Sailing hydrofoil

Last updated
Hydrofoiling wingsail catamaran 17 Oracle Team USA in the 2013 America's Cup.JPG
Hydrofoiling wingsail catamaran 17

A sailing hydrofoil, hydrofoil sailboat, or hydrosail is a sailboat with wing-like foils mounted under the hull. As the craft increases its speed the hydrofoils lift the hull up and out of the water, greatly reducing wetted area, resulting in decreased drag and increased speed. A sailing hydrofoil can achieve speeds exceeding double and in some cases triple the wind speed.

Contents

Both monohull and multihull sailboats can be retrofitted with hydrofoils, although greater stability can be achieved by using the wider planform of a catamaran or trimaran.

Typical configurations

Some multihulls use three foils; two main forward foils provide lift so that the boat "flies" while a horizontal foil on the rudder is trimmed to drive and control altitude. On catamarans, a single main foil can be attached between the hulls just in front of the center of gravity and at 2 degrees of incidence, spanning the tunnel with supporting struts. Hydrofoil catamarans are also called foilcats.[ citation needed ]

Multihull sailboats can also employ hydrofoils only to assist performance.[ clarification needed ] Just as daggerboards and rudders are foils that enhance the control of a boat, assisting hydrofoils provide lift to the hull to reduce the wetted area without actually lifting the boat completely out of the water.

Monohull boats typically employ a "ladder" arrangement of hydrofoils splayed out with a dihedral angle of 50 degrees, with a stabilizing rudder foil. One of the earliest examples is the Monitor boat from 1957. [1] This design offers the advantages of maximum lifting foil area at slow speeds and less at higher speeds, but with some additional drag arising from the dihedral support of the outboard ladder foils.

Types of hydrofoils

There are four main types of hydrofoils used in sailboats, in which each type employ similar and different advantages to each other. Overall, 'T' Foils fit into their own category of single direction lift, while 'C', 'L', and 'S' fit into a category of multidirectional lift.

'T' Foils

'T' Foils, commonly seen in the International Moth class and the AC75 class, contains a vertical component connecting to a horizontal wing, providing lift for the foil. 'T' Foils only provide lift in the perpendicular direction from the horizontal wing component and hence are typically used only for upwards lift instead providing lift in the vertical and horizontal direction. 'T' Foils are often equipped with an adjustable trailing edge that attaches to some flight control sensor to ensure steady flight. This system was easily implemented in the Moth class. [2]

'C' Foils

'C' Foils also known as curved daggerboards are shaped as a constant curve and are allowed to travel up and down within its casing, changing the area of the board exposed to the water. When the board starts at its maximum height above the water, it is near vertical and employs a lifting force normal to the exposed surface or otherwise horizontal lift. As the board is pushed lower, the 'C' shape forces a larger portion of the board to become horizontal, introducing a larger vertical component in the lift. This variation in configuration allows for many boats to provide a higher upwind angle due to the horizontal lift in combination to the vertical lift. The curved boards also solve the issue of increased drag at high speed, while no longer requiring a strong horizontal lift by adjusting the exposure of the board to the water. [2]

'S' Foils

The 'S' Foil contains the slight shape of a 's' and operates in a similar manner to the 'C' Foils, with the reverse order of operations, such that when lowering the 'S' Foil the horizontal lifting force exerted increases due to a more vertical orientation in the board. [2]

'L' Foils

'L' Foils consist of a curve edge followed by a sharp 90-degree bend such that the bottom of the foil sits upright when not submerged in the water, and sits at a 45-degree angle from horizontal when submerged entirely. Similarly to the 'C' and 'S' foils, the amount that the foil is lowered changes the amount of vertical and horizontal lift being created. [2]

