Southwark London Borough Council elections

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Southwark London Borough Council is the local authority for the London Borough of Southwark in London, England. The council is elected every four years. Since the last boundary changes in 2018, 63 councillors have been elected from 23 wards. [1]

Contents

Political control

The first election to the council was held in 1964, initially operating as a shadow authority before the new system came into full effect in 1965. Political control of the council since 1964 has been held by the following parties: [2]

ElectionOverall Control Labour Lib Dem Conservative Green Ind.
1964 Labour 64-6--
1968 Labour 43-27--
1971 Labour 68-2--
1974 Labour 66-4--
1978 Labour 56-8--
1982 Labour 53-8-3
1986 Labour 43156--
1990 Labour 37216--
1994 Labour 34273--
1998 Labour 33274--
2002 No overall control 28305--
2006 No overall control 282861-
2010 Labour 35253--
2014 Labour 48132--
2018 Labour 4914---
2022 Labour 5211---

Council elections

Borough result maps

By-election results

1964-1968

There were no by-elections. [3]

1968-1971

Consort by-election, 25 July 1968 [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative D. M. Lang 808 52.7 −0.8
Labour W. F. Jones72547.3+0.2
Turnout 1,53314.6−2.9
Conservative hold Swing

1971-1974

There were no by-elections. [8]

1974-1978

Cathedral by-election, 24 April 1975 [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Stephen Kippin 633 69.8 −2.0
Conservative Alfred Nuttall13615.0+2.2
National Front Kevin McDonagh808.8N/A
Liberal Thomas Taylor586.4N/A
Turnout 12.7−6.5
Labour hold Swing
Brunswick by-election, 25 March 1976 [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Jeremy Gordon 885 49.1 −21.5
Conservative Tobias Eckersley44624.7+12.7
National Party Ronald Jackson25214.0N/A
Liberal Veronica Hunt22012.2±0.0
Turnout 22.6−0.8
Labour hold Swing
Burgess by-election, 20 January 1977 [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Michael Geater 530 37.9 −32.8
Conservative Tobias Eckersley47834.2+23.6
National Party Ronald Jackson39027.9N/A
Turnout 16.0−4.1
Labour hold Swing
Ruskin by-election, 29 September 1977 [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Tobias Eckersley 1,580 59.1 +7.1
Labour Carol Turner62223.3−5.2
Liberal Brian Seeley2439.1−8.4
National Front James Sneath2288.5N/A
Turnout 38.7−9.4
Conservative hold Swing

1978-1982

Newington by-election, 21 September 1978
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Solomon Parry 781 45.0 −15.7
Conservative Gerard Fergus69840.2+7.7
National Front David Teanby1689.7N/A
Liberal Veronica Hunt905.2N/A
Turnout 21.2−6.7
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Cox

Riverside by-election, 30 November 1978
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Margaret White 775 68.2 −1.1
Conservative Alexander Padmore27424.1+3.7
National Front Leonard Richard877.7N/A
Turnout 17.2−18.9
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Flower

Rye by-election, 20 March 1980
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Pauline Moore 1,331 47.8 +10.1
Conservative Richard Clough1,22243.9−5.3
Liberal Marian Atkinson2308.3+2.2
Turnout 40.4−3.1
Labour gain from Conservative Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Boxall

The Lane by-election, 5 November 1981
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Alliance (SDP)John Lewis91647.1+41.7
Labour Susan Goss71136.6−21.0
Conservative Ian Twinn24512.6−12.6
National Front David Teanby713.7−5.6
Turnout 33.4+0.8
Alliance gain from Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Brean

1982-1986

Riverside by-election, 10 March 1983
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Alliance (Liberal)Ronald Tindall1,58456.6+34.0
Independent Labour Edward Hart78027.8−6.3
Labour Michael Idun2338.3−14.0
New Britain Kevin Mason1184.2N/A
Conservative Michael Pike772.7−6.7
Communist Robert Gordon90.3N/A
Turnout 43.6−1.4
Alliance gain from Independent Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Patrick

