Macintosh

Last updated

The MacBook Air, Apple's best-selling Mac model M2 Macbook Air Starlight model.jpg
The MacBook Air, Apple's best-selling Mac model

The Mac (called Macintosh until 1999) is a family of personal computers designed and built by Apple. Macs are known for their ease of use [1] and distinctive aluminium, minimalist design, and are popular among students, creative professionals, and software engineers. The current Mac lineup includes the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro laptops, and the iMac, Mac mini, Mac Studio and Mac Pro desktop computers. Macs run the macOS operating system.

Contents

The first Mac was released in 1984 under the name Macintosh, and was advertised with Apple's now-famous 1984 ad. The Mac has undergone four major transitions: from Motorola 68000 to PowerPC processors, from Classic Mac OS to Mac OS X, from PowerPC to Intel x86 processors, and from Intel to Apple silicon processors. Today, Macs share the same ARM architecture as iOS devices; Apple silicon's performance and power efficiency has been described as "impressive" by AnandTech. [2]

History

1984–1997: First Macintosh and first post-Jobs era

Steve Jobs with the Macintosh, January 1984 Steve Jobs and Macintosh computer, January 1984, by Bernard Gotfryd - edited.jpg
Steve Jobs with the Macintosh, January 1984

The first Macintosh, unveiled in 1984, was the first successful personal computer with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). [3] Steve Jobs partially took the inspiration for the GUI from Xerox PARC, an R&D institute that had partnered with Apple. [4] The Macintosh was pivotal in starting the desktop publishing revolution. [5] It had an all-in-one design, and was described as a "revolution" by the New York Times. [6]

The Macintosh name was conceived in 1979, when Apple employee Jef Raskin envisioned an easy-to-use, low-cost computer for the average consumer, and wanted to name the computer after his favorite type of apple, the McIntosh ( /ˈmækɪnˌtɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh). [7] In 1983, Apple licensed the rights to the Macintosh name from audio equipment manufacturer McIntosh Laboratory, and in 1986, bought the trademark outright. [8] [9] : 87 

Over the 1980s, the Macintosh became dominant among creative professionals and in schools. [10] [11] Apple continued to release new models, including the PowerBook notebook lineup, which were the first portable computers with the keyboard behind a palm rest and a built-in pointing device (a trackball) in front of the keyboard. [12] The second generation of PowerBooks were the first laptops in the world to have a trackpad, built-in Ethernet, and stereo speakers. [13] System 7 introduced virtual memory and cooperative multitasking in 1991. [14] On the hardware side, Apple discontinued the use of Frog design's Snow White design language, and brought product design in-house under the Apple Industrial Design Group. [15]

In 1994, Apple's marketshare fell to 8.5% compared to market leader Compaq's 10.3%. [16] [17] That same year, Apple abandoned Motorola CPUs in favor of the RISC PowerPC architecture developed by the AIM alliance of Apple, IBM, and Motorola. [18] The Power Macintosh line, the first to use the new chips, proved to be highly successful, with over a million PowerPC units sold in nine months. [19] Apple had to compete against Macintosh clones, hardware manufactured by companies to whom Apple had licensed System 7, which cannibalized the sales of Apple's higher-margin Macintoshes. [20] Even after the transition to the superior PowerPC-based lineup in the mid-1990s, the falling prices of Wintel PCs, poor inventory management with the Macintosh Performa, and the release of Windows 95 contributed to a sustained decline in Macintosh sales. [20] [21] [22] [23]

1998–2005: Return of Jobs and revival

For years, Apple had "desperately" tried to develop a successor to the aging Mac OS, which lacked proper multitasking and memory protection, and was prone to crashes. [24] Apple decided to acquire another company to form the foundation of their next OS, [25] and settled on acquiring NeXT in 1997, which was founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985, and had developed the Unix-based NeXTSTEP operating system. [26] [27] [28] Though Jobs was initially brought back into Apple under an advisory role, he was later appointed Apple interim CEO on September 16, 1997. [29] [30] In a series of cost-cutting measures, Jobs fired a third of Apple's workforce, [31] improved Apple's inventory management, [32] and controversially shut down the Advanced Technology Group, which had created QuickTime, QuickDraw 3D, and OpenDoc. [33] Jobs also simplified the complex Mac product line down to only four products, in order to "put the A-team" on each one: the consumer-oriented iMac G3, the high-performance PowerBook G3 notebook and Power Macintosh G3 desktop, and the consumer-oriented iBook, which was announced later in 1999. [32] [34] [35] All were successful due to their high performance, competitive prices, and appealing designs, and helped return Apple to profitability. [36] [37] Apple also stopped licensing Mac OS to Macintosh clone manufacturers, [38] [39] : 256  and changed the lineup's name from Macintosh to Mac. [40]

iMac G3 marketing heavily emphasized its design and Internet capabilities IMac colorful internet lowres.png
iMac G3 marketing heavily emphasized its design and Internet capabilities

The iMac G3 all-in-one computer was introduced in 1998. Its translucent and colorful plastic case is considered an industrial design landmark of the late 1990s, and is credited to Apple design chief Jony Ive. [41] [42] [43] It was first available in Bondi Blue; [41] [44] the second revision came in Blueberry, Grape, Tangerine, Lime, and Strawberry colors. [43] The iMac's colorful appeal, ease-of-use, and Internet capabilities were central to its marketing, [45] leading the Associated Press to call it "futuristic" and "eye-catching". [46] The iMac did away with the SCSI and proprietary ADB connectors, in favor of two USB ports. [47] It replaced a floppy disk drive with a CD-ROM drive for installing software. [48] [49] The iMac proved to be wildly successful, with 800,000 units sold in 139 days. [50] It made the company an annual profit of US$309 million in 1998, Apple's first profitable year since 1995. [32] However, the iMac's bundled USB Mouse was widely criticized for its non-traditional "hockey puck" shape. [51]

The iMac's aesthetic was applied to a revised Power Macintosh G3 in 1998, and the iBook in 1999, which completed Apple's four-product computer lineup. [34] More than 140,000 preorders were placed for the iBook before it began shipping in September 1999, [52] and by October it was already the highest selling portable computer in the U.S. [53] In 2000, Apple released the Power Mac G4 Cube. [54] Despite its innovative design, it was initially priced US$200 higher than the comparably-powerful and more expandable Power Mac G4, while also not including a monitor, resulting in slow sales, and its eventual discontinuation in 2001. [55] [56]

Following Apple users' and developers' increasing discontent from Mac OS's technical rot, and missing features like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, in 2000, Apple released a public beta of the long-awaited Unix-based successor to the Classic Mac OS, Mac OS X. [57] Mac OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP and FreeBSD. [57] A Mac OS X Public Beta was released in September 2000, featuring a revamped user interface called Aqua. [58] The initial version of Mac OS X, version 10.0 "Cheetah", was released on March 24, 2001. [59] Older Mac OS applications could still run in early Mac OS X versions under a compatibility environment called Classic. [60] Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 "Puma" (2001), 10.2 "Jaguar" (2002), 10.3 "Panther" (2003) and 10.4 "Tiger" (2005). [61]

