Mycobacteroides abscessus

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Mycobacteroides abscessus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis MEB (1).jpg
GD01 strain of Mycobacteroides abscessus isolated from patient
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinomycetota
Class: Actinomycetia
Order: Mycobacteriales
Family: Mycobacteriaceae
Genus: Mycobacteroides
Species:
M. abscessus
Binomial name
Mycobacteroides abscessus
(Moore and Frerichs 1953) Gupta et al. 2018 [1]
Type strain [2]
ATCC 19977
CCUG 20993
CIP 104536
DSM 43491
DSM 44196
Hauduroy L948
JCM 13569
L948
NCTC 13031
TMC 1543
Subspecies
  • M. a. subsp. abscessus(Moore and Frerichs 1953) Gupta et al. 2018
  • M. a. subsp. bolletii(Adékambi et al. 2006) Gupta et al. 2018
  • M. a. subsp. massiliense(Adékambi et al. 2006) Gupta et al. 2018
Synonyms [1]
  • "Mycobacterium abscessus" Moore and Frerichs 1953
  • Mycobacterium abscessus(Moore and Frerichs 1953) Kusunoki and Ezaki 1992
  • Mycobacterium bolletiiAdékambi et al. 2006
  • Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. abscessuscorrig. (Moore and Frerichs 1953) Kubica et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • Mycobacterium chelonei subsp. abscessus(Moore and Frerichs 1953) Kubica et al. 1972 (Approved Lists 1980)
  • Mycobacterium massilienseAdékambi et al. 2006

Mycobacteroides abscessus (formerly Mycobacterium abscessus [1] ) is a species of rapidly growing, multidrug-resistant, nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that is a common soil and water contaminant. Although M. abscessus most commonly causes chronic lung infection and skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI), it can also cause infection in almost all human organs, mostly in patients with suppressed immune systems. [3] Amongst NTM species responsible for disease, infection caused by M. abscessus complex are more difficult to treat due to antimicrobial drug resistance. [4]

Contents

M. abscessus grown in starch-based medium on a Petri dish: Colonies appear as light yellow streaks. Mycobacterium abscessus.jpg
M. abscessus grown in starch-based medium on a Petri dish: Colonies appear as light yellow streaks.

Description

Mycobacteroides abscessus cells are Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast rods about 1.0–2.5 μm long by 0.5 μm wide. They may form colonies on Löwenstein–Jensen medium that appear smooth or rough, white or greyish, and nonphotochromogenic.[ citation needed ]

Etymology

Abscessus is named for abscesses. It is a Latin word derived from ab- ("away") + cedere ("to go") because it was the ancient medical notion that a manifestation of the four humors was for pus to leave the body. M. abscessus was first isolated from gluteal abscesses in a 62-year-old patient who had injured her knee as a child and had a disseminated infection 48 years later. The species M. bolletii, which was first described in 2006, is named after the late eminent French microbiologist and taxonomist Claude Bollet.[ citation needed ]

Physiology

M. abscessus shows growth at 28 °C and 37 °C after 7 days, but not at 43 °C. It may grow on MacConkey agar at 28 °C and even 37 °C. It shows tolerance to saline media (5% NaCl) and 500 mg/L hydroxylamine (Ogawa egg medium) and 0.2% picrate (Sauton agar medium). Strains of the species have been shown to degrade the antibiotic p-aminosalicylate. M. abscessus has also been shown to produce arylsulfatase, but not of nitrate reductase and Tween 80 hydrolase. It shows a negative result for the iron uptake test and no use of fructose, glucose, oxalate, or citrate as sole carbon sources.[ citation needed ]

Differential characteristics

M. abscessus and M. chelonae can be distinguished from M. fortuitum or M. peregrinum by their failure to reduce nitrate and to take up iron. Tolerance to 5% NaCl in Löwenstein-Jensen medium, tolerance to 0.2% picrate in Sauton agar, and non-use of citrate as a sole carbon source are characteristics that distinguish M. abscessus from M. chelonae. M. abscessus and M. chelonae sequevar I share an identical sequence in the 54-510 region of 16S rRNA, though both species can be differentiated by their hsp65, ITS or rpoB gene sequences.[ citation needed ]

