Parody in popular music

Last updated

The original use of the term "parody" in music referred to re-use for wholly serious purposes of existing music. In popular music that sense of "parody" is still applicable to the use of folk music in the serious songs of such writers as Bob Dylan, but in general, "parody" in popular music refers to the humorous distortion of musical ideas or lyrics or general style of music.

Contents

Origins

Before the 20th century popular songs frequently borrowed hymn tunes and other church music and substituted secular words. John Brown's Body , the marching song of the American Civil War, was based on the tune of an earlier camp-meeting and revival hymn, and was later fitted with the words "Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord", by Julia Ward Howe. [1] This practice continued into the First World War, with many of the soldiers' songs being based on hymn tunes (for instance "When this lousy war is over", to the tune of "What a Friend We Have in Jesus" [2] and "We are Fred Karno's Army", to the tune of "The Church's One Foundation"). [3] Folk song has often been written to existing tunes, or slight modifications of them. This is another very old (and usually non-humorous) kind of musical parody that still continues. For instance, Bob Dylan took the tune of the old slave song "No more auction block for me" as the basis for "Blowin' in the Wind". [4]

1918–1959

The emerging form of jazz music frequently recycled themes from the staider "white" popular music of the time, as well as producing occasional parodies (usually called "travesties") of well known classical themes.

In the 1940s, Spike Jones and his City Slickers parodied popular music in their own unique way, not by changing lyrics, but adding wild sound effects and comedic stylings to formerly staid old songs such as "Cocktails for Two" and "April Showers." [5] Beginning in 1949, Homer and Jethro did country music arrangements of popular songs, with parody lyrics, such as "Hart Brake Motel" (for "Heartbreak Hotel") and "The Battle of Kookamonga" (after Johnny Horton's "The Battle of New Orleans").

The comedy pianist Victor Borge coined some of his signature bits on Bing Crosby's radio show during the 1940s, and later popularized them on TV on Dean Martin's show. Borge parodied classical composition styles by taking a very well known tune like "Happy Birthday to You" and playing it in the styles of Mozart, Brahms, Wagner, Beethoven and others. [6] [7] He would also parody two compositions simultaneously by finding common melody notes and using them for transitioning one composition into another, the most famous example being "Moonlight Sonata" transitioning into "Night and Day" (or a minor version of "Happy Birthday to You"). [8] [9]

The 1957 Broadway musical Jamaica parodied the then very fashionable commercial variety of calypso music. [10] A musical using heavy parody was the 1959 show Little Mary Sunshine , which poked fun at old-fashioned operetta. [11]

1960–1980

Stan Freberg created parodies of popular songs in the 1950s and 1960s, mocking the musical conventions of the day, such as Elvis Presley's "Heartbreak Hotel", [12] in which the vocalist rips his jeans from too much hip-swiveling and drowns in reverberative sound effects at the end. Another major parodist was Allan Sherman, [13] who began making hit records with parodies such as the now-classic "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh (A Letter from Camp)" (to the tune of Amilcare Ponchielli's "Dance of the Hours" from the opera La Gioconda) and "When I Was A Lad" (after Gilbert & Sullivan's "Ruler of the Queen's Navee" from "HMS Pinafore").

Bandleader and pianist Paul Weston and his wife, singer Jo Stafford, created the musical duo, "Jonathan and Darlene Edwards", as a parody of bad cabaret acts. [14] Initially it began as a private party joke but they recorded several albums and one, Jonathan and Darlene Edwards in Paris, won a Grammy Award in 1961 for best comedy record.

The self-described "piano-wielding fugitive from Harvard", Tom Lehrer; [15] and Victor Borge, originally from Denmark, who switched from a concert piano career to comedy, have also created parodies of classical piano pieces and opera. [16]

In 1965, musical satirist Peter Schickele created P. D. Q. Bach, a supposedly newly discovered member of the Bach family, whose creative output parodies musicological scholarship, the conventions of Baroque and classical music, as well as introducing elements of slapstick comedy. Schickele continued to tour and record under the pseudonym P. D. Q. Bach until his death in January 2024. [17]

Ray Stevens became a country star in the 1970s and 1980s with a few serious songs (such as "Everything is Beautiful"), more novelty songs (such as "The Streak", "Shriner's Convention", and "Mississippi Squirrel Revival") and many parody songs, such as the adult-contemporary send-up "I Need Your Help Barry Manilow", and the Beach Boys parody "Surfin USSR".