At Macworld 2001, Steve Jobs unveiled a new "digital hub" strategy, making the Mac the centerpiece for users' digital lives. [62] Over the following years, this effort culminated into the iLife software suite, which included iTunes, iMovie, GarageBand, iDVD, and iWeb, allowing consumers to easily listen to music, edit videos, create songs, burn homemade films to DVDs, and create websites respectively. [63] iTunes's "Rip, Mix, Burn" ad campaign was criticized by some, who claimed it encouraged media piracy. [64] [65] iTunes was later expanded with the launch of the iTunes Music Store in 2003, rapidly taking over the market and profoundly changing the music industry, which had been beset by widespread piracy via peer-to-peer file sharing software such as Napster and LimeWire. [66] [67]

Apple continued to launch products, such as the education-oriented eMac, and the PowerBook G4. [68] [69] The iMac G3 was later succeeded by the flat-panel iMac G4, and the iMac G5, both of which dropped the array of colors in favor of white polycarbonate. [42] On January 11, 2005, Apple announced the Mac Mini, priced at US$499, which aimed to attract desktop users on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems to Mac. [70] [71]

2005–2011: Transition to Intel processors and unibody redesigns

2006 MacBook Pro MacBook Pro.png
2006 MacBook Pro

At Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2005, Steve Jobs announced that all Macs would switch from PowerPC to Intel processors, revealing that Mac OS X had been internally developed to run on both the Intel and PowerPC architectures since 2001. [72] [73] The transition aimed to make the company's computers more power-efficient and competitive with Wintel PCs. [74] The PowerPC G5 chip's heavy power consumption and heat output (the Power Mac G5 had to be liquid-cooled) had prevented its use in Mac notebooks and the Mac mini, which were forced to use the older and slower PowerPC G4 chip. [75] The transition allowed Apple to add more powerful multi-core processors to its notebooks and increase their battery life. The Rosetta translation layer enabled users to continue running PowerPC-based apps on Intel Macs, until its removal in Mac OS X Lion. [76] The Intel transition led to a continuous increase in the Mac's market share. [77] [78] Intel chips also allowed users to run Microsoft Windows natively on Mac hardware; Apple released a public beta of Boot Camp in April 2006, a utility that allowed users to install Windows XP on their Mac. [79] Later versions added support for Windows Vista and Windows 7. [80]

Starting in 2006, Apple's industrial design shifted to favor aluminum, which was used in the construction of the first MacBook Pro. [81] In 2008, the second-generation MacBook Pro switched to glass and a new, sturdier aluminium unibody design. [82] These materials are billed as environmentally friendly. [83] Design chief Jony Ive guided products towards a minimalist and simple feel, [84] [85] including the elimination of replaceable batteries in notebooks. [86]

Following the release of the iPhone, Apple began a multi-year effort to bring many iPhone innovations "back to the Mac", including multi-touch gesture support, instant wake from sleep, and flash storage; multi-touch gestures were integrated into Apple's pointing devices for the Mac, namely MacBook trackpads, the Magic Mouse, and the Magic Trackpad. [87] [88] [89]

On February 24, 2011, Apple became the first company to release a computer that supported Intel's new Thunderbolt connector. [90] Using the same physical interface as a Mini DisplayPort, and backwards compatible with that standard, Thunderbolt 1 boasted two-way transfer speeds of 10 Gbit/s. [91]

2012–2016: Early Tim Cook era

The 2013 Mac Pro, which was criticized for its lack of expandability. New Mac Pro (12093123884).jpg
The 2013 Mac Pro, which was criticized for its lack of expandability.

At WWDC 2012, the new MacBook Pro with Retina display was announced, with a thinner body, faster CPUs and GPUs, a higher pixel density display similar to the iPhone's, MagSafe 2, and quieter impeller fans on the 15” model. [92] It received mostly positive reviews, with Nilay Patel of The Verge calling it “one of the best displays to ever ship on a laptop”. [93] In November 2012, the iMac was redesigned to feature significantly thinner side edges, faster processors, and the removal of the SuperDrive. [94]

On WWDC 2013, the new Mac Pro was unveiled, with Phil Schiller saying “Can't innovate anymore, my ass!” in response to critics stating that Apple could not innovate without Jobs. [95] It had an entirely new design, being much smaller, with a glossy dark gray cylindrical body, with the components of the Mac organized around a central fan. It was praised for its power and "futuristic" design, with some pro users criticizing its lack of upgradability and the removal of expansion slots. [96] [97]

The iMac was refreshed with a 5K Retina display in 2014, making it the highest-resolution all-in-one desktop computer at release. [98] The MacBook was brought back in 2015, with a completely redesigned aluminum unibody chassis, a 12” Retina display, fanless low-power Intel Core M processor, a much smaller logic board, a new Butterfly keyboard, a single USB-C port, and a solid-state Force Touch trackpad with pressure sensitivity. It was praised for its portability, but criticized for its lack of performance, the need to use adapters to use most USB peripherals, and a high starting price of $1299. [99] [100]

In 2015, Apple began a service program to repair a widespread GPU defect in the 2011 MacBook Pro 15”, which could lead to graphic artifacts or prevent the machine from working entirely. [101] The same year, the MacBook Pro was updated to have more battery life, faster flash storage and the same Force Touch trackpad as the MacBook. [102]

2016–2019: Neglect of pro users and reliability issues

The 2016 15-inch MacBook Pro with Touch Bar. These generations of MacBooks had keyboards that were widely seen as unreliable. MacBook Pro Retina 001.jpg
The 2016 15-inch MacBook Pro with Touch Bar. These generations of MacBooks had keyboards that were widely seen as unreliable.

The fourth generation MacBook Pro was released at an Apple Special Event in October 2016, with a thinner design, the replacement of all ports with Thunderbolt 3 (USB-C), the MacBook's "Butterfly" keyboard, a P3 wide color gamut display, and the Touch Bar. It was released to mixed reviews, with most reviewers criticizing the Touch Bar, which made it harder to use the function keys by feel, as it had no tactile feedback. [103] [104] The Thunderbolt 3 ports and need to buy "dongles" were also a source of frustration for many users, especially pro users who rely on USB-A devices and SD cards. [104] A few months later, many users reported a problem with stuck keys and letters being skipped or repeated. [105] iFixit identified the cause as being dust or food crumbs getting under keys and jamming them. Due to the Butterfly keyboard being riveted into the case, users had no choice but to take the machine to an Apple Store or authorized service center for keyboard repairs. [106] [107] [108] [109]

After years had gone by without the Mac Pro getting any meaningful updates, Apple executives admitted in 2017 that the 2013 Mac Pro did not meet expectations, and that they had designed themselves into a "thermal corner", preventing them from releasing a planned dual-GPU successor. [110] The yearslong keyboard issue on MacBook Pros, Apple's abandonment of the Aperture pro photography app, and the lack of Mac Pro upgrades led declining sales, and a widespread belief that Apple was no longer commited to pro users. [111] [112] [113] Apple unusually unveiled their future pro product roadmap, announcing the future iMac Pro as a stopgap, and an upcoming expansible next-generation Mac Pro. [114] The iMac Pro was revealed at WWDC 2017 with Intel Xeon W processors and Radeon Vega graphics. [115] In 2018, Apple refreshed the MacBook Pro with faster processors and a third-generation Butterfly keyboard, and redesigned the MacBook Air with a Retina display, Butterfly keyboard, Force Touch trackpad, and Thunderbolt 3 USB-C ports. [116] [117] The third-genereation Butterfly keyboard added silicone gaskets to prevent dust and small objects from obstructing keys, but many users continued to experience issues. [108] Apple launched a program to repair affected keyboards free of charge. [118] [119] Higher-end models of the 2018 MacBook Pro 15” had a flaw where the Core i9 processor would get uncomfortably hot, with YouTuber Dave Lee recording a maximum temperature of 93 degrees Celsius under load, and thermal throttled to the point it was slower than the 2017 15” MacBook Pro with a lower-tier Core i7 CPU. [120] Apple patched this issue by releasing a supplemental update to High Sierra, blaming a "missing digital key" in the thermal management firmware. [120]