Foiling classes

Monohulls

International Moth

Rohan Veal sailing a Bladerider Bladerider-8.jpg
Rohan Veal sailing a Bladerider

The most widespread use of hydrofoils in sailboats to date has been in the International Moth class. Andy Paterson of Bloodaxe boats on the Isle of Wight is widely considered to have developed the first functional foiling Moth, though his boat had three foils in a tripod arrangement. Brett Burvill sailed a narrow skiff Moth with inclined surface-piercing hydrofoils to a race win at the Moth World Championships in 2001 in Australia, which was the first time a hydrofoil Moth had won a race at a World Championship. This hydrofoil configuration was later declared illegal by the class, as it was felt to constitute a multihull, which is prohibited by class rules. Initially Ian Ward in Sydney, Australia developed the first centerline foiling Moth which demonstrated that sailing on centerboard and rudder foils alone was feasible. Subsequently, Garth and John Ilett in Perth, Australia developed a two-hydrofoil system for the Moth with active flap control for the main foil via a surface sensor. John's company Fastacraft was the first to produce a commercially available hydrofoil International Moth. Fasta Craft's Prowler design, superseded in 2008 by the F-Zero, features a carbon-fiber hull, inverted "T" foils on the centerboard and rudder, and can reach speeds of over 27 knots. Fasta Craft has since been joined in producing hydrofoil Moths by several other companies, including Bladerider, Assassin, Exocet, and Aardvark Technologies.

Although initially debated fiercely within the class, the adoption of hydrofoils has proven a success for the International Moth class, with rapid fleet growth in the years since 2001. All World Championships since 2004 have been won by hydrofoil-equipped Moths, which can become foilborne in as little as six knots of breeze when steered by an experienced sailor of lighter weight. The class rule remains open to development of all boat components including hydrofoil systems, and development within the class continues to be spurred by both commercial and individual/amateur efforts.

Waszp

Waszp Waszp sailboat 8300.jpg
Waszp

The Waszp class founded in 2016, is almost identical to the current configuration of the International Moth class. The class contains the same "T" foils design on the centerboard and rudder, with the same narrow hull shape. The largest difference between the two classes is that the Wazsp is heavier due the foils being constructed out of aluminum instead of carbon fiber. Due to heavier design, the top speed of the waszp is only 26.7 knots, however its cheaper materials have made it a popular and accessible class, despite its relative youth. Most recently, the Waszp class has partnered with SailGP to develop a pathway for young sailors to work their way into the professional field of sailing. [3] [4]

69F

The 69F also known as the Persico 69F is a 3-4 person fully carbon foiling monohull, resembling that of a skiff, designed by Wilson-Marquinez and built by Persico Marine. The newly founded one-design class had its first racing series in 2020, starting in Europe and then making its way over to the United States in 2022. The boat consists of a singular t-shaped rudder foil, two 'L' foils on each side, and a singular daggerboard in the center of the boat for stability. The 69F is 6.9 meters long and contains a fully battened main sail and jib alongside a gennaker, totaling a sail area of 69.0 meters. [5] [6]

Laser dinghy

Glide Free Foils on a Laser sailing dinghy Glide Free Foils on Laser.jpg
Glide Free Foils on a Laser sailing dinghy

The first time a Laser foiled was in December 2009 by Ian Ward in Sydney, Australia. Top speeds of around 23-25kts are possible with this kit. The foils can be removed and the boat remains class legal. This foiling system is unique in that it is retractable, has flapless foils and the height sensing 'wand' is integrated within the daggerboard.

Optimist

The "world's least advanced sailboat" was converted to hydrofoiling by the Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, in 2017. [7] [8]

The Optimist, only 2.3 metres in length and with a sail area of 3.3 square metres, is normally limited to speeds below 4 knots. The hydrofoils allows the optimist dinghy to achieve 12 knots in only 12 knots of wind.

AC75

The AC75 (America's Cup 75 class) is a 75 ft sailboat class, governing the construction and operation of the yachts used in the 2021 America's Cup. The boat type is a foiling monohull with canting ballasted T-wing hydrofoils mounted on port and starboard topside longitudinal drums, a centerline T-wing rudder, and no keel. Speeds of 50 knots were predicted based on computer simulations [9] and in fact have been exceeded in the Prada Cup by the America Magic's boat in January 2021. In October 2024, during the Louis Vuitton Cup, INEOS Britannia reached a reported 55.5 knots.

IQFoil

The IQFoil windsurfer class selected by World Sailing to be used in the Summer Olympics starting 2024. [10]

Keelboat/Hybrids

IMOCA 60

The IMOCA 60 class, originally a non-foiling offshore racer competing in around the globe races such as the Volvo Ocean Race and the Vendeé Globe was re-designed with S-shaped daggerboard foils. The new foil designs allowed for enough lift a portion of the boat out of the water, making it a partially foiling boat, reducing the overall drag and increasing the top speed of the boat. [11] The IMOCA 60 Hugo Boss 7, skippered by British skipper Alex Thomson is one the recent IMOCA 60 boats with semi foiling features.