The Barron Knights became famous for their parodies of pop songs in the 1970s. [18]

The song "A Little Green Rosetta" from the Frank Zappa album Joe's Garage lampoons Steve Gadd's status as one of the highest-paid session drummers in popular music. [19] The music parodies a number of styles including reggae and lounge jazz.

1980–present

A successful parodist is "Weird Al" Yankovic, now in his fourth decade of writing song parodies. [20] He got his start sending tapes to be played by Barret Hansen, AKA Dr. Demento, on his nationally syndicated radio show. Seattle, WA-based disc jockey and longtime parodist Bob Rivers records parodies of hit songs from a variety of genres and periods satirizing current events. Dabbling in topical parodies is Buffalo, New York-based humorist Mark Russell, who appears several times a year on PBS television. The New York, NY performing troupe Forbidden Broadway annually parodies the Great White Way's most popular current musicals and their songs on stage and recordings.

In the science fiction fan community, filk music thrives as a source of both parodies and original music, as it has since at least the 1930s.

Tom Lehrer song "The Elements" adapts a tune from Gilbert & Sullivan to the periodic table, and more recently he turned "That's Entertainment" into a précis on his real vocation, "That's Mathematics" (carefully altering the melody to avoid litigation).

Ray Charles wrote his hit song "I Got a Woman" as a paraphrase on gospel songs, which provoked anger from the Christian community. The 1992 film Sister Act had Whoopi Goldberg's character do the opposite with Mary Wells' "My Guy", rewriting its lyrics (and subsequently re-titling it as "My God") to accommodate the nun choir.

Richard Cheese and the Lounge Kittens produce parodies not in the traditional sense of someone like Yankovic, but rather derive their humor from exactly the opposite means. [21] While traditional parody puts new lyrics to largely unchanged music, they keep the lyrics intact but alter the musical style, thus altering the intent of the song. The humor comes from the juxtaposition of very familiar lyrics from popular rap, metal, and rock songs (particularly containing profane, violent, or sexually explicit lyrics) with their exceedingly clean, "white bread", campy, lounge style. Me First and the Gimme Gimmes does likewise in a complete opposite manner: they perform hard, sped-up punk renditions of folk songs, soft rock, showtunes, R&B, and other genres not usually associated with punk. Yankovic has also ventured into this practice; all but two of his albums feature medleys of either classic rock or then-current hit songs done as fast polkas. Ray Stevens has had hits of Glenn Miller's "In the Mood" done in the style of clucking chickens, and a honky-tonk or bluegrass version of Michael Jackson's "Bad".

Blur's "Song 2" (1997) has been described as a parody of the grunge genre, [22] [23] while others state that it was a parody of radio hits and the music industry with a punk rock chorus. [24]

Musical parody in recent years has included the 2005 musical Altar Boyz , which parodies both Christian rock and the "boy band" style of pop, [25] the Christian parody band Apologetix, who have targeted popular music from the 1950s to the present, and the Capitol Steps, a group of current and former U.S. Congress staff members based in Washington, DC who focus on politics and other public figures. Mac Sabbath, a tribute band who perform Black Sabbath songs with rewritten lyrics satirizing the fast food industry in McDonald's-themed costumes and stage theatrics, went viral in late 2014, bringing the band notable press coverage and enabling them to tour internationally.

In 2009, a group from London, the Midnight Beast, gained fame after posting on YouTube their parody of the song "Tik Tok" by Ke$ha. Since then, the group has parodied other pop songs. Rucka Rucka Ali also made a parody of "Tik Tok" called "Go Cops". A popular theme of parodies on YouTube today is video games, with the most common ones being Call of Duty , Grand Theft Auto and (the most prevalent) Minecraft .

As it has become easier to publish songs quickly online, increasing volumes of topical, comic parodies have begun to emerge. In the UK these have tended to be similar in nature to the type of news inspired songs which have regularly appeared on the BBC Radio 4 comedy show The Now Show since 1998. The Amateur Transplants, one group which produce these, came to public attention in 2005 with the song “London Underground”, satirizing the then strikes, and parodying the Jam song "Going Underground". [26] London writing team Kathryn and Nick have also produced a wide range of satirical songs to raise awareness for their other writing. [27]

Mad Magazine provoked an early legal backlash against parody when in 1961 the magazine published a songbook in which various topical ditties such as "The Last Time I Saw Maris", "Albert Einstein", and "There's No Business Like No Business" were included (in poem format; with a parenthetical phrase after each title, stating "Sung to the tune of..."). Several music publishers joined in a lawsuit taking the magazine to court. The matter eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which declined to review the decision by a lower court dismissing the suit against Mad. [28]