Consort by-election, 8 March 1983
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Peter Troy 691 44.7 −9.6
Alliance (Liberal)Richard Shearman43828.3+11.4
Conservative Anthony Patterson33921.9+3.7
National Front Mary Bailey775.0N/A
Turnout 31.1±0.0
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Smyth

Burgess by-election, 23 February 1984
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Alliance (Liberal)Rose Colley84053.7+34.5
Labour Kevin Joiner59638.1−9.9
Conservative Beatrice North815.2−15.6
National Front Peter Core473.0N/A
Turnout 34.5−7.9
Alliance gain from Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Slater

Ruskin by-election, 23 February 1984
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Peter Forder 1,714 50.1 −0.4
Labour Peter Russell83224.3+9.6
Alliance (SDP)Jonathan Mitchell79123.1−5.5
National Front Raymond Barker832.4N/A
Turnout 42.9−9.6
Conservative hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Meakin

Lyndhurst by-election, 12 July 1984
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Alan Crane 1,423 53.4 +15.4
Conservative Barry Hallett65624.6−6.5
Alliance (SDP)Robert Skelly51919.5−4.4
National Front Raymond Barker652.4N/A
Turnout 28.9−10.5
Conservative hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Moore

Rotherhithe by-election, 13 September 1984
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Alliance (Liberal)Frank Pemberton1,38160.9+34.2
Labour Trevor Lawrence78034.4−12.2
Conservative Percy Gray552.4−14.8
National Front Peter Core502.2N/A
Turnout 35.2+4.9
Alliance gain from Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Young

Riverside by-election, 15 August 1985
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Alliance (Liberal)Michael Hannon1,65665.2+42.5
Labour John Thomas80131.6+9.3
Conservative Beatrice North813.2−6.2
Turnout 38.6−6.4
Alliance gain from Independent Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Burgess

Liddle by-election, 19 December 1985
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Mary Ellery 1,032 81.7 +23.3
Alliance (SDP)Doreen Payne16413.0−0.6
Conservative Trevor Pitman675.3−8.3
Turnout 15.5−4.7
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Fowler

1986-1990

Dockyard by-election, 24 July 1986
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Thomas Sullivan 1,168 50.1 +6.4
Alliance (Liberal)Hyman Silverston1,04144.7+0.4
Conservative Andrew Clayton723.1−3.3
National Front John Norris502.1N/A
Turnout 35.84−5.5
Labour gain from Alliance Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Walker

Liddle by-election, 9 April 1987
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Deborah Welch 951 69.8 +0.3
Alliance (SDP)Ann Harris29221.4+11.2
Conservative Trevor Atman1208.8+1.4
Turnout 17.19+7.4
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Balli

Rye by-election, 24 September 1987
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Conservative Trevor Pitman 1,495 54.8 +17.6
Labour Christopher Hughes81129.8−9.1
Alliance (SDP)Robert Skelly2619.6−3.9
Green Alex Goldie1455.3+0.7
Communist Linda Osborn140.5N/A
Turnout 39.45−7.3
Conservative gain from Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Elsie Headley

Chaucer by-election, 25 February 1988
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Alliance (SDP)Anna McGettigan1,36548.3+7.1
Labour Alexander Moore1,14640.5−4.8
Conservative Nicholas Eriksen2669.4+3.1
Communist Peter Power511.8N/A
Turnout 35.47−1.7
Alliance gain from Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Oram

Riverside by-election, 21 April 1988
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Coral Newell 1,348 47.0 +10.8
Alliance (Liberal)George Dunk1,34546.8−3.9
Conservative Andrew Clayton1294.5−1.9
National Front Stephen Evans491.7N/A
Turnout 43.73+1.1
Labour gain from Alliance Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Price