The 2019 revisions of the MacBook Pro and MacBook Air replaced the unreliable Butterfly keyboard with a redesigned scissor-switch Magic Keyboard. [121] The Touch Bar and Touch ID were also made standard on all MacBook Pros, and the escape key was detached from the Touch Bar and returned to being a physical key. [122] At WWDC 2019, Apple unveiled a new Mac Pro, with a far more upgradable design, introducing a new expansion module system (MPX) and an optional Afterburner card. [123] [124] Almost every part is user-replaceable, with iFixit giving it a 9/10 repairability score. [125] It received positive reviews, with reviewers praising its power, modularity, quiet cooling, and inceased focus on pro workflows. [126] [127]

2020–present: Transition to Apple silicon processors

2020 MacBook Air with M1 chip; MacBooks with the M1 chip have been praised for their improved battery life, CPU performance, and cooler thermals. Macbook Air M1 Silver PNG.png
2020 MacBook Air with M1 chip; MacBooks with the M1 chip have been praised for their improved battery life, CPU performance, and cooler thermals.

In April 2018, Bloomberg reported that Apple was planning to replace Intel chips with ARM processors similar to those used in its phones, causing Intel's shares to drop by 9.2%. [128] The Verge, commenting on the rumors, stated that such a decision made sense, as Intel was failing to make significant improvements to its lineup and could not compete with ARM chips on battery life. [129] [130]

At WWDC 2020, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced the transition to Apple silicon, built upon an ARM architecture, over a two-year timeline. [131] Apple also unveiled a Developer Transition Kit (DTK) for developers to port their apps to ARM, and the Rosetta 2 translation layer enabling Intel apps to run on Apple silicon Macs. [132] [133] On November 10, 2020, Apple announced their first chip, the M1, [134] and the first Macs to ship with Apple silicon: the MacBook Air, Mac Mini, and the 13" MacBook Pro. [135] These new Macs received immensely positive reviews, with most reviewers praising their longer battery life, lower heat, and improved performance compared to the previous generations. [136] [137] [138]

The iMac Pro was quietly discontinued on March 6, 2021 after only receiving two minor updates. [139] On April 20, 2021, a new 24” iMac M1 was revealed, featuring seven new colors, thinner white bezels, and an enclosure made entirely from recycled aluminum. [140] On October 18, 2021, Apple announced new 14" and 16" MacBook Pros featuring a notch, mini-LED 120 Hz ProMotion display, MagSafe, HDMI and SD card ports, and a high-impedance headphone jack. They can be equipped with either a M1 Pro or M1 Max chip. [141]

On March 8, 2022, the Mac Studio was revealed, featuring more powerful M1 Max or M1 Ultra chips in a similar footprint to the Mac mini. It drew highly positive reviews for its flexibility and wide range of available ports. [142] [143] Its performance was deemed "impressive", beating the 28-core Mac Pro while being much more efficient and compact. [144] [145] It was introduced alongside the Studio Display, replacing the 27” iMac, which was discontinued on the same day. [146] On June 6, 2022, at WWDC 2022, Apple announced an updated MacBook Air based on a new M2 chip. It incorporates several changes from the 14" MacBook Pro, such as a flat, slab-shaped design, full-sized function keys, MagSafe charging, and a Liquid Retina display, with rounded corners and a notch incorporating a 1080p webcam. [147]

Timeline

Timeline of Macintosh model families
MacBook Air (Apple silicon)MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)MacBook (2015–2019)MacBook (2006–2012)MacBook Air (Intel-based)MacBook Pro (Intel-based)PowerBook G4Aluminum PowerBook G4PowerBook G4PowerBook G3#PowerBook G3 Bronze Keyboard (Lombard)PowerBook G3PowerBookiBookPowerBook 500PowerBook 2400cPowerBookPowerBook DuoMacintosh PortableMac StudioXserveMac ProXserve G5Power Mac G5XservePower Mac G4Power Mac G4 CubePower Macintosh G3Twentieth Anniversary MacintoshPower MacintoshMacintosh QuadraMacintosh LC familyMacintosh II seriesMacintosh XLApple LisaMac Mini#Fifth generation (Apple silicon)iMac (Apple silicon)Mac Mini#Second generation (Core Solo)iMac ProiMac (Intel-based)Mac Mini#First generation (PowerPC G4)eMaciMac G5Macintosh TViMac G4Macintosh Color ClassicMacintosh Classic IIiMacMacintosh ClassicMacintosh SE/30Macintosh PerformaMacintosh SE FDHDMacintosh 512KeMacintosh PlusMacintosh SEMacintosh 512KMacintosh 128KApple-designed processorsExtensible Firmware InterfaceNew World ROMOld World ROMMacintosh
See also: Timeline of Apple II Family and Timeline of Apple Inc. products

Source: Glen Sanford, Apple History, apple-history.com

Current product line

Current Mac laptops
MacBook Air
Ultrabook 		MacBook Pro
Portable workstation
M2 Macbook Air Starlight model.jpg MacBook Pro 16 (M1 Pro, 2021) - Wikipedia.jpg
Models:
13.3" M1
13.6" M2 (shown)
Models:
13.3" M2
14.2" M1 Pro, M1 Max
16.2" M1 Pro, M1 Max (shown)
Current Mac desktops
iMac
All-in-one computer		 Mac Mini
Small form factor desktop		 Mac Studio
Small form factor desktop workstation		 Mac Pro
Customizable desktop workstation
M1 iMac vector.svg Mac Mini 2020 silver.png Mac Studio transparent.png Mac Pro Mockup.svg
Models:
24" 4.5K display M1 		Models:
4th gen: M1
3rd gen: Intel Core i5, i7
Models:
1st gen: Apple M1 Max or Ultra 		Models:
3rd gen: Intel Xeon W

Marketing

A key frame from the "1984" ad. Ad apple 1984.jpg
A key frame from the "1984" ad.

