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The official names of the Soviet Union, officially known as the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in the languages of the Soviet Republics (presented in the constitutional order) and other languages of the USSR, were as follows.
| Language | Abbreviation | Full name | Short name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Russian | СССР | Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; BGN/PCGN) (Sojuz Sovetskix Socialističeskix Respublik; Scientific) | Советский Союз |
| Ukrainian | СРСР | Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік (Soyuz Radyansʹkykh Sotsialistychnykh Respublik; BGN/PCGN) (Sojuz Radianśkych Socialistyčnych Respublik; Scientific) | Радянський Союз |
| Belarusian | СССР | Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік (Sayuz Savyetskikh Satsyyalistychnykh Respublik; BGN/PGCN) (Sajuz Savieckich Sacyjalistyčnych Respublik; Łacinka) | Савецкі Саюз |
| Uzbek | ССРИ | Совет Социалистик Республикалари Иттифоқи (Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi) | Совет Иттифоқи |
| Kazakh | ССРО | Советтік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы (Sovettık Sotsialistık Respublikalar Odağy) | Советтер Одағы |
| Georgian | სსრკ | საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი (sabch’ota sotsialist’uri resp’ublik’ebis k’avshiri) | საბჭოთა კავშირი |
| Azerbaijani | ССРИ | Совет Сосиалист Республикалары Иттифагы (Sovet Sosialist Respublikaları İttifaqı) | Совет Иттифагы |
| Lithuanian | TSRS | Tarybų Socialistinių Respublikų Sąjunga | Tarybų Sąjunga |
| Moldavian (Cyrillic Romanian) | УРСС | Униуня Републичилор Советиче Сочиалисте (Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste) | Униуня Советикэ |
| Latvian | PSRS | Padomju Sociālistisko Republiku Savienība | Padomju Savienība |
| Kirghiz | ССРС | Советтик Социалисттик Республикалар Союзу (Sovettik Sotsialisttik Respublikalar Soyuzu) | Советтер Союзу |
| Tajik | ИҶШС | Иттиҳоди Ҷумҳуриҳои Шӯравии Сосиалистӣ (Ittihodi Jumhurihoi Shūravii Sosialistī) | Иттиҳоди Шӯравӣ |
| Armenian | ԽՍՀՄ | Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն (Khor'hr'dayin Soc'ialistakan Hanrapetut'yunner'i Miutʿyun) | Խորհրդային Միություն |
| Turkmen | ССРС | Совет Социалистик Республикалары Союзы (Sowet Sosialistik Respublikalary Soýuzy) | Совет Союзы |
| Estonian | NSVL | Nõukogude Sotsialistlike Vabariikide Liit | Nõukogude Liit |
| Language | Abbreviation | Full name | Short name |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe | ССРС | Советскэ Социалистическэ Республикхэм я Союз (Sovetskė Sotsialisticheskė Respublikkhėm ya Soyuz) | Советскэ Союз |
| Avar | ССРС | Советазул Социалистиял Республиказул Союз (Sovetazul Sotsialistiyal Respublikazul Soyuz) | Советазул Союз |
| Bashkir | ССРС | Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы (Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalar Soyuzı) | Советтар Союзы |
| Chechen | ССРС | Советски Социалистически Республикийн Союз (Sovetski Socialistiçeski Respublikiyn Soyuz) | Советски Союз |
| Chuvash | ССРС | Социаллӑ Совет Республикисен Союзӗ (Sociallă Sovet Respublikisen Sojuzĕ) | Совет Союзӗ |
| Crimean Tatar | ССРС | Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзи (Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalar Soyuzi) [lower-alpha 1] | Совет Иттифакъы |
| Dungan (Chinese script) | СШГЛ | Совет Шәхуэйҗўйи Гунхәгуә Лянмән (蘇維埃社會主義共和國聯盟; Sūwéi'āi Shèhuìzhǔyì Gònghéguó Liánméng) | Совет Лянбон (蘇維埃聯邦) |
| Erzya | ССРС | Советской Социалистической Республикатнень Союз (Sovetskoy Sotsialisticheskoy Respublikatnenʹ Soyuz) | |
| Even | ССРС | Советсканя Социалистическаня Республиканя Союзатан (Sovetskanja Socialističeskanja Respublikanja Sojuzatan) | |
| Finnish | SNTL | Sosialististen Neuvostotasavaltojen Liitto | Neuvostoliitto |
| German | UdSSR | Union der Sozialistischen Sowjetrepubliken | Sowjetunion |
| Greek | ΕΣΣΔ | Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών (Énosi Sovietikón Sosialistikón Dimokratión) | Σοβιετική Ένωση |
| Ingush | ССРС | Советски Социалистически Республикай Союз (Sovetski Socialističeski Respublikaj Sojuz) | |
| Kabardian | ССРС | Советскэ Социалистическэ Республикэхэм я Союз (Sovetskè Socialističeskè Respublikèxèm ja Sojuz) | |
