2018 Islington London Borough Council election

Last updated

2018 Islington Council election
←  2014 3 May 2018 2022  →
All council seats
 First partySecond party
  No image wide.svg No image wide.svg
Party Labour Green
Last election47 seats, 55.9%1 seats, 19.3%
Seats won471
Seat changeSteady2.svgSteady2.svg
Popular vote102,35227,728
Percentage60.6%16.4%
SwingIncrease2.svg4.7%Decrease2.svg2.9%
Islington London UK local election 2014 map.svg
Map of the results of the 2018 Islington council election. Greens in green and Labour in red.
Council control before election

Labour

Subsequent Council control

Labour

The 2018 Islington London Borough Council election took place on 3 May 2018 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in England. [1] This was on the same day as other local elections. The council had previously had elections in 2014. The Labour Party retained control of the council, winning 47 of the 48 seats. The sole non-Labour councillor elected was Caroline Russell of the Green Party. [1]

Contents

Election result

Islington Council Election Result 2018 [1]
PartySeatsGainsLossesNet gain/lossSeats %Votes %Votes+/−
  Labour 4700097.960.6102,352+4.7
  Green 10002.116.427,728−2.9
  Liberal Democrats 0000012.320,785−2.3
  Conservative 000009.716,414+0.3
  Women's Equality 000000.71,262New
  UKIP 000000.1244-0.5
  Democrats and Veterans 000000.198New
  Socialist (GB) 000000.052New

Ward results

Barnsbury

Barnsbury [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Rowena Champion 1,820 56.6
Labour Jilani Chowdhury 1,661 51.6
Labour Mouna Hamitouche 1,661 51.6
Conservative Edward Waldegrave62219.3
Conservative Imogen Atkinson61119.0
Liberal Democrats Natasha Broke59518.5
Conservative Peng Kiong Chou55517.3
Green Carmela Bromhead Jones45514.1
Liberal Democrats Brian Tjugum44713.9
Liberal Democrats Imogen Wall40612.6
Green Jill Renwick2959.2
Green Roger Kitsis2878.9
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Bunhill

Bunhill [3]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Troy Gallagher 1,832 56.9
Labour Phil Graham 1,725 53.5
Labour Claudia Webbe 1,704 52.9
Conservative Orson Francescone50115.5
Conservative Mick Collins47314.7
Green Sebastian Sandys43913.6
Green Catherine Webb43713.6
Liberal Democrats Adrian Hall41712.9
Green Ben Hickey41312.8
Liberal Democrats Pat Treacy36411.3
Conservative Mark Lim34510.7
Liberal Democrats Tom Hemsley33910.5
UKIP Pete Muswell1635.1
Democrats and Veterans Jake Painter983.0
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Caledonian

Caledonian [4]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Paul Convery 2,158 67.5
Labour Sara Hyde 2,149 67.2
Labour Una O'Halloran 2,011 62.9
Conservative Peter Balchin40512.7
Green Alex Gordon38912.2
Conservative Stuart Cottis36511.4
Conservative Ashley Durwood-Thomas33410.4
Liberal Democrats Tricia Peel32910.3
Liberal Democrats Emma Borroff3149.8
Green Hannah Graham3079.6
Green Morgan Phillips2848.9
Liberal Democrats Hamir Patel2527.9
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Canonbury

Canonbury [5]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Clare Jeapes 1,828 60.9
Labour John Woolf 1,725 57.5
Labour Nick Wayne 1,708 56.9
Liberal Democrats Barbara Smith46515.5
Conservative Louise Coleman46115.4
Green Talia Hussain44414.8
Conservative Henry Bunbury42214.1
Liberal Democrats Phil Stevens36912.3
Green Jonathan Wright36712.2
Conservative Mat Ilic35211.7
Liberal Democrats Ketish Pothalingam35211.7
Green Richard Halvorsen2979.9
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Clerkenwell

Clerkenwell [6]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Ben Mackmurdie 1,568 58.1
Labour Kadeema Woodbyrne 1,487 55.1
Labour Matt Nathan 1,471 54.5
Liberal Democrats Sarah Ludford, Baroness Ludford 47917.7
Liberal Democrats Catriona McDougall40915.2
Conservative Laura Grayling37613.9
Conservative Simon Bone37213.8
Green Rosemary Sonnenschein35813.3
Conservative Walter Balmford35613.2
Liberal Democrats Alan Muhammed35513.2
Green Cecilie Hestbaek31011.5
Green Miranda Perfitt2679.9
UKIP Charlotte Whitmore813.0
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Finsbury Park

