Silly Symphony

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Silly Symphony
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Production
company
Distributed by Columbia Pictures (1929–32)
United Artists (1932–36)
RKO Radio Pictures (1937–39)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish

Silly Symphony (also known as Silly Symphonies) is an American animated series of 75 musical short films produced by Walt Disney Productions from 1929 to 1939. As the series name implies, the Silly Symphonies were originally intended as whimsical accompaniments to pieces of music. [1] As such, the films usually did not feature continuing characters, unlike the Mickey Mouse shorts produced by Disney at the same time (exceptions to this include Three Little Pigs , The Tortoise and the Hare , and Three Orphan Kittens , which all had sequels). The series is notable for its innovation with Technicolor and the multiplane motion picture camera, as well as its introduction of the character Donald Duck, who made his first appearance in the Silly Symphony cartoon The Wise Little Hen in 1934. Seven shorts won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. [1]

Contents

The series also spawned a Silly Symphony newspaper comic strip distributed by King Features Syndicate, as well as a Dell comic book series and several children's books.

The Silly Symphonies returned to theaters with its re-issues and re-releases, and tied with Joseph Barbera and William Hanna's Tom and Jerry's record for most Oscar wins for a cartoon series in the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film category.

The first five Silly Symphony shorts entered the public domain on January 1, 2025. [2]

Production

1935 series poster Silly Symphony poster 1935.png
1935 series poster

While Walt Disney and Carl Stalling, a theatre organist from Kansas City, were in New York to add sound to the Mickey Mouse shorts The Gallopin' Gaucho , The Barn Dance and Plane Crazy , Stalling suggested the idea of making a series of musical animated shorts that combined the latest sound technology with storytelling. At first Walt did not seem interested, but when they returned to New York in February to record the sound for a fifth Mickey Mouse cartoon, The Opry House , they also recorded the soundtrack for The Skeleton Dance , the type of short that Stalling had suggested and the first Silly Symphony cartoon. [3]

Within the animation industry, the series is known for its use by Walt Disney as a platform for experimenting with processes, techniques, characters, and stories in order to further the art of animation. It also provided a venue to try out techniques and technologies, such as Technicolor, special effects animation, and dramatic storytelling in animation, that would be crucial to Disney's plans to eventually begin making feature-length animated films. [1]

Shortly after the switch to United Artists, the series became even more popular. Walt Disney had seen some of Dr. Herbert Kalmus' tests for a new three-strip, full-color Technicolor process, which would replace the previous two-tone Technicolor process. Disney signed a contract with Technicolor which gave the Disney studio exclusive rights to the new three-strip process through the end of 1935, and had a 60% complete Symphony, Flowers and Trees , scrapped and redone in full color.[ citation needed ]Flowers and Trees was the first animated film to use the three-strip Technicolor process, [4] and was a phenomenal success. Within a year, the now-in-Technicolor Silly Symphonies series had popularity and success that matched (and later surpassed) that of the Mickey Mouse cartoons. The contract Disney had with Technicolor would also later be extended another five years as well. [5]

The success of Silly Symphonies would be tremendously boosted after Three Little Pigs was released in 1933 and became a box office sensation; the film was featured in movie theaters for several months and also featured the hit song that became the anthem of the Great Depression, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf". [6] Several Silly Symphonies entries, including Three Little Pigs (1933), The Grasshopper and the Ants (1934), The Tortoise and the Hare (1935), The Country Cousin (1936), The Old Mill (1937), Wynken, Blynken, and Nod (1938), and The Ugly Duckling (1939, with an earlier black-and-white version from 1931), are among the most notable films produced by Walt Disney.