MW40OF

While only in its design phase, the MW40OF is modeled after the 69F and similar to other offshore racers to be a fully foiling offshore racer equipped with C-shaped daggerboard Foils and T-shaped rudder foils and a crew of 5 people. [12]

Catamarans

America's Cup catamarans

Foils have been used in the America's Cup since 2013.

GC32

The GC32 is carbon fibre production hydrofoil catamaran 32 feet in length (9.75 meters). It has a top speed of about 40 knots (74 km/h; 46 mph). [13] [14] They are sailed in the GC32 Racing Tour, and have replaced the Extreme 40's in the Extreme Sailing Series. [15]

AC72

The 2013 America's Cup featured daggerboard catamarans. Under the terms of the protocol, these daggerboards could not feature trim tabs, could not exceed the beam of the boat when raised and could not be adjusted when lowered, but a loophole exploited by three teams was to create T-shaped rudders and L-shaped daggerboards of which the leeward appendage serves as a hydrofoil on all points of sailing conditions in winds over 10 knots. On September 6, 2012, in Auckland, during Team New Zealand's fifth day of trials, their boat achieved 40 knots (74 km/h) with a level trim and no heeling in 17 knots of breeze. [16]

AC45f/AC50
AC45f sailing on hydrofoils with one daggerboard raised above the water. AC45f racing catamaran using hydrofoils, Land Rover BAR, July 24, 2016.jpg
AC45f sailing on hydrofoils with one daggerboard raised above the water.

The 2015–16 America's Cup World Series was raced with hydrofoiling AC45f catamarans, which are smaller versions of the AC72.

The 2017 America's Cup was raced in the fully foiling AC50 class.

F50

The F50 sailboat one design class is adapted from the AC50 class with modifications in new control systems, modular wingsails, and new carbon layer technologies within the foils and hull. The class is used within the SailGP series and is the first sailboat class to break 50.0 knots (57.5 mph/92.6 km/h) during a race, and is claimed that the top speed of the boat is 52.2 knots. The boat also has a variety of rudder foils, board foils, wingssails, and jibs to be used in various combination with a crew of 3-5 people based on the wind speeds There currently exists a total of 8 active boats with teams from the United States, Spain, Japan, France, Denmark, Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain. In the upcoming 2022–2023 season, two teams from Canada and Switzerland plan to join the competition. [17]

C-Class catamarans

Recent International C-class catamaran have been foiling, and further development is expected. [18]

A-Class catamarans

International A-class catamaran rule 8 initially allowed hydrofoils, but was changed to partially restrict them in 2009, in response to improving technology. The rule required "that all foils must be inserted from the top of the hull, and that there must be a minimum distance between the tips of the bottom of the boards of 75cm from the centreline". [19] The 2014 A-Class Catamaran World Titles in Takapuna New Zealand demonstrated early foiling capabilities to the class. [20] Now the A-Class can foil stably downwind in 6 knots and upwind in 12 knots or more. Peak speeds are reported to be about 30 knots and 2.5X wind speed. [21] The A-Class has set the standard for 4-point foiling that many classes are now adopting. [22]

Nacra 17 catamaran

The Nacra 17 as raced at the 2016 Olympics was capable of elevated foiling under some conditions. For the 2017 World Championships, the Nacra was upgraded to a fully foiling yacht, to be raced at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. [23]

Nacra F20 catamaran

The Nacra F20 is a two-person catamaran similar in design to Nacra Sailing's former 20-foot catamaran and the Nacra 17; however, every component is made of carbon, from the hull, mast, and foils. The Nacra F20 uses 'L' foil daggerboard on each hull and T-shaped rudder foils.

Flying Phantom

The Flying Phantom is a catamaran similar to the Nacra that uses 'L' foils on each hull and 'T' Foils on the rudders.

iFLY15

The iFlY15 sailing on its stabilized four daggerboard hydrofoils. Ifly15 - hydrofoil catamaran by Catamaran Europe Central.jpg
The iFlY15 sailing on its stabilized four daggerboard hydrofoils.

iFLY15 is a 15-foot hydrofoil catamaran equipped with automatic foils, built by CEC Catamarans GmbH. It uses a mechanical automatic system to stabilize the horizontal trim in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Jibes are facilitated by the four T-shaped foils which are always in the water and stabilize the boat. [24]