The original Macintosh was marketed at Super Bowl XVIII with the now-famous "1984" ad made by Ridley Scott, who had previously directed Blade Runner. [148] The ad alludes to George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, and symbolizes Apple's desire to "rescue" humanity from the conformity of computer industry giant IBM. [149] [150] The ad was later considered a "watershed event" and a "masterpiece." [151] [152] Before the Macintosh, high-tech marketing catered to industry insiders rather than consumers, and as a result, journalists covered technology like the "steel or automobiles", with articles written for a highly technical audience. [153] [154] The Macintosh launch event "pioneered" event marketing techniques that have become "widely emulated" in Silicon Valley, by creating a mystique about the product and giving an inside look into a product's creation. [155] Apple also took a new "multiple exclusives" approach regarding the press, giving "over one hundred interviews to journalists that lasted over six hours apiece," and introduced a new "Test Drive a Macintosh" campaign. [156] [157]

Apple's brand, which established a "heartfelt connection with consumers", is cited as one of the keys to the Mac's success. [158] After Steve Jobs's return to the company, he unveiled the "Think different" ad claiming the legacy of pioneers like Albert Einstein, Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., with Steve Jobs saying: "if they ever used a computer, it would have been a Mac." [159] [160] The "Think different" campaign was critically acclaimed and garnered several awards, including the 1998 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Commercial. [161]

Apple's design ethos holds a central role in Mac product marketing. By giving Macs iconic designs, Apple gives a "human face" to technology products. [162] [163] The design of Mac products is a major focus of media coverage; for example, the original iMac (1998) was called "futuristic" and "eye-catching" by the Associated Press, [46] and its ease of use was central to its marketing. [164] For a long time, Apple has secured very prominent product placements of Macs in high-profile movies and shows, like Mission: Impossible, Legally Blonde, and Sex and the City. [165] Apple notably does not allow moviemakers to show villains using Apple products. [166] Apple TV+ shows feature MacBooks prominently. [167]

The Mac is known for its high brand loyalty. In 2022, the American Customer Satisfaction Index gave the Mac the highest customer satisfaction score, at 82/100. [168] Apple is currently in the fourth largest personal computer vendor, with 8.9% market share. [169]

Hardware

A 2019 Mac Pro being used for color grading. Mac Pro 2019 on wheels.jpg
A 2019 Mac Pro being used for color grading.

Apple contracts hardware production to Asian original equipment manufacturers such as Foxconn and Pegatron, maintaining a high degree of control over the end product. [170] Apple is a highly vertically integrated company, making their own OS and designing their own chips. [171]

All current Macs use ARM-based Apple silicon processors, with the exception of the Mac Pro, whose Apple silicon version is still under development. [172] The MacBook Air, the MacBook Pro, the iMac, Mac mini, and Mac Studio use the Apple-designed chips, which have been praised for their performance and power efficiency. Rosetta 2 is a translation layer that allows Apple silicon Macs to run Intel apps, in order to maintain the broad array of software available for the platform. The Mac is the only mainstream computer platform to have successfully transitioned to a new CPU architecture, [173] and has done so three times. [174] All current Mac models ship with at least 8  GB of RAM, [175] and have high-speed Thunderbolt connectivity, also known as USB 4, with speeds up to 40Gb/s. [176] All of Apple's machines except the Mac Pro use integrated graphics built into the Apple silicon chip. [177] Apple's notebooks are charged with either USB-C or MagSafe connectors depending on the model. [178]

Apple offers many accessories for the Mac, including the Studio Display and Pro Display XDR external monitors, AirPods Pro and AirPods Max headphones, and peripherals like the Magic Keyboard with Touch ID, and the multi-touch Magic Trackpad and Magic Mouse.

Software

Screenshot of macOS Monterey, the latest version of the macOS operating system. MacOS Monterey Desktop.png
Screenshot of macOS Monterey, the latest version of the macOS operating system.

Macs run the macOS operating system, whose first version was released in 2001. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of ChromeOS. [179] macOS is based on Darwin, and has a Mach kernel. [180] macOS features the Aqua user interface, which has been described as "highly intuitive". [181] Macs integrate deeply with other Apple devices, including the iPhone and iPad, through Continuity features like Handoff, Sidecar, Universal Control, and Universal Clipboard. [182]

There are many popular Mac apps; including cross-platform apps like Microsoft Office, Adobe Creative Cloud, Mathematica, Ableton Live, and Cinema 4D. Apple has also developed several apps for the Mac, including Final Cut Pro, Logic Pro, iWork, GarageBand and iMovie. A large amount of open-source software applications, like Firefox, LibreOffice, GIMP, and command-line programs, are cross-platform, and thereby also run natively on macOS. Many applications written for Linux or BSD also run on macOS, often using X11. [183] Apple's official integrated development environment (IDE) for macOS is Xcode. [184]

The current version of macOS is macOS Monterey, released on October 25, 2021. [185]

Related Research Articles

macOS Operating system for Apple computers

macOS is a Unix operating system developed and marketed by Apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for Apple's Mac computers. Within the market of desktop and laptop computers it is the second most widely used desktop OS, after Microsoft Windows and ahead of ChromeOS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosetta (software)</span> Operating system component

Rosetta is a dynamic binary translator developed by Apple Inc. for macOS, an application compatibility layer between different instruction set architectures. It enables a transition to newer hardware, by automatically translating software. The name is a reference to the Rosetta Stone, the artifact which enabled translation of Egyptian hieroglyphs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac transition to Intel processors</span> 2005–2006 transition of Apple Inc.s Mac computers from PowerPC to Intel x86 processors

The Mac transition to Intel processors was the process of changing the central processing unit (CPU) of Apple Inc.'s line of Mac computers, as well as its server offerings at the time, from PowerPC to Intel x86 processors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple keyboards</span> Keyboard by Apple Inc.

Apple Inc. has designed and released dozens of keyboard models since the introduction of the Apple II in 1977. The current models in use are dual-mode keyboards with integrated batteries: Magic Keyboard, and Magic Keyboard with Numeric Keypad. Both share a similar look and feel, based on a very thin aluminum chassis and laptop-style low-profile keys, sitting much closer to the tabletop than traditional keyboard designs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook Pro</span> Line of notebook computers

The MacBook Pro is a line of Macintosh notebook computers by Apple Inc. Introduced in January 2006, it is the higher-end model of the MacBook family, sitting above the consumer-focused MacBook Air. It is currently sold with 13-inch, 14-inch, and 16-inch screens, all using variants of the Apple-designed M1 and M2 system on a chip.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boot Camp (software)</span> Built-in macOS software to natively install Microsoft Windows on a Mac.

Boot Camp Assistant is a multi boot utility included with Apple Inc.'s macOS that assists users in installing Microsoft Windows operating systems on Intel-based Macintosh computers. The utility guides users through non-destructive disk partitioning of their hard disk drive or solid-state drive and installation of Windows device drivers for the Apple hardware. The utility also installs a Windows Control Panel applet for selecting the default boot operating system.

iMac (Intel-based) Line of all-in-one desktop computers by Apple Inc.