Genetics

A draft genome sequence of M. abscessus subsp. bolletii BDT was completed in 2012. [5] Since then, a large number of strains from this subspecies have had their genomes sequenced, leading to a clarification of subspecies boundaries. In 1992, M. abscessus was first recognised as a distinct species. In 2006, this group was separated into three subspecies: M. a. abscessus, M. a. bolletii, and M. a. massiliense. In 2011, the latter two were briefly merged into a single subspecies, [6] but were subsequently separated again following greater availability of genome sequence data, which showed the three subspecies formed genetically distinct groups. [7] [8] It has been proposed that M. bolletii and M. massiliense be reinstated as unique species. [9]

These distinct groups also correspond to important biological differences. Clinically important differences include differing susceptibilities to antibiotics. M. a. abscessus and M. a. bolletii carry a common antibiotic resistance gene, which confers resistance to macrolide antibiotics, while M. a. massiliense is thought to carry a nonfunctional copy, so is more susceptible to antibiotics and more easily treated. [7]

Pathogenesis

M. abscessus can cause lung disease, skin infections, central nervous system infections, bacteremia, eye infections, and other, less common diseases. [7]

Chronic lung disease occurs most commonly in vulnerable hosts with underlying lung disease such as cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and prior tuberculosis. Clinical symptoms of lung infection vary in scope and intensity, but commonly include chronic cough, often with purulent sputum. Haemoptysis may also be present. Systemic symptoms include malaise, fatigue, and weight loss in advanced disease. [10] The diagnosis of M. abscessus pulmonary infection requires the presence of symptoms, radiologic abnormalities, and microbiologic cultures.[ citation needed ]

M. abscessus can cause skin infections in immunodeficient patients, patients who have recently undergone surgery, tattooing, or acupuncture, or after exposure to hot springs or spas. [7] It can be associated with middle-ear infections (otitis media). [11]

The incidence of M. abscessus infections appears to be increasing over time. [7] [12] Outbreaks of M. abscessus have been reported in hospitals and clinical settings worldwide. [13] While outbreaks of major clinical concern involve transmission (most likely indirect transmission) between vulnerable patients such as those receiving lung transplants or being treated for cystic fibrosis, outbreaks have also been reported at clinics providing cosmetic surgery, liposuction, mesotherapy and IV infusion of cell therapy, although these are more attributable to contaminated disinfectants, saline and instruments than contact between patients. [7]

Management

Bacteriophage therapy

A study from 2019 supported the capability of phages in killing resistant bacteria unable to be treated with antibiotics. [14] Research laboratories came together to find these phages by collecting, isolating, and exposing them to resistant M. abscessus that had been isolated from a patient in London. [14]

In vitro

A bacteriophage known as Muddy had proved effective at killing the patient’s distinct M. abscessus strain (GD01), while phages like ZoeJ and BPs had reduced capabilities at infecting GD01. [14] A mixture of phages, Muddy and engineered versions of ZoeJ and BPs, though, completely infected and killed GD01. [14]

In vivo

A cocktail of bacteriophages, Muddy, ZoeJ, and BPs, effectively killed a strain of M. abscessus in vitro. [14] The potential this showed encouraged the commencement of patient treatments towards the GD01 infection. [14] Every 12 hours, the patient received a treatment of the bacteriophage cocktail. [14]

One day of treatment showed high bacteriophage levels in the bloodstream. [14] This suggested that they were being released into the bloodstream and replicating to infect bacteria. [14] No significant side effects were reported. [14] The right phages were found for this patient, but a different strain may be sensitive to different phages. [14]

Type strain

The type strain of M. abscessus, most commonly referred to as ATCC 19977, was isolated in 1953 from a human knee infection presenting with abscess-like lesions, leading to the strain being named "abscessus". [15] The strain wasn't recognised as a distinct species until 1992, however, when DNA hybridisation work identified it as genetically distinct from its relative, M. chelonae. [16] The genome of the type train was published in 2009. [17]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacteriophage</span> Virus that infects and replicates within bacteria

A bacteriophage, also known informally as a phage, is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from bacteria and the Ancient Greek word φαγεῖν, meaning 'to devour'. Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have structures that are either simple or elaborate. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm.