Musical parody was briefly threatened in the mid-1990s when a case (Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.) was brought before the U.S. Supreme Court by country music Roy Acuff's music publishing company against the lead singer of the rap music group 2 Live Crew for recording a lewd version of one of Acuff's songs without his permission. However, the ruling was in favor of the rappers, finding that the fair use doctrine extended to parody as protected derivative work. [29]

On October 3, 2007, Bourne Co. Music Publishers filed a lawsuit accusing the FOX show Family Guy of infringing its copyright on the song "When You Wish upon a Star", through a parody song entitled "I Need a Jew" appearing in the episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein". [30] Bourne Co., the sole United States copyright owner of the song, alleged the parody pairs a "thinly veiled" copy of their music with antisemitic lyrics. [31] Named in the suit were 20th Century Fox Film Corp., Fox Broadcasting Co., Cartoon Network, MacFarlane, and Murphy; the suit sought to stop the program's distribution and asked for unspecified damages. [31] Bourne argued that "I Need a Jew" uses the copyrighted melody of "When You Wish Upon a Star" without commenting on that song, and that it was therefore not a First Amendment-protected parody per the ruling in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. [32] [33] On March 16, 2009, United States District Judge Deborah Batts held that Family Guy did not infringe on Bourne's copyright when it transformed the song for comical use in an episode. [34]

See also

Parody music websites

Parody music artists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allan Sherman</span> American musician and comedian (1924-1973)

Allan Sherman was an American musician, satirist and television producer who became known as a song parodist in the early 1960s. His first album, My Son, the Folk Singer (1962), became the fastest-selling record album up to that time. His biggest hit was "Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh", a comic song in which a boy describes his summer camp experiences to the tune of Ponchielli's Dance of the Hours.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burlesque</span> Literary, dramatic or musical work or genre

A burlesque is a literary, dramatic or musical work intended to cause laughter by caricaturing the manner or spirit of serious works, or by ludicrous treatment of their subjects. The word derives from the Italian burlesco, which, in turn, is derived from the Italian burla – a joke, ridicule or mockery.

<i>Running with Scissors</i> ("Weird Al" Yankovic album) 1999 studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic

Running with Scissors is the tenth studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on June 28, 1999. It was the fourth studio album self-produced by Yankovic, and his first album for Volcano Records after its acquisition of Scotti Brothers. The musical styles on the album are built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the late 1990s, largely targeting alternative rock and hip-hop. The album's lead single, "The Saga Begins", however, was a parody of the 1971 single "American Pie" by Don McLean, and it recounts the plot of the film Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, which was released around the same time. None of the album's singles charted domestically, although "Pretty Fly for a Rabbi", a parody of "Pretty Fly " by the Offspring, charted at number 67 in Australia.

<i>Alapalooza</i> 1993 studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic

Alapalooza is the eighth studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic, released in 1993. By the completion of his previous album, Off the Deep End, Yankovic had already written all of the original songs that he planned to use on his next release. This new album, which would eventually be titled Alapalooza in reference to the music festival Lollapalooza, consisted of seven original songs and five parodies. It produced three parody singles: "Jurassic Park", "Bedrock Anthem", and "Achy Breaky Song". "Jurassic Park" was a top five hit on the Canadian magazine The Record's single chart.

<i>"Weird Al" Yankovic</i> (album) 1983 album by "Weird Al" Yankovic

"Weird Al" Yankovic is the debut studio album by American parodist Alfred "Weird Al" Yankovic. The album was the first of many produced by former The McCoys guitarist Rick Derringer. Mostly recorded in March 1982, the album was released by Rock 'n Roll Records as an LP and on Compact Cassette in 1983.

Nathaniel Davis Ayer was an American composer, pianist, singer and actor. He made most of his career composing and performing in England in Edwardian musical comedy and revue. He also contributed songs to Broadway shows, including some of the Ziegfeld Follies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Headline News ("Weird Al" Yankovic song)</span> 1994 single by "Weird Al" Yankovic

"Headline News" is a parody song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of the Crash Test Dummies' 1993 hit "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm". It was released as the lead-off single for the compilation box set Permanent Record: Al in the Box on September 27, 1994. The song was written after Yankovic's label insisted he craft a new song to promote the album; Yankovic in turn combined the music of the Crash Test Dummies' song with three news stories that were popular in late 1993 and early 1994.

Parody music, or musical parody, involves changing or copying existing musical ideas, and/or lyrics, or copying the particular style of a composer or performer, or even a general style of music.