Abbey by-election, 27 October 1988
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Alliance (Liberal)Alan Blake1,24065.6+26.5
Labour John Johnson51427.2−14.7
Conservative Thomas Pheby1377.2N/A
Turnout 39.79+0.1
Alliance gain from Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Carlisle

Lyndhurst by-election, 17 November 1988
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Kate Hoey 1,778 57.7 +5.4
Conservative Heather Kirby88028.5−0.9
Liberal Democrats Alex Goldie32710.6−2.2
SDP Doreen Payne983.2N/A
Turnout 34.24−10.8
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Crane

Friary by-election, 12 October 1989
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Robert Wingfield 810 48.0 −22.3
Independent Labour Gregory Staunton56733.6N/A
Conservative Michael Lawson20212.0−1.8
Liberal Democrats Leroy Arscott1106.5−6.4
Turnout 27.05−5.8
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Main

1990-1994

Brunswick by-election, 25 July 1991 [9]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Vivien Maurice 1,076 50.8 N/A
Labour Bernard White77536.6−31.5
Conservative Michael Bungy1356.4−16.8
BNP Stephen Tyler1326.2N/A
Turnout 27.8−4.2
Liberal Democrats gain from Labour Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Maurice.

1994-1998

Browning by-election, 27 April 1995 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Sarah Gurling 1,378 56.5 −4.0
Labour Charles Cherrill85535.0−0.7
Ind. Lib Dem Ronald North1124.6N/A
Conservative Brooks Newmark 953.9−1.4
Turnout
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Munday.

Bellenden by-election, 4 May 1995 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Janet Heatley 1,790 73.4 +10.9
Conservative Sharon Spiers26010.7−1.2
Liberal Democrats Alexander Baker25710.5−8.8
Ind. Lib Dem David Osborne1335.5N/A
Turnout
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Lee.

Dockyard by-election, 27 July 1995 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Sandra Dunk 1,236 60.4 −3.4
Labour Robert Gasson64231.4+7.1
Conservative Percy Gray1678.2+1.6
Turnout
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Denton.

Friary by-election, 3 August 1995 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Barrie Hargrove 909 56.6 +10.5
Liberal Democrats Caroline Pidgeon 65040.5+1.1
Ind. Lib Dem Jacqueline Tomkins462.9N/A
Turnout 1,605
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Murison.

Barset by-election, 26 October 1995 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Stephanie Elsy 734 77.9 +11.0
Liberal Democrats David Buxton11812.5−6.3
Conservative Robert Hayward 909.6−0.9
Turnout
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Kirov.

Chaucer by-election, 7 December 1995 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Richard Livingstone 1,125 50.1 +7.3
Liberal Democrats Robert Skelly1,02545.6+0.2
Independent Green Doreen Robinson974.3N/A
Turnout
Labour gain from Liberal Democrats Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Bayne.

Browning by-election, 20 March 1996 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Joyce Hales 1,191 64.1 +3.3
Labour Eudora Dixon-Fyle66835.9+0.2
Turnout
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Cheesman.

Waverley by-election, 23 October 1997 [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Michael Barnard 410 79.6 +35.2
Conservative Rebecca Humphreys10520.4+12.3
Majority 30559.2
Turnout 51511.3−32.0
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Sheilds.

1998-2002

Consort by-election, 15 October 1998 [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Anne Worsley 919 58.5 +10.2
Liberal Democrats Colin Hunte47430.2+3.3
Socialist Labour Angela Ruddock704.5−3.8
Conservative Oliver Wooller543.4−7.1
Liberal Geoffrey Goldie533.4N/A
Majority 45028.3
Turnout 1,57034.0+10.6
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Kutapan.

Rotherhithe by-election, 3 December 1998 [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Jeffrey Hook 1,143 55.7 +2.4
Labour Peter John81339.6+5.9
National Democrats Gary Cartwright562.7N/A
Conservative Steven Bolton281.4−4.2
Green Storm Poorun110.5N/A
Majority 33016.1
Turnout 2,05132.0+1.7
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Jones.