Due to problems related to Disney's scheduled productions of cartoons, a deal was made with Harman and Ising to produce three Silly Symphonies: Merbabies , Pipe Dreams, and The Little Bantamweight. Only one of these cartoons, Merbabies, ended up being bought by Disney, the remaining two Harman-Ising Silly Symphonies were then sold to MGM who released them as Happy Harmonies cartoons. [7] Disney ceased production of Silly Symphonies in 1939. [8]

Distribution

The series was first distributed by Pat Powers from 1929 to 1930 and released by Celebrity Productions (1929–1930) indirectly through Columbia Pictures. The original basis of the cartoons was musical novelty, and the musical scores of the first cartoons were composed by Carl Stalling. [9]

Columbia Pictures

After viewing "The Skeleton Dance", the manager at Columbia Pictures quickly became interested in distributing the series, and gained the perfect opportunity to acquire Silly Symphonies after Disney broke with Celebrity Productions head Pat Powers after Powers signed Disney's colleague Ub Iwerks to a studio contract. Columbia Pictures (1930–1932) agreed to pick up the direct distribution of the Mickey Mouse series on the condition that they would have exclusive rights to distribute the Silly Symphonies series; at first, Silly Symphonies could not even come close to the popularity Mickey Mouse had. The original title cards to the shorts released by Celebrity Productions and Columbia Pictures were all redrawn after Walt Disney stopped distributing his cartoons through them. Meanwhile, more competition spread for Disney after Max Fleischer's flapper cartoon character Betty Boop began to gain more and more popularity after starring in the cartoon Minnie the Moocher . By August 1932, Betty Boop became so popular that the Talkartoon series was renamed as Betty Boop cartoons.

United Artists

In 1932, after falling out with Columbia Pictures, Disney began distributing his products through United Artists. UA refused to distribute the Silly Symphonies unless Disney associated Mickey Mouse with them somehow, resulting in the "Mickey Mouse presents a Silly Symphony" title cards and posters that introduced and promoted the series during its five-year run for UA. United Artists also agreed to double the budget for each cartoon from $7,500 to $15,000. [10] The first short released by United Artists was The Bears and Bees . [11]

RKO Radio Pictures

In 1937, Disney signed a distribution deal with RKO Radio Pictures to distribute the Silly Symphony cartoons, along with the Mickey Mouse series. RKO would continue to distribute until the end of the series in 1939.

Home media

Several Symphonies have been released in home media, most of the time as bonus shorts that relate to something within various Disney films. For instance, the original Dumbo VHS included Father Noah's Ark, The Practical Pig and Three Orphan Kittens as bonus shorts to make up for the film's short length. In the UK, several Silly Symphonies were released in compilations under Disney Videos' "Storybook Favourites" brand. The three "Storybook Favourites Shorts" volumes released included among others, The Three Little Pigs, The Tortoise and the Hare and the remake of The Ugly Duckling.

On December 4, 2001, Disney released "Silly Symphonies" as part of its DVD series "Walt Disney Treasures". On December 19, 2006, "More Silly Symphonies" was released, completing the collection and allowing the cartoons to be completely available to the public. [1]

Some Disney Blu-ray discs include Silly Symphonies as high definition special features. [12] Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs includes six, Beauty and the Beast and Dumbo both contain two and Pixar's A Bug's Life contains one.

The Silly Symphony shorts originally aired on Turner Classic Movies' period program block "Treasures from the Disney Vault".

Some Silly Symphony shorts are viewable on Disney+.

List of films

The Silly Symphonies are listed here in production order:

#FilmOriginal release dateDirectorMusicNotesRunning time (minutes)Based on
1 The Skeleton Dance August 22, 1929 Walt Disney Carl Stalling
  • First entry in the Silly Symphony series.
  • The soundtrack was recorded in February 1929 in New York.
  • This short entered the public domain on January 1, 2025
5:31
2 El Terrible Toreador September 26, 1929
  • The first Silly Symphony to have its soundtrack recorded in Los Angeles.
  • This short entered the public domain on January 1, 2025
6:14
3 Springtime October 24, 1929 Ub Iwerks 6:14
4 Hell's Bells November 21, 1929
  • This short entered the public domain on January 1, 2025
5:49
5 The Merry Dwarfs December 19, 1929Walt Disney
  • This short entered the public domain on January 1, 2025
5:57
6 Summer January 16, 1930Ub Iwerks5:51
7 Autumn February 13, 1930
  • The last Silly Symphony to be completed before Ub Iwerks and Carl Stalling left the studio. Their sudden departures caused delays in production.
6:24
8 Cannibal Capers March 20, 1930 Burt Gillett Bert Lewis
  • Production on this and several other Silly Symphonies were delayed due to the sudden departures of Ub Iwerks and Carl Stalling.
  • The version that aired on the Mickey Mouse Club was cut short at the end. The version that is on the "More Silly Symphonies" DVD includes the original ending along with the cut ending.
6:15 (5:56 cut)
9 Night July 31, 1930Walt Disney
  • Originally released with blue tinting. [13]
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of April 10.
6:53
10 Frolicking Fish June 21, 1930Burt Gillett
  • Originally released with green tinting. [13]
  • It was on this film that animator Norm Ferguson discovered the "follow-thru" animation technique that allowed for characters to move more naturally.
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of May 8.
6:02
11 Arctic Antics June 26, 1930Ub Iwerks (Possibly)
Burt Gillett (Possibly)[ clarification needed ]
  • The animators' draft lists Ub Iwerks as the director, even though he left the studio before animation began.
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of June 5.
7:00
12 Midnight in a Toy Shop August 16, 1930 Wilfred Jackson
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of July 3.
7:34
13 Monkey Melodies September 26, 1930Burt Gillett
  • Due to production delays, this film was postponed from its original announced release date of August 10.
7:00
14 Winter October 30, 19306:53
15 Playful Pan December 27, 19306:59
16 Birds of a Feather February 3, 19318:04
17 Mother Goose Melodies April 16, 1931Bert Lewis
Frank Churchill 		8:10 Mother Goose
18 The China Plate May 23, 1931Wilfred JacksonFrank Churchill7:32
19 The Busy Beavers June 30, 1931Burt Gillett7:07
20 The Cat's Out July 28, 1931Wilfred Jackson
  • The film's working title was The Cat's Out, and the current vault print features that title in its credits. However, it was copyrighted and released as The Cat's Nightmare.
7:20
21 Egyptian Melodies August 27, 19316:20
22 The Clock Store September 28, 19317:12
23 The Spider and the Fly October 23, 1931Frank Churchill7:14
24 The Fox Hunt November 20, 1931Frank Churchill6:22
25 The Ugly Duckling December 17, 1931Bert Lewis
Frank Churchill
  • This short would be remade in color in 1939, also titled "The Ugly Duckling".
7:11 The Ugly Duckling
26 The Bird Store January 16, 1932Frank Churchill6:52
27 The Bears and Bees February 15, 19326:18
28 Just Dogs May 16, 1932Burt GillettBert Lewis7:13
29 Flowers and Trees July 30, 1932Bert Lewis
Frank Churchill		7:49
30 Bugs in Love October 1, 1932Bert Lewis
  • The last Silly Symphony to be produced in black-and-white.
7:04
31 King Neptune October 15, 19327:11
32 Babes in the Woods November 19, 1932
  • The last Silly Symphony to be recorded with Cinephone.
8:14 Hansel and Gretel
33 Santa's Workshop December 10, 1932Wilfred JacksonFrank Churchill6:37
34 Birds in the Spring March 13, 1933 David Hand Bert Lewis
Frank Churchill		7:32
35 Father Noah's Ark April 8, 1933Wilfred Jackson Leigh Harline 8:24 Noah's Ark
36 Three Little Pigs May 25, 1933Burt GillettFrank Churchill
Carl Stalling
  • Winner of the 1932–33 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.
  • From this film came the Disney studio's first hit song, "Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?".
  • Originally had a scene where after Practical Pigs asks "Who's there?" then cuts to the Wolf (disguised as a Jewish peddler) saying "I'm the Fuller Brush Man...I'm giving a free sample!" in a Yiddish accent. This scene was edited in 1948 and changed the Wolf's disguise along with the dialog. This is the version that's on home releases (the R2 release of "Walt Disney Treasures - Silly Symphonies" DVD includes the original animation with the altered dialogue.[ citation needed ])
8:41 Three Little Pigs
37 Old King Cole July 29, 1933David HandFrank Churchill
Bert Lewis		7:28 Old King Cole
