they have much in common when it comes to their culture and history, which goes back to Kievan Rus', the medieval East Slavic state based in the capital of present-day Ukraine.
  116. Moncrieffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1956). Blood Royal. Thomas Nelson and Sons. pp. 42–43.
  117. Lynch, Michael, ed. (2007). "Culture". The Oxford Companion to Scottish History. Oxford Reference. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 130. ISBN   9780199234820. The Wallace (c. 1477) by Blind Harry (fl. 1470–92) mythologized a national founder-hero in decasyllabic couplets mixed with stanzaical, lyrical verse.
  118. Brotherstone, Terence (1992). Trotsky's future. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). Edinburgh University Press. p. 238. ISBN   978-0-7486-0317-6.
  119. Danilov, Victor; Porter, Cathy (1990). "We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky". History Workshop (29): 136–146. ISSN   0309-2984. JSTOR   4288968.
  120. Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008). The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia. Yale University Press. p. 438. ISBN   978-0-300-13493-3.
  121. Watson, Derek (27 July 2016). Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41. Springer. p. 25. ISBN   978-1-349-24848-3.
  122. Deutscher, Isaac (1965). The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929. New York, Vintage Books. p. 135. ISBN   978-0-394-70747-1.
  123. Dziewanowski, M. K. (2003). Russia in the twentieth century. Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 162. ISBN   978-0-13-097852-3.
  124. Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. pp. 84 & 86. ISBN   978-0-14-014581-6.
  125. Davies, John (1994). A History of Wales. London: Penguin. p. 100. ISBN   978-0-14-014581-6.
  126. Southern African Currency Page (2018). "Suid-Afrikaanse Rand South African Rand Old Rand Notes (1970–1994)". Southern African Currency Page. Archived from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018. Van Riebeeck was the Dutch colonial administrator who established Cape Town in 1652, and is a significant figure in South African, and especially Afrikaner, history. Many Afrikaners view van Riebeeck as the father of the Afrikaner nation. Van Riebeeck also featured on the reverse of the R20 note, albeit indirectly, with an image of van Riebeeck's landing party (three ships) and the (old) South African Coat of Arms, with the Latin motto "Ex Unitate Vires" – "From Unity, Strength" (also translated as "Unity Creates Strength").
  127. "So whose face was on old SA money?". IOL Business Report.