Cathedral by-election, 22 July 1999 [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Stephen Bosch 750 59.6 +10.4
Labour Bernard Dainton45135.9+10.6
Conservative Ewan Wallace574.5+1.1
Majority 29923.7
Turnout 1,25827.0−6.1
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Hodson.

2002-2006

East Walworth by-election, 12 February 2004 [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Jane Salmon 1,477 56.1 +2.8
Labour Rhodri Thomas97837.1+5.3
Conservative Philip Riches863.3−1.8
Green Ruth Jenkins823.1−0.9
Independent Julie Crawford110.4−2.0
Majority 49919.0
Turnout 2,63432.4
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Ambrose.

2006-2010

Riverside by-election, 13 December 2007 [12]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Anood Al-Samerai 1,114 49.8 +8.4
Labour Cormac Hollingsworth69130.9+3.6
Conservative Rahoul Bhansali26011.6−8.9
Green Amanda Penfold1225.5−11.2
UKIP Fernando Grace492.2N/A
Majority 42318.9+4.8
Turnout 2,23624.7
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Baichoo.

Rotherhithe by-election, 9 October 2008 [13]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Wilma Nelson 1,149 56.8 +8.8
Labour Kath Whittam61830.6+5.1
Conservative Loanna Morrison25512.6−4.5
Majority 53126.2+7.8
Turnout 2,02223.8
Liberal Democrats hold Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Yates.

2010-2014

Brunswick Park by-election, 10 March 2011 [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Mark Williams 1,981 65.1 +10.6
Liberal Democrats Kate Heywood63020.7−3.2
Green Jenny Bentall2317.6−6.7
Conservative Simon Kitchen1294.2−7.3
TUSC Brian Kelly702.3N/A
Turnout 34.2%
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Friary.

The Lane by-election, 5 May 2011 [15]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Rowenna Davis 2,670 64.4 +23.1
Green Anna Plodowski47211.4−3.2
Liberal Democrats Alex Berhanu47111.4−14.7
Conservative Simon Fox42310.2−2.1
TUSC Brian Kelly1072.6N/A
Turnout 39.6
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Rhoden.

Peckham by-election, 7 July 2011 [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Chris Brown 1,754 70.1 +7.4
Liberal Democrats Jennifer Blake55422.1+3.2
Conservative Diana Atuona863.4−5.7
TUSC Brian J. Kelly632.5N/A
Green Jason Harvey-Evers461.8−4.7
Turnout 25.5%
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Situ.

East Walworth by-election, 29 November 2012 [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Rebecca Lury 1,259 53.4 +10.4
Liberal Democrats Ben Johnson1,00342.6+2.5
Conservative Stuart Millson944.0−8.0
Turnout 2,37125.4%
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the death of Cllr Morrissey.

2014-2018

Chaucer by-election, 7 May 2015
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Helen Dennis 2,951 43.5 −0.8
Liberal Democrats William Houngbo1,53222.6−9.6
Conservative Michael Dowsett1,17817.3+6.8
Green Gareth Rees5648.3−9.7
UKIP Dean Conway4747.0N/A
Independent Piers Corbyn 671.0N/A
All People's Party Ade Lasaki250.4N/A
Majority 1,41920.9+16.6
Turnout 63.9
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Councillor Maugham.

College by-election, 7 May 2016 [16]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Catherine Rose 2,258 45.7 −10.6
Conservative Kate Bramson1,26925.7−6.0
Liberal Democrats Brigid Gardner69914.1+8.7
Green Dale Rapley3717.5−2.1
UKIP Toby Prescott3186.4N/A
All People's Party Michael Dowsett250.5N/A
Majority 98920.0+2.8
Turnout 58.4
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Helen Hayes, the Member of Parliament for Dulwich and West Norwood.