UFO

Similar in design to a moth, the UFO is a small single person foiling dinghy with a T-foil daggerboard and a T-foil rudder. The boat is made out of fiberglass with carbon rigging and was meant to be user friendly, low cost boat in comparison to the moth or Waszp. Sailing the boat in subpar wind conditions proved to be easier and more enjoyable than a Waszp or Moth as the catamaran hulls provided increased stability. [25]

GunBoats G4

The G4 is a junior racer with cruiser content and comfort made by DNA Performance Sailing. The boat design was based on an A-Class Catamaran, containing 'L' foils on each hull and 'T' foils for the rudders and is claimed to reach a top speed of 35 knots. The G4 was designed as a hybrid between racing boats and cruising yachts, capable of foiling or not foiling based on the desires of the user. The Boat was meant to be sailed with 6 people and was capable of housing more. The G4 is no longer in production. [26]

Trimarans

TriFoiler

In the 1990s the Hobie Cat company manufactured the TriFoiler (no longer in production), a twin-sail trimaran with a mainsail on each outrigger capable of 35+ knot speeds in typical sailing conditions, making the TriFoiler the fastest production sailboat in the world. The prototype of the Hobie TriFoiler, called Longshot, was developed by brothers Dan and Greg Ketterman in conjunction with Russell Long. Though more streamlined than the Trifoiler and having smaller hydrofoils, Longshot still holds the Class A speedsailing record of 43.55 knots on a 500-meter course, set in Tarifa Spain in 1993. Until recently, it was the only existing speedsailing record held by a hydrofoil, but the recent records of Hydroptère have added to the list with record breaking runs across the English Channel. [27]

WindRider Rave

In 1998, WindRider LLC introduced the WindRider Rave, [28] a popular two-person trimaran hydrofoil capable of lifting off in as little as 12-13 knots of wind. The Rave is capable of sailing between 1.5 and 2 times wind speed. [29] The boat's mainsail has no boom. The Rave broke new ground in the development of flapped foils and control systems.

Other wind craft

Wind foiling

Windfoiling otherwise known as Windsurf Foiling are windsurf boards equipped with two T-shaped hydrofoil wings of opposite orientation connected by a fuselauge and a mast inserting into the board. The front wing is larger and provides upwards lift while the rear wing provides stability with downward lift. Many of the hydrofoils used in windfoiling can vary in size in order to obtain a greater combination of lift and top speed. The most recent development in windfoiling was the creation of the IQFoil one design Olympic Windsurfing class by Starboard Windsurfing used to replace the RS:X in the 2024 Olympics. The IQFoil contains a fully battened, cambered sail alongside a board made of a carbon reflex sandwich design and a carbon and aluminum foil. The class was created in 2020 and is similar to the open windfoiling class used in the PWA(Professional Windsurfing Association) competitions.

Foil kitesurfing

The Formula Kite class was introduced into the 2024 Summer Olympics as a non-one design class. The equipment contains a singly T-shaped foil and a board. A similar setup is also used for recreational foil kitesurfing. [30]

Wing foiling

Wing foiling is developed from Windfoiling, Foil Kitesurfing, and surfing. It uses a T-shaped foil on a small board in which a person holds an inflatable sail, small in size and similar to a kite, known as a wing. [31]

Experimental designs

L'hydroptere experimental hydrofoil. Hydroptere 2.jpg
L'hydroptère experimental hydrofoil.

Non-production experimental designs have been built:

See also

Related Research Articles

A hydrofoil is a lifting surface, or foil, that operates in water. They are similar in appearance and purpose to aerofoils used by aeroplanes. Boats that use hydrofoil technology are also simply termed hydrofoils. As a hydrofoil craft gains speed, the hydrofoils lift the boat's hull out of the water, decreasing drag and allowing greater speeds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Catamaran</span> Watercraft with two parallel hulls of equal size

A catamaran is a watercraft with two parallel hulls of equal size. The distance between a catamaran's hulls imparts resistance to rolling and overturning. Catamarans typically have less hull volume, smaller displacement, and shallower draft (draught) than monohulls of comparable length. The two hulls combined also often have a smaller hydrodynamic resistance than comparable monohulls, requiring less propulsive power from either sails or motors. The catamaran's wider stance on the water can reduce both heeling and wave-induced motion, as compared with a monohull, and can give reduced wakes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daggerboard</span> Retractable centreboard for sailing craft