<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Species of pathogenic bacteria that causes tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also known as Koch's bacillus, is a species of pathogenic bacteria in the family Mycobacteriaceae and the causative agent of tuberculosis. First discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, M. tuberculosis has an unusual, waxy coating on its cell surface primarily due to the presence of mycolic acid. This coating makes the cells impervious to Gram staining, and as a result, M. tuberculosis can appear weakly Gram-positive. Acid-fast stains such as Ziehl–Neelsen, or fluorescent stains such as auramine are used instead to identify M. tuberculosis with a microscope. The physiology of M. tuberculosis is highly aerobic and requires high levels of oxygen. Primarily a pathogen of the mammalian respiratory system, it infects the lungs. The most frequently used diagnostic methods for tuberculosis are the tuberculin skin test, acid-fast stain, culture, and polymerase chain reaction.

<i>Mycobacterium</i> Genus of bacteria

Mycobacterium is a genus of over 190 species in the phylum Actinomycetota, assigned its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. This genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis and leprosy in humans. The Greek prefix myco- means 'fungus', alluding to this genus' mold-like colony surfaces. Since this genus has cell walls with a waxy lipid-rich outer layer that contains high concentrations of mycolic acid, acid-fast staining is used to emphasize their resistance to acids, compared to other cell types.

<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Species of bacterium

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It appears as a mucoid lactose fermenter on MacConkey agar.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phage therapy</span> Therapeutic use of bacteriophages to treat bacterial infections

Phage therapy, viral phage therapy, or phagotherapy is the therapeutic use of bacteriophages for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial infections. This therapeutic approach emerged at the beginning of the 20th century but was progressively replaced by the use of antibiotics in most parts of the world after the Second World War. Bacteriophages, known as phages, are a form of virus that attach to bacterial cells and inject their genome into the cell. The bacteria's production of the viral genome interferes with its ability to function, halting the bacterial infection. The bacterial cell causing the infection is unable to reproduce and instead produces additional phages. Phages are very selective in the strains of bacteria they are effective against.

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Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is an obligate pathogenic bacterium in the genus Mycobacterium. It is often abbreviated M. paratuberculosis or M. avium ssp. paratuberculosis. It is the causative agent of Johne's disease, which affects ruminants such as cattle, and suspected causative agent in human Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The type strain is ATCC 19698.

<i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> Species of bacterium

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mycobacteriophage</span> Virus infecting mycobacteria

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Mycobacteroides immunogenum is a species of bacteria from the phylum Actinomycetota, belonging to the genus Mycobacteroides.