38 Lullaby Land August 19, 1933Wilfred JacksonFrank Churchill
Leigh Harline		7:22
39 The Pied Piper September 16, 1933Leigh Harline7:32 Pied Piper of Hamelin
40 The Night Before Christmas December 9, 1933
  • Was originally supposed to be released after The China Shop, but production was moved ahead in order to have it ready for a Christmastime release. As a result, both films were given each other's production numbers.
8:27 A Visit from St. Nicholas
41 The China Shop January 13, 19348:23
42 The Grasshopper and the Ants February 10, 1934
  • The song featured in the film, "The World Owes Me a Living", would become a recurring theme for Goofy. Coincidentally, Pinto Colvig, the voice of Goofy, also voiced the Grasshopper in this film.
8:24 The Ant and the Grasshopper
43 Funny Little Bunnies March 24, 1934Frank Churchill
Leigh Harline
  • Its 1950s reissue was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.
  • Was originally supposed to be released after The Big Bad Wolf, but production was moved ahead in order to have it ready for an Easter release. As a result, both films were given each other's production numbers.
7:10
44 The Big Bad Wolf April 14, 1934Burt GillettFrank Churchill
  • A sequel to "Three Little Pigs".
9:21 Little Red Riding Hood
45 The Wise Little Hen May 3, 1934(Carthay Circle Theatre) [14]
June 7, 1934 [14] 		Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline
  • The debut appearance of Donald Duck.
  • Was originally supposed to be released after The Flying Mouse, but production was moved ahead for reasons unknown. As a result, both films were given each other's production numbers.
7:43 The Little Red Hen
46 The Flying Mouse July 14, 1934David HandFrank Churchill
Bert Lewis		9:17
47 Peculiar Penguins September 1, 1934Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline9:21
48 The Goddess of Spring November 3, 1934Leigh Harline9:48
49 The Tortoise and the Hare January 5, 1935Frank Churchill8:36 The Tortoise and the Hare
50 The Golden Touch March 22, 1935Walt Disney10:34 King Midas
51 The Robber Kitten April 20, 1935David HandBased on the book of the same name by Robert Michael Ballantyne. [15] 7:48
52 Water Babies May 11, 1935Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline8:17 The Water-Babies
53 The Cookie Carnival May 25, 1935 Ben Sharpsteen Leigh Harline
  • This short is in the public domain, because it had an invalid copyright renewal
8:00
54 Who Killed Cock Robin? June 29, 1935David HandFrank Churchill8:30 Cock Robin
55 Music Land October 5, 1935Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline9:34
56 Three Orphan Kittens October 26, 1935David HandFrank Churchill8:55
57 Cock o' the Walk November 30, 1935Ben SharpsteenFrank Churchill
Albert Hay Malotte 		8:23
58 Broken Toys December 14, 1935Ben SharpsteenALbert Hay Malotte
  • Was originally intended to follow Elmer Elephant and Three Little Wolves, but production moved ahead to have the film ready for a Christmastime release. As a result, this and the latter film switched production numbers.
7:53
59 Elmer Elephant March 28, 1936Wilferd JacksonLeigh Harline8:29
60 Three Little Wolves April 18, 1936David HandFrank Churchill9:26 The Boy Who Cried Wolf
61 Toby Tortoise Returns August 22, 1936Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline7:34
62 Three Blind Mouseketeers September 26, 1936David HandAlbert Hay Malotte8:43
63 The Country Cousin October 31, 1936David Hand
Wilfred Jackson		Leigh Harline9:15
64 Mother Pluto November 14, 1936Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline
  • Originally designated part of the Mickey Mouse series, it was reclassified as a Silly Symphony just before release, with its original production number going to Don Donald .
8:35
65 More Kittens December 19, 1936David HandFrank Churchill
  • The film's production number was originally assigned to the Donald Duck short Don Donald.
8:11
66 Woodland Café March 13, 1937Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline7:37
67 Little Hiawatha May 15, 1937David HandAlbert Hay Malotte
  • The last Silly Symphony to be distributed by United Artists.
9:12 The Song of Hiawatha
68 The Old Mill November 5, 1937Wilfred JacksonLeigh Harline8:42
69 Moth and the Flame April 1, 1938David Hand
Burt Gillett
Dick Heumer		7:45
70 Wynken, Blynken and Nod May 27, 1938Graham Heid8:20 Wynken, Blynken, and Nod
71 Farmyard Symphony October 14, 1938 Jack Cutting Leigh Harline8:11
72 Merbabies December 9, 1938 Rudolf Ising , Vernon Stallings Scott Bradley 8:37
73 Mother Goose Goes Hollywood December 23, 1938Wilfred Jackson Edward Plumb 7:32
74 The Practical Pig February 24, 1939Duck RickardFrank Churchill
Paul Smith
  • The Silly Symphony name does not appear on the opening titles, and is instead labeled a Three Little Pigs cartoon.
8:21
75 The Ugly Duckling April 7, 1939Jack Cutting
Clyde Geronimi 		Albert Hay Malotte8:59 The Ugly Duckling