Comedy rock is rock music that is comedic in nature. Oftentimes it is mixed with satire or irony.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Smells Like Nirvana</span> 1992 single by "Weird Al" Yankovic

"Smells Like Nirvana" is a song parody written and performed by American musician "Weird Al" Yankovic. A parody of Nirvana's song "Smells Like Teen Spirit", it was released as the lead single from Yankovic's Off the Deep End album in April 1992. "Smells Like Nirvana" was written during a three-year career low for Yankovic after the financial failure of his film UHF, but captured the quickly-rising popularity of grunge and Nirvana's success. The song was written to ridicule the fact that many people could hardly understand Nirvana singer Kurt Cobain's lyrics in the original song. After being unable to contact Nirvana conventionally, Yankovic called Cobain while the band was on the set of Saturday Night Live, where Cobain quickly gave permission to record the parody.

Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc., 510 U.S. 569 (1994), was a United States Supreme Court copyright law case that established that a commercial parody can qualify as fair use. This case established that the fact that money is made by a work does not make it impossible for fair use to apply; it is merely one of the components of a fair use analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jurassic Park (song)</span> 1993 song by "Weird Al" Yankovic

"Jurassic Park" is a parody of Richard Harris's version of Jimmy Webb's song "MacArthur Park", written and performed by "Weird Al" Yankovic; it was released both as a single and as part of Yankovic's Alapalooza album in October 1993. "Jurassic Park" was penned by Yankovic after he remembered the enjoyment he had when he combined a classic rock track with a recent movie theme with his 1985 song "Yoda". Yankovic decided to combine the plot of the recent movie Jurassic Park—a film about a park on a fictional island where geneticists have succeeded in cloning dinosaurs—with the classic Richard Harris track "MacArthur Park".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victorian burlesque</span> Theatrical genre

Victorian burlesque, sometimes known as travesty or extravaganza, is a genre of theatrical entertainment that was popular in Victorian England and in the New York theatre of the mid-19th century. It is a form of parody in which a well-known opera or piece of classical theatre or ballet is adapted into a broad comic play, usually a musical play, usually risqué in style, mocking the theatrical and musical conventions and styles of the original work, and often quoting or pastiching text or music from the original work. Victorian burlesque is one of several forms of burlesque.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comedy music</span> Music genre

Comedy music or musical comedy is a genre of music that is comic or humorous in nature. Its history can be traced back to the first century in ancient Greece and Rome, moving forward in time to the Medieval Period, Classical and Romantic eras, and the 20th century. Various forms of comedic musical theatre, including "musical play", "musical comedy", "operetta" and "light opera", evolved from the comic operas first developed in late 17th-century Italy. Popular music artists in the 20th century interested in comedy include Allan Sherman, Frank Zappa, Tiny Tim, Barenaked Ladies, Randy Newman, and "Weird Al" Yankovic. Artists in the 21st century include Tenacious D, Flight of the Conchords, The Lonely Island, Ninja Sex Party and The Axis of Awesome.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">"Weird Al" Yankovic</span> American comedy musician (born 1959)

Alfred MatthewYankovic, known professionally as "Weird Al" Yankovic, is an American musician best known for creating comedy songs that make light of pop culture and often parody specific songs by contemporary musicians. He also performs original songs that are style pastiches of the work of other acts, as well as polka medleys of several popular songs, most of which feature his trademark accordion.

A parody is a creative work designed to imitate, comment on, and/or mock its subject by means of satirical or ironic imitation. Often its subject is an original work or some aspect of it, but a parody can also be about a real-life person, event, or movement. Literary scholar Professor Simon Dentith defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively polemical allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice". The literary theorist Linda Hutcheon said "parody ... is imitation, not always at the expense of the parodied text." Parody may be found in art or culture, including literature, music, theater, television and film, animation, and gaming. Some parody is practiced in theater.

Rucka Rucka Ali is an Israeli-American rapper, singer, radio personality, comedian, YouTuber, and parodist. He is best known for his dark humor, political and topical song parodies on YouTube. Much of his content pokes fun at ethnic, racial, and religious stereotypes. As of February 2022, he has amassed 331 million views and 1.759 million subscribers on his music channel on YouTube. He has released eight independent studio albums, four of which have charted in the Billboard Top Comedy Albums.

<i>Alpocalypse</i> 2011 studio album by "Weird Al" Yankovic

Alpocalypse is the thirteenth studio album by American parody musician "Weird Al" Yankovic, released on June 21, 2011. It was the seventh studio album self-produced by Yankovic. The musical styles on the album are built around parodies and pastiches of pop and rock music of the late 2000s and early 2010s. The album's first single, "Whatever You Like", was released almost two and a half years prior to the release of the album, and the single peaked at number 104 on the Billboard Hot 100. The album's final single, "Perform This Way", was released digitally on April 25, 2011, but failed to chart.