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References

This article incorporates public domain text from the CDC as cited

  1. 1 2 3 Gupta, Radhey S.; Lo, Brian; Son, Jeen (2018-02-13). "Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus Mycobacterium into an Emended Genus Mycobacterium and Four Novel Genera". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9: 67. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067 . ISSN   1664-302X. PMC   5819568 . PMID   29497402.
  2. ↑ Euzéby JP, Parte AC. "Mycobacteroides abscessus". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved June 24, 2022.
  3. ↑ Song, Joon Young; Sohn, Jang Wook; Jeong, Hye Won; Cheong, Hee Jin; Kim, Woo Joo; Kim, Min Ja (2006-01-13). "An outbreak of post-acupuncture cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium abscessus". BMC Infectious Diseases. 6: 6. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-6 . ISSN   1471-2334. PMC   1361796 . PMID   16412228.
  4. ↑ Lee; et al. (2015). "Mycobacterium abscesses complex infections in humans". Emerg Infect Dis. 21 (9): 1638–1646. doi:10.3201/2109.141634. PMC   4550155 . PMID   26295364.
  5. ↑ Choi, G.-E.; Cho, Y.-J.; Koh, W.-J.; Chun, J.; Cho, S.-N.; Shin, S. J. (24 April 2012). "Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii BDT". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (10): 2756–2757. doi:10.1128/JB.00354-12. PMC   3347169 . PMID   22535937.
  6. ↑ Leao, SC; Tortoli, E; Euzéby, JP; Garcia, MJ (September 2011). "Proposal that Mycobacterium massiliense and Mycobacterium bolletii be united and reclassified as Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii comb. nov., designation of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus subsp. nov. and emended description of Mycobacterium abscessus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 61 (Pt 9): 2311–3. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.023770-0 . PMID   21037035.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lee, Meng-Rui; Sheng, Wang-Huei; Hung, Chien-Ching; Yu, Chong-Jen; Lee, Li-Na; Hsueh, Po-Ren (September 2015). "Mycobacterium abscessus Complex Infections in Humans". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 21 (9): 1638–46. doi:10.3201/2109.141634. PMC   4550155 . PMID   26295364.
  8. ↑ Tortoli E, Kohl TA, Brown-Elliott BA, Trovato A, Leao SC, Garcia MJ, Vasireddy S, Turenne CY, Griffith DE, Philley JV, Baldan R, Campana S, Cariani L, Colombo C, Taccetti G, Teri A, Niemann S, Wallace Jr RJ, Cirillo DM. (2016). "Emended description of Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus and Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletiiand designation of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. massiliense comb. nov". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 66 (11): 4471–4479. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001376. PMID   27499141.
  9. ↑ Sassi M, Drancourt M. (2014). "Genome analysis reveals three genomospecies in Mycobacterium abscessus". BMC Genomics. 15 (1): 359. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-359 . PMC   4035080 . PMID   24886480.
  10. ↑ Johnson; Odell (2014). "Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections". J Thorac Dis. 6 (3): 210–220. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.12.24. PMC   3949190 . PMID   24624285.
  11. ↑ Linmans JJ, Stokroos RJ, Linssen CF (September 2008). "Mycobacterium abscessus, an uncommon cause of chronic otitis media: A case report and literature review". Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 134 (9): 1004–6. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.9.1004. PMID   18794448.[ permanent dead link ]
  12. ↑ Marras, Theodore K.; Mendelson, David; Marchand-Austin, Alex; May, Kevin; Jamieson, Frances B. (November 2013). "Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease, Ontario, Canada, 1998–2010". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 19 (11): 1889–1891. doi:10.3201/eid1911.130737. PMC   3837646 . PMID   24210012.
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  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Engineered phages treat drug-resistant infection". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2019-05-20. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  15. ↑ Moore, Morris; Frerichs, John B. (February 1953). "An Unusual Acid-Fast Infection of the Knee with Subcutaneous, Abscess-Like Lesions of the Gluteal Region". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 20 (2): 133–169. doi: 10.1038/jid.1953.18 . PMID   13035193.
  16. ↑ Kusunoki, S.; Ezaki, T.; et al. (1992). "Proposal of Mycobacterium peregrinum sp. nov., nom. rev., and elevation of Mycobacterium chelonae subsp. abscessus (Kubica et al.) to species status: Mycobacterium abscessus comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42 (2): 240–245. doi: 10.1099/00207713-42-2-240 . PMID   1581184.
  17. ↑ Ripoll, Fabienne; Pasek, Sophie; Schenowitz, Chantal; Dossat, Carole; Barbe, Valérie; Rottman, Martin; Macheras, Edouard; Heym, Beate; Herrmann, Jean-Louis; Daffé, Mamadou; Brosch, Roland; Risler, Jean-Loup; Gaillard, Jean-Louis; Ahmed, Niyaz (19 June 2009). "Non Mycobacterial Virulence Genes in the Genome of the Emerging Pathogen Mycobacterium abscessus". PLOS ONE. 4 (6): e5660. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5660R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005660 . PMC   2694998 . PMID   19543527.
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