| Karelian (Proper) | SNTL | Sosialistisien neuvoštotašavaltojen liitto | Neuvoštoliitto |
| Khakas | ССРС | Советскай Социалистическай Республикалар Союзы (Sovetskay Sotsialistiçeskay Respublikalar Soyuzį) | |
| Komi | ССРС | Сӧветскӧй Социалистическӧй Республикаяслӧн Союз (Sövetsköy Socialističesköy Respublikayaslön Soyuz) | |
| Kumyk | ССРС | Совет Социалист Республикаланы Союзу (Sovet Sotsialist Respublikalanı Soyuzu) | |
| Mari | ССРУ | Совет Социализм Республик-влак Ушем (Sovet Sotsializm Respublik-vlak Ušem) | Совет Ушем |
| Mongolian | ЗХУ | Зөвлөлт Социалист Бүгд Найрамдах Холбоот Улс (Zövlölt Socialist Bügd Najramdax Xolboot Uls) | Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс |
| Moksha | ССРС | Советскяй Социалистическяй Республикатнень Союзсна (Sovetskjaj Socialističeskjaj Respublikatnenʹ Sojuzsna) | |
| Ossetian | ССРЦ | Советон Социалистон Республикæты Цæдис (Soveton Socialiston Respublikæty Cædis) | Советон Цæдис |
| Romanian (Latin alphabet) | URSS | Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste | Uniunea Sovietică |
| Tatar | ССРС | Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы (Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalar Soyuzı) | Советлар Союзы |
| Tuvan | ССРЭ | Совет Социалистиг Республикаларның Эвилели (Sovet Sotsialistig Respublikalaryng Evileli) | |
| Udmurt | ССРС | Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы (Sovetskoj Socialističeskaj Respublikaoslė Sojuzy) | |
| Yakut | ССРС | Советскай Социалистическай Республикалар Союзтара (Sovetskay Sotsialisticheskay Respublikalar Soyuztara) [1] | Советскай Союз |
| Yiddish | פֿסס"ר | פֿאַרבאַנד פֿונ סאָוועטישע סאָציאַליסטישע רעפּובליקנ (before 1961) פֿאַרבאַנד פֿון סאָוועטישע סאָציאַליסטישע רעפּובליקן (Farband Fun Sovetishe Sotsialistishe Republikn) | סאָוועטן־פֿארבאנד |
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was a successor state to the Russian Empire that was nominally organized as a federal union of fifteen national republics, the largest and most populous of which was the Russian SFSR; in practice both its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years. As a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it was a flagship communist state.
The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The Soviet Union was formed in 1922 by a treaty between the Soviet republics of Byelorussia, Russian SFSR (RSFSR), Transcaucasian Federation, and Ukraine, by which they became its constituent republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
Kyrgyzstan, officially the Kyrgyz Republic, is a landlocked country in Central Asia, lying in the Tian Shan and Pamir mountain ranges. Bishkek is the capital and largest city of the country. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and China to the east and southeast. Ethnic Kyrgyz make up the majority of the country's 7 million people, followed by significant minorities of Uzbeks and Russians.
An oblast is a type of administrative division in Bulgaria and several post-Soviet states, including Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. Historically, it was used in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. The term oblast is often translated into English as region or province. In some countries, oblasts are also known by cognates of the Russian term.
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Byelorussia, Belarusian SSR, Soviet Belarus, or simply Belarus, was a republic of the Soviet Union (USSR). It existed between 1920 and 1991 as one of fifteen constituent republics of the USSR, with its own legislation from 1990 to 1991. The republic was ruled by the Communist Party of Byelorussia and was also referred to as Soviet Byelorussia or Soviet Belarus by a number of historians. Other names for Byelorussia included White Russia or White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic and Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Turkmenistan, the Turkmen SSR, Turkmenistan, or Turkmenia, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union located in Central Asia existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991. Initially, on 7 August 1921, it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the Turkestan ASSR before being made, on 13 May 1925, a separate republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR.