Reception

Disney's experiments were widely praised within the film industry, and the Silly Symphonies won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film seven times, maintaining a six-year-hold on the category after it was first introduced. This record was matched only by MGM's Tom and Jerry series during the 1940s and 1950s.

Legacy

The Symphonies changed the course of Disney Studio history when Walt's plans to direct his first feature cartoon became problematic after his warm-up to the task The Golden Touch was widely seen (even by Disney himself) as stiff and slowly paced. This motivated him to embrace his role as being the producer and providing creative oversight (especially of the story) for Snow White while tasking David Hand to handle the actual directing. [16]

Silly Symphonies brought along many imitators, including Warner Bros. cartoon series Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies , MGM's Happy Harmonies , and later, Universal's Swing Symphony .

Years later after the Silly Symphonies ended, Disney occasionally produced a handful of one-shot cartoons, playing the same style as the Silly Symphony series. Unlike the Silly Symphonies canon, most of these "Specials" have a narration, usually by Disney legend Sterling Holloway.

In the 1934 MGM film Hollywood Party , Mickey Mouse appears with Jimmy Durante, where they introduce The Hot Choc-late Soldiers . [17]

The 1999–2000 television series Mickey Mouse Works used the Silly Symphonies title for some of its new cartoons, but unlike the original cartoons, these did feature continuing characters.

As of 2021, three of the Silly Symphony shorts ( Three Little Pigs , The Old Mill , and Flowers and Trees ), have been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress, for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". [18] [19] [20]

Comic adaptations

A Sunday Silly Symphony comic strip ran in newspapers from January 10, 1932, to July 12, 1942. [21] The strip featured adaptations of some of the Silly Symphony cartoons, including Birds of a Feather, The Robber Kitten, Elmer Elephant, Farmyard Symphony and Little Hiawatha. [21] This strip began with a two-year sequence about Bucky Bug, a character based on the bugs in Bugs in Love .

There was also an occasional Silly Symphonies comic book, with nine issues published by Dell Comics from September 1952 to February 1959. [22] The first issue of this anthology comic featured adaptations of some Silly Symphony cartoons, including The Grasshopper and the Ants, Three Little Pigs, The Goddess of Spring and Mother Pluto, but it also included non-Symphony cartoons like Mickey Mouse's Brave Little Tailor . [23] By the third issue, there was almost no Symphony-related material in the book; the stories and activities were mostly based on other Disney shorts and feature films.