Newington by-election, 13 May 2016 [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour James Coldwell 2,829 59.3 +6.5
Liberal Democrats Martin Shapland69414.5−9.5
Green Nick Hooper4649.7−3.8
Conservative Gige Aarons4589.6+1.5
UKIP Gawain Towler 2375.0−0.9
All People's Party Terry Adewale450.9N/A
Independent Michelle Baharier450.9N/A
Majority 2,13544.8+19.7
Turnout 46.1
Labour hold Swing

The by election was called following the resignation of Cllr Neil Coyle, the Member of Parliament for Bermondsey and Old Southwark. [18]

Surrey Docks by-election, 9 June 2016
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Liberal Democrats Dan Whitehead 1,523 51.7 +24.4
Labour Will Holmes61921.3−1.9
Conservative Craig Cox38012.9−8.5
Green Colin Boyle2187.4−8.5
UKIP Toby Prescott1876.3−10.1
Independent John Hellings100.3−15.2
Majority 90430.4+28.1
Turnout 29.9
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Rajan.

2018-2022

There were no by-elections during this period.

2022-2026

Newington by-election, 29 June 2023 [19]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Youcef Hassaine 1,524 57.6 −7.2
Liberal Democrats Vikas Aggarwal73827.9+14.0
Green Ruben Buendia2379.0−4.0
Conservative Lewis Jones1495.6−2.7
Majority 78629.7
Turnout 2,648
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Alice Macdonald.

Faraday by-election, 4 July 2024 [20]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Mohamed Deen 2,201 58.4
Green Catherine Dawkins95225.3
Liberal Democrats Dhiren Ponnambalam3158.4
Conservative Jordan Abdi3018.0
Majority 1,24933.1
Turnout 3,769
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr McIntosh.

Rye Lane by-election, 4 July 2024 [21]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour David Parton 3,349 53.5
Green Claire Sheppard2,01532.2
Liberal Democrats Max Shillam4587.3
Conservative Peter Felix4387.0
Majority 1,33421.3
Turnout 6,260
Labour hold Swing

The by-election was called following the resignation of Cllr Tomlinson.

References

  1. The Bromley, Croydon, Lambeth, Lewisham and Southwark (London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993
  2. The Croydon, Lambeth and Southwark (London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993
  3. The Lewisham and Southwark (London Borough Boundaries) Order 1993
  1. 1 2 "The London Borough of Southwark (Electoral Changes) Order 2016", legislation.gov.uk , The National Archives, SI 2016/1202, retrieved 5 July 2022
  2. "Southwark". BBC News Online . 19 April 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
  3. 1 2 "London Borough Council Elections 9 May 1968" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  4. 1 2 "London Borough Council Elections 13 May 1971" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "London Borough Council Elections 4 May 1978" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  6. "Southwark". BBC News Online . Retrieved 13 September 2009.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "London Borough Council Elections 2 May 2002" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  8. "London Borough Council Elections 2 May 1974" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  9. "London Borough Council By-elections May 1990 to May 1994" (PDF). London Datastore. London Research Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "London Borough Council Elections 7 May 1998 including the Greater London Authority Referendum results" (PDF). London Datastore. London Research Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  11. "Tories make Newport gain". guardian.co.uk . London. 13 February 2004. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  12. "Riverside By-Election". Southwark Council. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  13. "Rotherhithe By-Election". Southwark Council. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
  14. 1 2 3 "London Borough Council Elections 22 May 2014" (PDF). London Datastore. Greater London Authority. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
  15. "The Lane By-Election". Southwark Council. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  16. "Declaration of Results" (PDF). Southwark Council. Southwark Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  17. "Declaration of Results" (PDF). Southwark Council. Southwark Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  18. "Notice of Vacancy". Southwark Council. Southwark Council. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  19. "Local Elections Archive Project — Newington Ward". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  20. "Local Elections Archive Project — Faraday Ward". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  21. "Local Elections Archive Project — Rye Lane Ward". www.andrewteale.me.uk. Retrieved 18 December 2024.