A daggerboard is a retractable centreboard used by various sailing craft. While other types of centreboard may pivot to retract, a daggerboard slides in a casing. The shape of the daggerboard converts the forward motion into a windward lift, countering the leeward push of the sail. The theoretical centre of lateral resistance is on the trailing edge of the daggerboard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hobie 16</span> Sailboat class

The ISAF International Class Hobie 16 (H16) is a popular catamaran manufactured by the Hobie Cat Company for racing and day sailing. The craft was the driving force behind the popularization of beachcats and was recently inducted into the Sailing Hall of Fame.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hobie Cat</span> Small sailing catamaran

Hobie Cat is a company that manufactures watercraft and other products as the Hobie Cat Company. "Hobie Cat" can also refer to specific products of the company, notably its sailing catamarans. Its fiberglass catamaran models range in nominal length between 14 feet (4.3 m) and 18 feet (5.5 m). Rotomolded catamaran models range in length between 12 feet (3.7 m) and 17 feet (5.2 m). Other sailing vessels in the Hobie Cat lineup include, monocats, dinghies, and trimarans, ranging in length between 9 feet (2.7 m) and 20 feet (6.1 m). Its largest product was the Hobie 33, 33 feet (10 m) in length. The company's non-sailing product line includes surfboards, kayaks, stand-up paddle boards, pedalboards, eyeware, and e-bikes. It was founded in 1961 by Hobart (Hobie) Alter, who originally manufactured surfboards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formula 18</span> Catamaran class

The Formula 18 class, abbreviated F18, is a non-foiling, restricted development, formula-design sport catamaran class. It was started in the early 1990s and quickly grew getting class recognition by World Sailing, with large racing fleets all over the globe.

The term beachcat is an informal name for one of the most common types of small recreational sailboats, minimalist 14 to 20 foot catamarans, almost always with a cloth "trampoline" stretched between the two hulls, typically made of fiberglass or more recently rotomolded plastic. The name comes from the fact that they are designed to be sailed directly off a sand beach, unlike most other small boats which are launched from a ramp. The average 8 foot width of the beachcat means it can also sit upright on the sand and is quite stable in this position, unlike a monohull of the same size. The Hobie 14 and Hobie 16 are two of the earliest boats of this type that achieved widespread popularity, and popularized the term as well as created the template for this type of boat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Topcat</span> Sailing catamaran boat class

The Topcat is a one-design sailing catamaran boat class which is divided into several boat sizes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">High-performance sailing</span> Optimizing sailboat speed

High-performance sailing is achieved with low forward surface resistance—encountered by catamarans, sailing hydrofoils, iceboats or land sailing craft—as the sailing craft obtains motive power with its sails or aerofoils at speeds that are often faster than the wind on both upwind and downwind points of sail. Faster-than-the-wind sailing means that the apparent wind angle experienced on the moving craft is always ahead of the sail. This has generated a new concept of sailing, called "apparent wind sailing", which entails a new skill set for its practitioners, including tacking on downwind points of sail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hobie Tiger</span> Sailboat class

The Hobie Tiger or Hobie Tiger 18, is a French catamaran sailboat that was designed by Hobie Cat Europe as a Formula 18 racer and first built in 1995.

Nacra Sailing is a Dutch company that manufactures a line of small catamaran sailboats, or beachcats. NACRA was founded in 1975 to tap into the market created by Hobie Alter the founder of Hobie Cat, and several other companies offering small fiberglass catamarans designed to be sailed off the beach by a crew of one or two.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nacra 17</span> Olympic sailing class

The Nacra 17 is a performance catamaran used for sailing. It was designed in 2011, went into production in 2012 and has been the focus of multihull sailing at the Olympic Games since its conception.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nacra F18 Infusion</span> Sailboat class

The Nacra F18 Infusion was announced in 2006 and launched in January 2007 as a one design racing catamaran conforming to the Formula 18 class rules. It quickly developed into a class in its own right.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GC32</span>

The GC32 is a class of hydrofoiling catamaran, 32 feet in length and constructed of carbon fibre, with a top speed of about 40 knots. They are sailed in the GC32 Racing Tour, and have replaced the Extreme 40's in the Extreme Sailing Series.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hobie 17</span> Sailboat class

The Hobie 17 is an American catamaran that was designed by John Wake as a single-handed racer and first built in 1985.