See also

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<i>The Wise Little Hen</i> 1934 Silly Symphony cartoon

The Wise Little Hen is a 1934 Walt Disney's Silly Symphony cartoon, based on the fable The Little Red Hen. The cartoon features the debut of Donald Duck, dancing to "The Sailor's Hornpipe". Donald and his friend Peter Pig try to avoid work by faking stomach aches until Mrs. Hen teaches them the value of labor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden age of American animation</span> Period of animation in which theatrical sound cartoons were common and popular

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<i>Orphans Benefit</i> 1934, 1941 Mickey Mouse cartoon

Orphan's Benefit is an American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions in black-and-white. It was first released in 1934 and was later remade in Technicolor in 1941 under the corrected title Orphans' Benefit. It was the 68th Mickey Mouse short film to be released, and the sixth of 1934. The cartoon features Mickey Mouse and his friends putting on a vaudeville-style benefit show for a group of unruly orphans. It contains a number of firsts for Disney, including the first time in which Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck appear together. It was also the cartoon which had the first story to be written that featured Donald Duck, though it was the second Donald Duck short to be produced and released, after The Wise Little Hen.

<i>Flowers and Trees</i> 1932 Silly Symphony cartoon

Flowers and Trees is a Silly Symphonies cartoon produced by Walt Disney, directed by Burt Gillett, and released to theatres by United Artists on July 30, 1932. It was the first commercially released film to be produced in the full-color three-strip Technicolor process after several years of two-color Technicolor films. The film was a commercial and critical success, winning the first Academy Award for Best Cartoon Short Subject.

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<i>The Skeleton Dance</i> 1929 film

The Skeleton Dance is a 1929 Silly Symphony animated short subject with a comedy horror theme. It was produced and directed by Walt Disney and animated by Ub Iwerks. In the film, four human skeletons dance and make music around a spooky graveyard—a modern film example of medieval European "danse macabre" imagery. It is the first entry in the Silly Symphony series. In 1993, to coincide with the opening of Mickey's Toontown in Disneyland, a shortened cover of the cartoon's music was arranged to be featured in the land's background ambiance. The short's copyright was renewed in 1957, and as a published work from 1929, it entered the US public domain on January 1, 2025.

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<i>Three Little Pigs</i> (film) 1933 animated short film directed by Burt Gillett

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<i>The Big Bad Wolf</i> (1934 film) 1934 animated short film

The Big Bad Wolf is an animated short released on April 13, 1934, by United Artists, produced by Walt Disney and directed by Burt Gillett as part of the Silly Symphony series. Acting partly as a sequel to the wildly successful adaptation of The Three Little Pigs of the previous year, this film also acts as an adaptation of the fairy-tale Little Red Riding Hood, with the Big Bad Wolf from 1933's Three Little Pigs acting as the adversary to Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother.

<i>Three Orphan Kittens</i> 1935 American film

Three Orphan Kittens is a 1935 animated short film in the Silly Symphonies series produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was the winner of the 1935 Oscar for Academy Award for Best Short Subject (Cartoons). It was followed in 1936 by a sequel, More Kittens.

<i>Three Blind Mouseketeers</i> 1936 American film

Three Blind Mouseketeers is a Silly Symphonies cartoon based on the nursery rhyme Three Blind Mice and the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers by Alexandre Dumas. Directed by Dave Hand and Jack Cutting, it stars Billy Bletcher.

<i>The Hot Choc-late Soldiers</i> 1934 American film

The Hot Choc-late Soldiers, also stylized as The Hot Chocolate Soldiers, is an American animated short film that was made by Walt Disney Productions for MGM's 1934 film Hollywood Party, which premiered on June 1, 1934. It is prefaced in the film by a scene where Mickey Mouse appears at the party, performs a brief Durante impression, and then sits down at a piano, after which The Hot Choc-late Soldiers begins to play. Due to stipulations in the contract between Disney and Turner Entertainment, the short was edited out of the film when it was screened on TNT, however Turner was able to negotiate the licenses so that the footage was included in a 1992 VHS release of Hollywood Party and for subsequent releases.