The Intel-based iMac is a discontinued series of Macintosh desktop computers designed, manufactured and sold by Apple Inc. from 2006 to 2022. While sold, it was one of three desktop computers in the Macintosh lineup, serving as an all-in-one alternative to the Mac Mini, and sat below the performance range Mac Pro. It was sold alongside the Xeon-based iMac Pro from 2017 to 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook Air</span> Line of ultraportable notebook computers by Apple

The MacBook Air is a line of ultrabook computers developed and manufactured by Apple Inc. It consists of a full-size keyboard, a machined aluminum case, and, in the more modern versions, a thin light structure. The Air was originally positioned above the previous MacBook line as a premium ultraportable. Since then, the original MacBook's discontinuation in 2011, and lowered prices on subsequent iterations, have made the Air Apple's entry-level notebook. In the current product line, the MacBook Air is situated below the performance range MacBook Pro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook</span> Lines of Apple notebook computers

The MacBook is a brand of Macintosh notebook computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. that use Apple's macOS operating system since 2006. It replaced the PowerBook and iBook brands during the Mac transition to Intel processors, announced in 2005. The current lineup consists of the MacBook Air (2008–present) and the MacBook Pro (2006–present). Two different lines simply named "MacBook" existed from 2006 to 2012 and 2015 to 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac Mini</span> Desktop computer by Apple

Mac Mini is a small form factor desktop computer developed and marketed by Apple Inc. As of 2022, it is positioned between the consumer all-in-one iMac and the professional Mac Studio and Mac Pro as one of four current Macintosh desktop computers. Since launch, it has shipped without a display, keyboard, and mouse. The machine was initially branded as "BYODKM" as a strategic pitch to encourage users to switch from PCs running operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Linux.

iMac Line of all-in-one desktop computers by Apple Inc.

iMac is a family of all-in-one Macintosh desktop computers designed and built by Apple Inc. It has been the primary part of Apple's consumer desktop offerings since its debut in August 1998, and has evolved through seven distinct forms.

The following outline of Apple Inc. is a topical guide to the consumer electronics, software, retail stores, corporate acquisitions, timeline, and personnel under the purview of the American multinational corporation Apple Inc. The company's best-known hardware products are the Macintosh, the iPod, the iPhone, and the iPad. Its best-known software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, and the iTunes media browser. As of March 2014, Apple has 425 retail stores in 16 countries, and an online store.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook (2015–2019)</span> Discontinued line of Apple notebook computers

The 12-inch MacBook is a Macintosh notebook computer developed and sold by Apple Inc. In Apple's product line it was considered a more premium device compared to the second-generation MacBook Air, and sat below the performance range MacBook Pro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple T2</span> System on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc.

The Apple T2 security chip is a system on a chip "SoC" tasked with providing security and controller features to Apple's Intel based Macintosh computers. It is a 64-bit ARMv8 chip and runs bridgeOS 2.0. T2 has its own RAM and is essentially a computer of its own, running in parallel to the main computer that the user interacts with.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mac transition to Apple silicon</span> Transition of the Apple Macintosh platform from Intel x86 to ARM processors

The Mac transition to Apple silicon is the process of changing the central processing units (CPUs) of Apple Inc.'s line of Mac computers from Intel's x86-64 processors to Apple-designed systems on a chip that use the ARM64 architecture. CEO Tim Cook announced a "two-year transition plan" in his WWDC keynote address on June 22, 2020, and the first Macs with Apple-designed systems on a chip were released that November.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apple M1</span> Series of systems-on-a-chip designed by Apple Inc.

Apple M1 is a series of ARM-based systems-on-a-chip (SoCs) designed by Apple Inc. as a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU) for its Macintosh desktops and notebooks, and the iPad Pro and iPad Air tablets. The M1 chip initiated Apple's third change to the instruction set architecture used by Macintosh computers, switching from Intel to Apple silicon 14 years after they were switched from PowerPC to Intel, and 26 years after the transition from the original Motorola 68000 series to PowerPC. At the time of introduction in 2020, Apple said that the M1 had the world's fastest CPU core "in low power silicon" and the world's best CPU performance per watt. Its successor, Apple M2, was announced on June 6, 2022 at WWDC.

macOS Monterey 18th major version of the macOS operating system

macOS Monterey is the eighteenth and current major release of macOS, Apple's desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. The successor to macOS Big Sur, it was announced at WWDC 2021 on June 7, 2021, and released on October 25, 2021. macOS Monterey will be succeeded by macOS Ventura, which was announced at WWDC 2022 on June 6, 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook Pro (Apple silicon)</span> Line of notebook computers

The MacBook Pro with Apple silicon is a line of Macintosh notebook computers first introduced in November 2020 by Apple Inc. It is the higher-end model of the MacBook family, sitting above the consumer-focused MacBook Air, and is currently sold with 13-inch, 14-inch, and 16-inch screens. All models use Apple-designed M series systems on a chip.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MacBook Pro (Intel-based)</span> Line of notebook computers

The Intel-based MacBook Pro is a discontinued line of Macintosh notebook computers sold by Apple Inc. from 2006 to 2021. It was the higher-end model of the MacBook family, sitting above the consumer-focused MacBook Air, and was sold with 13-inch to 17-inch screens.