The "State Anthem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was the national anthem of the Soviet Union and the regional anthem of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1991, replacing "The Internationale". Its original lyrics were written by Sergey Mikhalkov (1913–2009) in collaboration with Gabriyel’ Arkadyevich Ureklyan (1899–1945), and its music was composed by Alexander Alexandrov (1883–1946). For a two-decade interval following de-Stalinization, the anthem was performed without lyrics. The second set of lyrics, also written by Mikhalkov and in which Stalin's name was omitted, was adopted in 1977.
The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic or Moldavian SSR, also known as the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan SSR, or simply Moldavia or Moldova, was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1940 to 1991. The republic was formed on 2 August 1940 from parts of Bessarabia, a region annexed from Romania on 28 June of that year, and parts of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, an autonomous Soviet republic within the Ukrainian SSR.
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. Under the Soviet one-party model, the Ukrainian SSR was governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union through its republican branch, the Communist Party of Ukraine.
The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Georgia, the Georgian SSR, or simply Georgia, was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its second occupation in 1921 to its independence in 1991. Coterminous with the present-day republic of Georgia, it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia, which had existed as a series of independent states in the Caucasus prior to the first occupation of annexation in the course of the 19th century. The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921 and subsequently incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1922. Until 1936 it was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, which existed as a union republic within the USSR. From November 18, 1989, the Georgian SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. The republic was renamed the Republic of Georgia on November 14, 1990, and subsequently became independent before the dissolution of the Soviet Union on April 9, 1991, whereupon each former SSR became a sovereign state.
The Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, also commonly known as Soviet Tajikistan, the Tajik SSR, or simply Tajikistan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1929 to 1991 located in Central Asia.
Russification, or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian culture and the Russian language.
The republics are one type of federal subject of the Russian Federation. 21 republics are internationally recognized as part of Russia; another is under its de facto control. The original republics were created as nation states for ethnic minorities. The indigenous ethnicity that gives its name to the republic is called the titular nationality. However, due to centuries of Russian migration, a titular nationality may not be a majority of its republic's population.
The flags of the Soviet Socialist Republics were all defaced versions of the flag of the Soviet Union, which featured a golden hammer and sickle and a gold-bordered red star on a red field.
The political system of the Soviet Union took place in a federal single-party soviet socialist republic framework which was characterized by the superior role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the only party permitted by the Constitution.
The Soviet passport was an identity document issued pursuant to the laws of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) for citizens of the USSR. For the general purposes of identity certification, Soviet passports contained such data as name, date of birth, gender, place of birth, ethnicity, and citizenship, as well as a photo of the passport holder. At different stages of development of the Soviet passport system, they could also contain information on place of work, social status, and other supporting information needed for those agencies and organizations to which the Soviet citizens used to appeal.
Moldovenism is a term used to describe the political support and promotion of a Moldovan identity and culture, including a Moldovan language, independent from those of any other ethnic group, the Romanians in particular. It is primarily used as a pejorative by the opponents of such ideas as part of the wider controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova.
The Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic or Kirgiz Soviet Socialist Republic, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991. It was also known by the names Kyrgyzstan and Soviet Kyrgyzstan in the Kyrgyz language, and as Kirghizia and Soviet Kirghizia in the Russian language. Landlocked and mountainous, it bordered Tajikistan and China to the south, Uzbekistan to the west and Kazakhstan to the north. The Kirghiz branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union governed the republic from 1936 until 1990.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, as well as being unofficially referred to as Soviet Russia, the Russian Federation, or simply Russia, was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR. The Russian SFSR was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units of autonomous republics, five autonomous oblasts, ten autonomous okrugs, six krais and forty oblasts. Russians formed the largest ethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR and the USSR as a whole was Moscow and the other major urban centers included Leningrad, Stalingrad, Novosibirsk, Sverdlovsk, Gorky and Kuybyshev. It was the first socialist state in the world.
The State Emblem of the Soviet Union was adopted in 1923 and was used until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Although it technically is an emblem rather than a coat of arms, since it does not follow traditional heraldic rules, in Russian it is called герб, the word used for a traditional coat of arms.