Comedy hip hop or comedy rap is a subgenre of hip hop music designed to be amusing or comedic, compared to artists who incorporate humor into their more serious, purist hip hop styles.

References

  1. ↑ "John Brown's Body", Oxford Companion to Music, Oxford Music Online, accessed 19 February 2012 (subscription required)
  2. ↑ "Trench Songs – When this Lousy War is Over ", The First World War Poetry Digital Archive, accessed 19 February 2012
  3. ↑ "Trench Songs – We are Fred Karno's Army", The First World War Poetry Digital Archive, accessed 19 February 2012
  4. ↑ "Bob Dylan, Blowin' in the Wind", Rolling Stone, accessed 19 February 2012
  5. ↑ "Jones, Spike - Spiked! The Music Of Spike Jones", Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed Colin Larkin. Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  6. ↑ Higham, Nick (December 24, 2000). "Victor Borge: The Great Dane". BBC Online . Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  7. ↑ Borge, Victor (2011). Variations on a Theme (incorporation of: "Happy Birthday"). Jasmine Records. ASIN   B005XM005K . Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Victor Borge - His Greatest Piano Jokes video". NME . Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Victor Borge – Classical Keys". iTunes Store. February 1, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
  10. ↑ Hischak, Thomas. "Jamaica", The Oxford Companion to the American Musical, Oxford University Press 2009, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  11. ↑ Hischak, Thomas. "Little Mary Sunshine", The Oxford Companion to the American Musical, Oxford University Press 2009, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  12. ↑ "Freberg, Stan" , Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed Colin Larkin. Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  13. ↑ "Sherman Allan" , Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed Colin Larkin. Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  14. ↑ "Weston, Paul" , Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed Colin Larkin. Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  15. ↑ "Lehrer, Tom" , Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed Colin Larkin. Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  16. ↑ Kennedy, Michael and Joyce Kennedy. "Borge, Victor", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  17. ↑ Kennedy, Michael and Joyce " Schickele, Peter ", The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  18. ↑ "Barron Knights" , Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed Colin Larkin. Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  19. ↑ "A Little Green Rosetta: Notes About This Song". Zappa Wiki Jawaka. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  20. ↑ "Yankovic, 'Weird Al'" , Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed Colin Larkin. Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009, accessed 21 February 2012 (subscription required)
  21. ↑ "Meet Richard Cheese: He'll grate on you, make you laugh and sing along" [ permanent dead link ], Las Vegas Sun, 21 August 2008
  22. ↑ Lau, Melody. "Woo hoo! 20 things you may not know about Blur's 'Song 2'". CBC Music. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  23. ↑ DeVille, Chris (10 February 2017). ""Song 2" Turns 20". Stereogum.
  24. ↑ Paulas, Rick. "Woo-hoo! 20 Years Ago, Blur's 'Song 2' Became an Unlikely Sports Anthem". Vice Sports. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
  25. ↑ "About the show", Altar Boyz, accessed 21 February 2012
  26. ↑ Ashman, Alex, ed. (21 September 2007). "'London Underground' by Amateur Transplants". BBC h2g2. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  27. ↑ "'Spamming': New Single from Kathryn & Nick Tackles Artistic Democracy". PR Web. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2014.
  28. ↑ Hajdu, David (27 September 2014). "How Parody Videos Transformed Pop Music—for Better and Worse". New Republic. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  29. ↑ Greenhouse, Linda (8 March 1994). "Ruling on Rap Song, High Court Frees Parody From Copyright Law". New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  30. ↑ Gerstenberger, Tim (21 October 2014). "The Three Family Guy Episodes That Got FOX Sued". TV Overmind. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  31. 1 2 "Bourne v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., 602 F.Supp.2d 499 (S.D.N.Y.2009)". Google Scholar. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  32. ↑ Hilden, Julie (October 31, 2007). ""The Family Guy" Once Again Tests Parody's Limits: The Copyright Suit Challenging the Show's Use of "When You Wish Upon a Star"". FindLaw's Writ. FindLaw . Retrieved September 7, 2017.
  33. ↑ Glovin, David; Larson, Erik (16 March 2009). "News Corp. Wins Suit Dismissal Over 'Family Guy' Song". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
  34. ↑ ""Family Guy" wins court battle over song". Reuters. 16 March 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.