<i>Silly Symphonies: The Complete Disney Classics</i>

Silly Symphonies: The Complete Disney Classics is a book series which reprints Walt Disney's Silly Symphony Sunday comic strip, drawn by several different Disney artists from 1932 to 1945. The strip was published by King Features Syndicate. The strip often introduced new Disney characters to the public, including its first comic character, Bucky Bug. The series was published by The Library of American Comics from 2016 to 2019.

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Silly Symphony is a weekly Disney comic strip that debuted on January 10, 1932, as a topper for the Mickey Mouse strip's Sunday page. The strip featured adaptations of Walt Disney's popular short film series, Silly Symphony, which released 75 cartoons from 1929 to 1939, as well as other cartoons and animated films. The comic strip outlived its parent series by six years, ending on October 7, 1945.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Merritt, Russell; Kaufman, J. B. (2016). Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies: A Companion to the Classic Cartoon Series (2nd ed.). Glendale, CA: Disney Editions. ISBN   978-1-4847-5132-9.
  2. ↑ "Public Domain Day 2025 | Duke University School of Law". web.law.duke.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
  3. ↑ Davis, Amy M. (20 February 2007). Good Girls & Wicked Witches: Women in Disney's Feature Animation. Indiana University Press. ISBN   9780861969012. Archived from the original on 2021-11-19. Retrieved 2021-11-19.
  4. ↑ Robertson, Patrick (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN   9781608197385. Archived from the original on 29 July 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  5. ↑ "Glorious Technicolor 1932-1955". Widescreenmuseum.com. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  6. ↑ "Three Little Pigs at the Disney archives". Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
  7. ↑ Lenburg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons: An International Guide to Film and Television's Award-Winning and Legendary Animators. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN   9781557836717 . Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  8. ↑ "Silly Symphonies at". Toonopedia.com. 1929-05-10. Archived from the original on 2012-09-15. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  9. ↑ "The Birth of the Silly Symphonies, by Russell Merritt and J.B. Kaufman". Disney.go.com. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  10. ↑ Mosley, Leonard (1990). Disney's World. Scarborough House. p. 135. ISBN   9781589796560 . Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  11. ↑ Merritt, Russell; Kaufman, J. B. (2016). Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies: A Companion to the Classic Cartoon Series (2nd ed.). Glendale, CA: Disney Editions. p. 108-109. ISBN   978-1-4847-5132-9.
  12. ↑ "Blu-ray Forum - View Single Post - List of Disney Animated Shorts on Blu-ray". forum.blu-ray.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  13. 1 2 Layton, James; Pierce, Davis (February 24, 2015). The Dawn of Technicolor 1915–1935. Rochester, New York: George Eastman Museum. p. 269. ISBN   978-0-935398-28-1.
  14. 1 2 Kaufman, J.B. (June 8, 2020). "When's Your Birthday?". Cartoon Research . Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Walt Disney's "The Robber Kitten" (1935)". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
  16. ↑ Walt Disney: The Animated Man by Michael Barrier
  17. ↑ "Hot Choc-late Soldiers, the (Film)".
  18. ↑ "Librarian of Congress Announces 2007 Film Registry" (Press release). Library of Congress. December 27, 2007. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  19. ↑ Morgan, David (December 16, 2015). ""Shawshank Redemption", "Ghostbusters" added to National Film Registry". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 14, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  20. ↑ Hinckle, Jessica (December 21, 2021). "2021 National Film Registry Selections Reflect Diversity & Challenge Stereotypes". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
  21. 1 2 Holtz, Allan (2012). American Newspaper Comics: An Encyclopedic Reference Guide. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 351. ISBN   9780472117567.
  22. ↑ "Silly Symphonies - Inducks". Inducks. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  23. ↑ "Silly Symphonies #1 - Inducks". Inducks. Archived from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2019.

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