The Flying Phantom Essentiel,, is a French hydrofoil catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Gonzalo Redondo and Martin Fischer and first built in 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nacra 20</span> Sailboat class

The Nacra 20 is a catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Gino Morrelli and Pete Melvin as a one-design racer and first built in 1998.

The Nacra 5.2 is an American catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Tom Roland as a one-design racer and first built in 1975. Other than the small production run Nacra 36, the Nacra 5.2 was the first Nacra brand boat and established its reputation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waszp</span> Sailboat class

The Waszp is an Australian, single-handed, hydrofoiling sailboat that was designed by Andrew McDougall as a one-design racer for youth and adults, and first built in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nacra F16</span> Dutch catamaran sailboat class

The Nacra F16 is a Dutch catamaran sailing dinghy that was designed by Americans Morrelli and Melvin as a one-design Formula 16 racer and first built in 2011.

References

  1. ↑ "Monitor specs". International Hydrofoil Society. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "The foiling phenomenon, the history of foils". Yachting World. 2015-07-20. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  3. ↑ "Waszp". US Sailing. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  4. ↑ "WASZP - the one design foiler". WASZP. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  5. ↑ "The boat – 69F Sailing" (in Italian). Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  6. ↑ "Persico 69F, one-design monohull foiler now in production - Persico Group". www.persico.com. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  7. ↑ Chalmers Univ. of Technology. "The-Optimist dinghy proves it can fly" . Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  8. ↑ Chalmers Univ. of Technology. "The Foiling Optimist". Vimeo.com. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  9. ↑ "How fast can Team New Zealand's AC75 go? Grant Dalton explains the new boat's design". TVNZ. 5 September 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-01-15. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
  10. ↑ Morgan, Liam (1 November 2019). "World Sailing Council approve Starboard iFoil as windsurfing equipment at Paris 2024". Inside the Games . Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  11. ↑ "Mālama". 11th Hour Racing Team. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  12. ↑ "MW40OF - New Foiling Offshore Sailboat Concept". www.sail-world.com. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  13. ↑ "THE GREAT CUP Organization".
  14. ↑ "Alinghi breaks GC32 speed record!". Alinghi. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  15. ↑ "GC32s to replace Extreme 40s". Extreme Sailing Series. 24 August 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
  16. ↑ Team NZ's new catamaran in full flight, TVNZ, 2012-09-06
  17. ↑ "Switzerland SailGP Team News, Features, Exclusives, Athletes, Stats". SailGP. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  18. ↑ Foiling 'Little Cup' Cats set for prestigious C-Class Championship Trophy
  19. ↑ "The 'A' Class Catamaran – Its place at the top table". International A-Division Catamaran Association. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  20. ↑ Worlds @Takapuna: Day 1, Report by Bob Griffits
  21. ↑ "DNA | HOLLAND COMPOSITES present the 2015 A-Cat Worlds". Vimeo. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
  22. ↑ "Catamaran Racing, News & Design". Catamaran Racing, News & Design. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
  23. ↑ "WHO CAN TAME THE FOILING CAT?". Yachting New Zealand. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
  24. ↑ "Articles about iFly15". XS Sailing.
  25. ↑ "Boat Details". Foiling UFO. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  26. ↑ "G4 Foiling Catamaran - Foiling Multihull". DNA Performance Sailing. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  27. ↑ "Hobie TriFoiler History" . Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  28. ↑ "WindRider Rave" . Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  29. ↑ Burns, Thom (1998). "The Rave Hydrofoil". Sailing Breezes online magazine. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  30. ↑ "COMPETE – OLYMPIC FORMAT TESTED FOR 2024". Kitesurfing Magazine. April 8, 2020.
  31. ↑ "The Not-So-Short History of Wing Foiling". Wingsurfing Magazine. Jan 20, 2022.
  32. ↑ "Assault on the World Sailing Speed Record". 2008-02-11. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  33. ↑ "l'Hydroptère, new version". 2007-12-14. Archived from the original on April 18, 2009. Retrieved 2012-09-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ↑ "L'Hydroptère, monstre de vitesse". L’Équipe. 2009-09-06. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  35. ↑ Carlson, Dave. "Hydrofoil! (Hobie 18 foilcat Kangalope)". Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
  36. ↑ "Mirabaud LX".
  37. ↑ "The Miller Hydrofoil Sailboard". International Hydrofoil Society. 2007-09-11. Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-05-15.
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