References

  1. ↑ Chen, Brian X. (June 8, 2015). "Easy and Reliable Remains Apple's Mantra". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  2. ↑ Frumusanu, Andrei. "The 2020 Mac Mini Unleashed: Putting Apple Silicon M1 To The Test". www.anandtech.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  3. ↑ Polsson, Ken (July 29, 2009). "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  4. ↑ "The Xerox PARC Visit". Making the Macintosh. Stanford University Libraries. Archived from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  5. ↑ Demant, David; Jackling, Noel S. (2008). "Desktop Publishing 1985–1991: The Apple Computer Story". Museums Victoria. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  6. ↑ Sandberg-Diment, Erik (January 24, 1984). "PERSONAL COMPUTERS; HARDWARE REVIEW: APPLE WEIGHS IN WITH MACINTOSH". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  7. ↑ Raskin, Jef (1996). "Recollections of the Macintosh project". Articles from Jef Raskin about the history of the Macintosh. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
  8. ↑ Dormehl, Luke (November 16, 2021). "Today in Apple history: Steve Jobs secures Macintosh name | Cult of Mac". www.cultofmac.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  9. ↑ Linzmayer, Owen (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0. No Starch Press. ISBN   978-1-59327-010-0. OCLC   921280642.[ page needed ]
  10. ↑ Pfiffner, Pamela (January 23, 2014). "How the Mac transformed publishing". Macworld. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  11. ↑ Mace, Scott (April 9, 1984). "Apple IIe Sales Surge as IIc is Readied". InfoWorld. pp. 54–55. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
  12. ↑ Jade, Kasper (February 16, 2007). "Apple to re-enter the sub-notebook market". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
  13. ↑ Morgenstern, David (May 25, 2014). "Wayback Mac: Remembering the first trackpad laptop". ZDNET. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  14. ↑ Singh, Amit (June 19, 2006). Mac OS X Internals: A Systems Approach (paperback). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN   978-0-13-270226-3. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  15. ↑ Kunkel, Paul (October 1, 1997). AppleDesign: The work of the Apple Industrial Design Group. Rick English (photographs). New York City: Graphis Inc. ISBN   1-888001-25-9.
  16. ↑ Kirkpatrick, David (April 1, 1996). "Fast Times at Compaq with Eckhard Pfeiffer at the Wheel, Compaq is Passing Other PC Makers; The Company Recently Hit a Speed Bump, But the Future's So Bright the CEO Has to Wear Shades". Fortune. Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  17. ↑ Fisher, Lawrence M. (August 16, 1994). "Company News; Wide Range Of Price Cuts by Compaq". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  18. ↑ Hormby, Thomas (January 3, 2005). "Apple's Transition to PowerPC put in perspective". Kaomso. Archived from the original on February 21, 2005. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
  19. ↑ Polsson, Ken (December 16, 2007). "Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers". Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
  20. 1 2 Phin, Christopher (October 26, 2015). "Clone wars: When the licensed copies were better than Apple's own Macs". Macworld. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  21. ↑ "Beleaguered: Apple Bottoms Out, 1996 to 1998 | Low End Mac". Low End Mac. Archived from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  22. ↑ "History: PC versus MAC". www.ocf.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on July 31, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  23. ↑ Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the valley. O'Reilly. ISBN   0-596-00719-1. OCLC   224092434.
  24. ↑ Snell, Jason (March 24, 2022). "Mac OS X: An act of desperation that formed the foundation for the modern Mac". Macworld. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  25. ↑ Edwards, Benj (September 12, 2010). "Looking back at OS X's origins". Macworld. Archived from the original on May 7, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  26. ↑ Apple Computer, Inc. Finalizes Acquisition of NeXT Software Inc. at the Wayback Machine (archive index), Apple Inc., February 7, 1997. Retrieved June 25, 2006.
  27. ↑ Finley, Klint. "This OS Almost Made Apple an Entirely Different Company". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  28. ↑ "Gassée: Thank God Apple chose Steve Jobs's NeXT over my BeOS". 9to5Mac. November 11, 2011. Archived from the original on September 16, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  29. ↑ Kawamoto, Dawn. "Apple acquires Next, Jobs". CNET. Archived from the original on June 6, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Jobs named interim Apple CEO". CNET. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  31. ↑ Pitta, Julie (March 15, 1997). "Apple to Fire 4,100 Workers, Trim Mac Line". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  32. 1 2 3 Markoff, John (October 15, 1998). "COMPANY REPORTS; Apple's First Annual Profit Since 1995". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  33. ↑ "Apple shutters Advanced Technology Group". CNET. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  34. 1 2 "iBook: An iMac to Go". July 26, 1999. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  35. ↑ Szyrmer, Luke (July 26, 2019). "The one thing Steve Jobs did that turned around Apple". Launch Tomorrow. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  36. ↑ Nicas, Jack (August 2, 2018). "Apple Is Worth $1,000,000,000,000. Two Decades Ago, It Was Almost Bankrupt". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  37. ↑ Dormehl, Luke (August 15, 2022). "Today in Apple history: iMac G3 arrives to save Apple". www.cultofmac.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  38. ↑ "Apple Squeezed Mac Clones out of the Market". January 25, 2014. Archived from the original on June 26, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  39. ↑ Linzmayer, Owen (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0. No Starch Press. ISBN   978-1-59327-010-0. OCLC   921280642.[ page needed ]
  40. ↑ Engst, Adam (January 10, 2020). "The Few Remaining Uses of the Word "Macintosh"". TidBITS. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  41. 1 2 Gore, Andrew; Epler, Anita (May 6, 1998). "The iMac Cometh". Macworld. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  42. 1 2 Nepori, Andrew. "The 23-years long history of iMac's design". DOMUS Magazine. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  43. 1 2 Steeber, Michael (May 2, 2018). "20 years of iMac: A story of relentless design iteration". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  44. ↑ "Apple iMac G3 (Tray Loading, Bondi Blue) – Computer – Computing History". Cambridge Center for Computing History. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  45. ↑ Noyer, Stanislas; Riche, Pascal. "iMac, le messie selon Apple". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  46. 1 2 Ortiz, Catalina (August 15, 1998). "Apple hopes new home users will click on futuristic iMac". Associated Press . Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  47. ↑ Spooner, John (January 23, 1999). "Compaq hopes to follow iMac". ZDNet. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
  48. ↑ Edwards, Benj (August 15, 2008). "Eight ways the iMac changed computing". Macworld . Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
  49. ↑ Technical specifications of iMac G3 from Apple's knowledge base and from EveryMac.com . Retrieved {{{accessdate}}}.
  50. ↑ "800,000 iMacs Sold in First 139 Days". Apple. January 5, 1999. Archived from the original on January 26, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2007.
  51. ↑ "Steve Jobs on mouse design and how the Apple Pro Mouse was conceived by happenstance". Engadget. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 28, 2022.
  52. ↑ "Apple Averages Three Thousand iBooks Per Day In Pre-orders!". The Mac Observer. August 31, 1999. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2007.
  53. ↑ "PC Data Ranks iBook Number One Portable in U.S." Apple. January 25, 2000. Archived from the original on January 27, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
  54. ↑ "About the Macintosh Cube" (PDF). Apple. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2008.
  55. ↑ Siracusa, John. "G4 Cube & Cinema Display (review)". Ars Technica . Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
  56. ↑ "Apple – Press Info – Apple Puts Power Mac G4 Cube on Ice". Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  57. 1 2 "uMac | University of Utah | OS X History". www.macos.utah.edu. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  58. ↑ Biersdorfer, J.D. (September 14, 2000). "Apple Breaks The Mold". The New York Times . Retrieved January 16, 2008.
  59. ↑ "Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah". 512 Pixels. August 13, 2018. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  60. ↑ "In Mac OS X, what is the Classic environment, and how do I activate it?". kb.iu.edu. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  61. ↑ Mingis, Ken; Moreau, Seán (June 14, 2021). "The evolution of macOS (and Mac OS X)". Computerworld. Archived from the original on August 5, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  62. ↑ Hackett, Stephen (May 27, 2015). "The advent and evolution of Apple's digital hub". iMore. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  63. ↑ "Apple picks up the beat with CD-RW drives". Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  64. ↑ "Disney boss accuses Apple of fostering piracy". Macworld . March 1, 2002. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved May 27, 2011.
  65. ↑ "The Complete iTunes History – SoundJam MP to iTunes 9". Archived from the original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  66. ↑ "Farewell then, iTunes, and thanks for saving the music industry from itself | John Naughton". the Guardian. June 9, 2019. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  67. ↑ McIntyre, Hugh. "The Piracy Sites That Nearly Destroyed The Music Industry: What Happened To Napster". Forbes. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  68. ↑ "Apple eMac G4/1.0 (ATI) – Computer – Computing History". Cambridge Computing History. Archived from the original on August 21, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  69. ↑ "Apple Unveils New Titanium PowerBook G4". Apple Newsroom. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  70. ↑ Markoff, John; Hansell, Saul (January 12, 2005). "Apple Changes Course With Low-Priced Mac". The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2006.
  71. ↑ "Apple unveils low-cost 'Mac mini'". BBC News . January 11, 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2009. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
  72. ↑ "Apple to Use Intel Microprocessors Beginning in 2006". Apple. June 6, 2005. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
  73. ↑ "A Bit of History Behind the Mac OS X on Intel Project "Marklar"". MacRumors. Archived from the original on February 19, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  74. ↑ "Analysis: Why Apple picked Intel over AMD". Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  75. ↑ "Why did Apple decide to switch to Intel processors?: EveryMac.com". everymac.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  76. ↑ "WWDC 2005 Keynote Live Update". Macworld. June 6, 2005. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
  77. ↑ "Apple Reports First Quarter Results". Apple. January 25, 2009. Archived from the original on May 17, 2011.
  78. ↑ "Apple's Mac market share grows 18.9% in first quarter". Loopinsight.com. April 13, 2011. Archived from the original on June 19, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2011.
  79. ↑ Dormehl, Luke (April 5, 2022). "Today in Apple history: Mac users can run Windows through Boot Camp". www.cultofmac.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  80. ↑ Saetang, David (January 19, 2010). "Apple's Latest Boot Camp Update Adds Windows 7 Support". PCWorld. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  81. ↑ Martin, James (January 21, 2014). "Apple's Mac through the years (pictures)". CNET. Archived from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  82. ↑ Crider, James. "What Is a Unibody Laptop?". Small Business – Chron.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  83. ↑ "The story behind Apple's environmental footprint". Apple. Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  84. ↑ Kahney, Leander (June 25, 2003). "Design According to Ive". Wired. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  85. ↑ Nosowitz, Dan (November 7, 2009). "Watch Jonathan Ive's Segment in Objectified". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  86. ↑ "Apple Updates MacBook Pro Family with New Models & Innovative Built-in Battery for Up to 40% Longer Battery Life". Apple. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
  87. ↑ Slivka, Eric (October 20, 2010). "Live Coverage of Apple's 'Back to the Mac' Media Event". MacRumors. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  88. ↑ Lowensohn, Josh. "Apple Mac OS X 'Mountain Lion' takes more bites out of iOS". CNET. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  89. ↑ Topolsky, Joshua (June 7, 2010). "Apple's Magic Trackpad revealed?". Engadget. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  90. ↑ Trenhold, Richard (February 24, 2011). "Apple MacBook Pro 2011 range gets Thunderbolt and HD video calling". CNET. Archived from the original on May 17, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  91. ↑ "Thunderbolt Technology: The Fastest Data Connection to Your PC Just Arrived". Archived from the original on February 27, 2011. Retrieved February 25, 2011.
  92. ↑ Evans, Jonny (June 11, 2012). "WWDC 2012: Retina Display reaches MacBook Pro". Computerworld. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  93. ↑ Patel, Nilay (November 2012). "13-inch MacBook Pro with Retina display review". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  94. ↑ Etherington, Darrell (November 30, 2012). "A First Look At The 2012 21.5-inch iMac, And How It Compares To Generations Past". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  95. ↑ Schiller, Phil (June 12, 2013). Mac Pro. Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, 2013. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  96. ↑ Wood, Molly (December 24, 2013). "Futuristic Mac Pro Has Power to Spare". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  97. ↑ "The 2013 Mac Pro, Five Years Later". 512 Pixels. May 31, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  98. ↑ "iMac with Retina display review: best in class, but not everybody needs one". Engadget. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  99. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (April 9, 2015). "12-inch MacBook review". The Verge. Archived from the original on August 13, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  100. ↑ Vandervell, Andy (September 28, 2016). "MacBook (12-inch, 2015)". Trusted Reviews. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  101. ↑ Centers, Josh (December 19, 2013). "Users Reporting Widespread GPU Issues with 2011 MacBook Pros". TidBITS. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  102. ↑ "Archived 2015 MacBook Pro product page". Apple.com. Apple. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015.
  103. ↑ Nielsen, Miranda (November 14, 2016). "MacBook Pro with Touch Bar review: a touch of the future". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  104. 1 2 Wollman, Dana (November 14, 2016). "MacBook Pro review (2016): A step forward and a step back". Engadget. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  105. ↑ Clover, Juli (February 21, 2017). "Some 2016 MacBook Pro Owners Experiencing Keyboard Problems". MacRumors. Archived from the original on January 23, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  106. ↑ "Anatomy of a Butterfly (Keyboard)—Teardown Style | iFixit News". iFixit. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  107. ↑ "Apple Engineers Its Own Downfall With the Macbook Pro Keyboard | iFixit News". iFixit. October 4, 2022. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  108. 1 2 Stern, Joanna (March 27, 2019). "Appl Still Hasn't Fixd Its MacBook Kyboad Problm". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  109. ↑ Kahn, Jordan (June 22, 2018). "Apple finally acknowledges 'sticky' keyboard issues on MacBooks, offering free fix and refunds for past repairs". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  110. ↑ Gruber, John (April 4, 2017). "The Mac Pro Lives". Daring Fireball. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  111. ↑ Marshall, Carrie (December 12, 2012). "Has Apple abandoned pro users?". TechRadar. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  112. ↑ Lovejoy, Ben (August 1, 2018). "Mac sales are down 13% year-on-year, though things may be better than they seem". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  113. ↑ "The 'New' Mac Pro Is a Failure". The Mac Observer. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  114. ↑ Gruber, John. "The Mac Pro Lives". Daring Fireball. Daring Fireball. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  115. ↑ "Newsroom article about the iMac Pro". Apple Newsroom. Apple. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  116. ↑ "Apple's Newest MacBook Pro Is Fast But Flawed". WIRED. Archived from the original on October 3, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  117. ↑ Wolfe, Sean (July 18, 2018). "The first reviews of Apple's new MacBook Pro are out — here's what critics had to say". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  118. ↑ Dignan, Larry (May 29, 2019). "Apple offers free keyboard replacement program for MacBook, MacBook Pro, refreshes MacBook Pro lineup". ZDNET. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  119. ↑ Potuck, Michael (November 14, 2019). "Selling your MacBook? Here's how to repair the butterfly keyboard for free and get more money". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  120. 1 2 Bell, Killian (July 18, 2018). "Beware serious thermal throttling with new Core i9 MacBook Pro". Cult of Mac. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  121. ↑ Wong, Raymond. "16-inch MacBook Pro review: the keyboard nightmare is finally over". Input. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  122. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (July 16, 2019). "Review: 2019 entry-level MacBook Pro with Touch Bar and Touch ID [Video]". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  123. ↑ Savov, Vlad (June 3, 2019). "Apple announces all-new redesigned Mac Pro, starting at $5,999". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  124. ↑ "The Thermodynamics Behind the Mac Pro, the Hypercar of Computers". Popular Mechanics. December 10, 2019. Archived from the original on April 8, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  125. ↑ "iFixit Mac Pro teardown". iFixit. December 17, 2019. Archived from the original on March 30, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  126. ↑ Patel, Nilay (March 2, 2020). "Mac Pro review: power, if you can use it". The Verge. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  127. ↑ "Apple Mac Pro (2019): Premium hardware for serious professionals". ZDNET. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  128. ↑ King, Ian; Gurman, Mark (April 2, 2018). "Apple Plans to Use Its Own Chips in Macs From 2020, Replacing Intel". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  129. ↑ "Chips are down: Apple to stop using Intel processors in Macs, reports say". The Guardian. April 3, 2018. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
  130. ↑ "Apple is moving on from Intel because Intel isn't moving anywhere". The Verge . Archived from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
  131. ↑ Warren, Tom (June 22, 2020). "Apple is switching Macs to its own processors starting later this year". The Verge. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  132. ↑ "Details for DTK". Apple. Archived from the original on February 4, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  133. ↑ Mayo, Benjamin (June 22, 2020). "Apple announces Mac architecture transition from Intel to its own ARM chips, offers emulation path". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on September 12, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  134. ↑ "Apple unleashes M1". Apple Newsroom. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved June 22, 2022.
  135. ↑ Iyengar, Rishi (November 10, 2020). "Apple details new MacBook Air, MacBook Pro and Mac Mini, all powered by in-house silicon chips". CNN. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 13, 2020.
  136. ↑ Patel, Nilay (November 17, 2020). "The Verge M1 MBP review". The Verge. Archived from the original on March 13, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  137. ↑ Spoonauer, Mark (November 9, 2021). "Tom's Guide M1 MBP review". Tom’s Guide. Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  138. ↑ updated, Matt Hanson last (November 18, 2021). "Apple MacBook Air (M1, 2020) review". TechRadar. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  139. ↑ "Apple Confirms iMac Pro Will Be Discontinued When Supplies Run Out, Recommends 27-Inch iMac". MacRumors. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  140. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (May 20, 2021). "First Look: The New iMac Makes a Statement, but It's Missing Some Features". Wirecutter: Reviews for the Real World. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  141. ↑ Charlton, Hartley (October 18, 2021). "Apple Unveils Redesigned MacBook Pro With Notch, Added Ports, ProMotion Mini-LED Display, M1 Pro or M1 Max Chip, and More". MacRumors. Archived from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  142. ↑ Porter, Jon (March 9, 2022). "Apple's new strategy is to give — not tell — users what they want". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  143. ↑ Benjamin, Jeff (April 30, 2022). "Mac Studio review – even the base model is great [Video]". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  144. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (March 17, 2022). "Review: The Mac Studio shows us exactly why Apple left Intel behind". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  145. ↑ Espósito, Filipe (March 9, 2022). "Mac Studio with M1 Ultra beats 28-core Intel Mac Pro in Geekbench score". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  146. ↑ Song, Victoria (March 8, 2022). "The 27-inch iMac has been discontinued". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.
  147. ↑ "Apple unveils all-new MacBook Air, supercharged by the new M2 chip". Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2022.
  148. ↑ Naughton, John (February 2, 2014). "The Apple Super Bowl ad that announced the future was here". the Guardian. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  149. ↑ Cellini, Adelia (January 2004). "The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20". MacWorld 21.1, page 18. Archived from the original on June 28, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
  150. ↑ Long, Tony (January 22, 2007). "Jan. 22, 1984: Dawn of the Mac". Wired . Archived from the original on April 16, 2010. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  151. ↑ Maney, Kevin (January 28, 2004). "Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event". USA Today. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2010.
  152. ↑ Leopold, Todd (February 3, 2006). "Why 2006 isn't like '1984'". CNN. Archived from the original on April 5, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2008.
  153. ↑ Marinaccio, Wendy (June 22, 2000). ""Evelyn Richards on Apple's Influence on Technology Journalism and PR"". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  154. ↑ Marinaccio, Wendy (June 22, 2000). ""Evelyn Richards on High-Tech Journalism in the 1980s"". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2020. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  155. ↑ Soojung-Kim Pang, Alex (July 14, 2000). "Cunningham on the Influence of the Macintosh Launch". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on June 6, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  156. ↑ Marinaccio, Wendy. "Cunningham on the Influence of the Macintosh Launch". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  157. ↑ Marinaccio, Wendy. "Andy Cunningham on the Macintosh Introduction". Technology and Culture in Silicon Valley. Stanford University. Archived from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  158. ↑ Kahney, Leander. "Apple: It's All About the Brand". Wired. ISSN   1059-1028. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  159. ↑ Paczkowski, John (August 28, 2010). "Einstein would have used a Mac. Lennon, too". CNET. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  160. ↑ Siltanen, Rob (December 14, 2011). "The Real Story Behind Apple's 'Think Different' Campaign". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  161. ↑ "TBWA Think Different Ad wins Emmy". Campaign Magazine. September 1, 1998. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  162. ↑ Lashinsky, Adam (January 25, 2012). Inside Apple: How America's Most Admired--and Secretive--Company Really Works. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4555-1217-1. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  163. ↑ Kahney, Leander (November 18, 2013). Jony Ive: The Genius Behind Apple’s Greatest Products. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN   978-0-670-92325-0. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  164. ↑ Dunlap, Tom. "$100 million for iMac ad blitz". CNET. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  165. ↑ Stampler, Laura. "12 Excellent Examples Of How Apple Product Placements Rule Hollywood". Business Insider. Archived from the original on May 10, 2021. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  166. ↑ Brodkin, Jon (February 26, 2020). "Apple tells moviemakers that villains can't use iPhones, Rian Johnson says". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  167. ↑ "Hundreds of iPhones Are in 'Ted Lasso.' They're More Strategic Than You Think". WSJ. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  168. ↑ "Apple tops the PC satisfaction index again. But Samsung has narrowed the gap". ZDNET. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  169. ↑ Adorno, José (April 11, 2022). "Mac market bucks trend with continued growth while PC shipments slow". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on April 12, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  170. ↑ Lovejoy, Ben (July 5, 2016). "Foxconn, Pegatron & other Apple suppliers reportedly under pressure as Apple squeezes margins". 9to5Mac. Archived from the original on February 6, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  171. ↑ "Keeping it under your hat". The Economist. ISSN   0013-0613. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  172. ↑ Peterson, Mike (March 8, 2022). "Apple hints at new Apple Silicon Mac Pro during its latest keynote". AppleInsider. Archived from the original on July 5, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  173. ↑ Dvorak, John C. (March 18, 2003). "Apple Switch". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  174. ↑ Mehta, Ivan (June 19, 2020). "Here's how developers think Apple will handle Mac's switch from Intel to ARM". TNW | Plugged. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  175. ↑ Sande, Steve (March 22, 2022). "How Much Mac Memory do I Need?". Rocket Yard. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  176. ↑ O'Connor, Larry (November 20, 2020). "What Is Apple's "Thunderbolt / USB 4" vs. PC-Windows Thunderbolt 4?". MacSales. Archived from the original on November 27, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  177. ↑ Evans, Jonny (July 7, 2020). "Apple has built its own Mac graphics processors". Computerworld. Archived from the original on January 19, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  178. ↑ Bowe, Tucker (October 20, 2021). "Apple's New MagSafe Charger Packs Plenty of Power — And Nostalgia". Gear Patrol. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  179. ↑ "Desktop operating system market share 2013–2022". Statista. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  180. ↑ "Darwin Operating System". www.operating-system.org. Archived from the original on January 4, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  181. ↑ Potter, Bruce; Hurley, Chris; Long, Johnny; Owad, Tom; Rogers, Russ (December 12, 2005). OS X for Hackers at Heart. Elsevier. ISBN   978-0-08-048948-3. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved September 29, 2022.
  182. ↑ Bohn, Dieter (June 8, 2021). "How Universal Control on macOS Monterey works". The Verge. Archived from the original on September 7, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  183. ↑ "X11: Your Window for Using Unix Apps on the Mac | Low End Mac". lowendmac.com. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  184. ↑ Miller, Paul (March 29, 2018). "The Xcode cliff: is Apple teaching kids to code, or just about code?". The Verge. Archived from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2022.
  185. ↑ Cunningham, Andrew (October 25, 2021). "macOS 12 Monterey: The Ars Technica review". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 23, 2022. Retrieved October 4, 2022.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.