Finsbury Park [7]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Gary Heather 3,043 75.6
Labour Asima Shaikh 2,962 73.6
Labour Mick O'Sullivan 2,873 71.4
Green Ann Boater60815.1
Green Simon Carter41410.3
Green Nafisah Graham-Brown40810.1
Liberal Democrats Valentina Giordano3208.0
Liberal Democrats Matthew Phillips2506.2
Liberal Democrats Pierre Hausemer2446.1
Conservative Rachael Henry2165.4
Conservative Brian McDonnell1974.9
Conservative Stephen McMinnies1814.5
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Highbury East

Highbury East [8]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Green Caroline Russell 2,307 52.1
Labour Sue Lukes 1,641 37.0
Labour Osh Gantly 1,628 36.7
Green Benali Hamdache1,55535.1
Labour Chris Russell1,54634.9
Green Ernestas Jegorovas1,53334.6
Liberal Democrats Terry Stacy88720.0
Liberal Democrats Kate Pothalingam77517.5
Liberal Democrats Nathan Hill57513.0
Conservative Connor Coleman2395.4
Conservative Riddhi Bhalla2044.6
Conservative Jianjun Xi1423.2
Turnout
Green hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Highbury West

Highbury West [9]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Theresa Debono 3,002 62.5
Labour Andy Hull 2,784 58.0
Labour Roulin Khondoker 2,642 55.0
Green Nicola Baird1,03821.6
Green Rosalind Sharpe69414.4
Liberal Democrats Gabrielle Mann61212.7
Green Andrew Myer58412.2
Liberal Democrats Philip Middleton56111.7
Women's Equality Alison Marshall4449.2
Liberal Democrats Robert Page4369.1
Conservative Tom Day4268.9
Conservative Ed McGuinness3908.1
Conservative Rob Deering3868.0
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Hillrise

Hillrise [10]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Marian Spall 2,446 63.6
Labour Michelline Ngongo 2,443 63.6
Labour Dave Poyser 2,369 61.6
Women's Equality Nikki Uppal81821.3
Green Anna Portch48612.6
Green Bernadette Wren46112.0
Liberal Democrats Lorraine Constantinou42311.0
Liberal Democrats Rosa Verity40310.5
Green Stephen Horne3459.0
Liberal Democrats Ursula Woolley3378.8
Conservative Julian Bridger2516.5
Conservative Ben Goldring2466.4
Conservative Zak Vora1965.1
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Holloway

Holloway [11]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Rakhia Ismail 2,764 66.6
Labour Paul Smith 2,695 64.9
Labour Diarmaid Ward 2,665 64.2
Green Claire Poyner54713.2
Liberal Democrats Mark Atkinson49511.9
Liberal Democrats Alice Meek48311.6
Green Robert Magowan46811.3
Liberal Democrats David Kelly43110.4
Conservative Jonathan Lui41410.0
Green Jon Nott3799.1
Conservative Christina Michalos3688.9
Conservative Ian Singlehurst3658.8
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Junction

Junction [12]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Janet Burgess 2,391 71.0
Labour Sheila Chapman 2,236 66.4
Labour Kaya Comer-Schwartz 2,192 65.1
Green Olivia Brunning62118.4
Green Paul Elliott38911.6
Liberal Democrats Stefan Kasprzyk3319.8
Green Eric Fabrizi3269.7
Liberal Democrats Kath Pollard2898.6
Conservative John Wilkin2808.3
Liberal Democrats Amy Vatcher2718.0
Conservative Toan Hoang2627.8
Conservative Chinwe Bunting2567.6
Socialist (GB) Bill Martin521.5
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Mildmay

Mildmay [13]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Jenny Kay 2,331 67.4
Labour Santiago Bell-Bradford 2,231 64.6
Labour Joe Caluori 2,209 63.9
Green Bob Barnes54715.8
Green Sarah Marks52015.0
Green Dudley Ross40711.8
Liberal Democrats Julie Whittaker40411.7
Liberal Democrats Baani Singh3199.2
Liberal Democrats Eleni Zodiates3098.9
Conservative Amber Sheridan2918.4
Conservative Alexandra Eldridge2868.3
Conservative Farakhan Coote2758.0
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

St George's

St George's [14]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Kat Fletcher 2,227 55.2
Labour Tricia Clarke 2,161 53.5
Labour Satnam Gill 2,031 50.3
Green Natasha Cox1,51237.5
Green Zoe O'Sullivan1,36633.8
Green Rod Gonggrijp1,29432.1
Liberal Democrats Nadine Mellor2516.2
Liberal Democrats David Wilson2486.1
Conservative Richard Bunting2165.4
Conservative Andrew Kidd1914.7
Conservative Mags Joseph1894.7
Liberal Democrats Charles Radcliffe1794.4
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

St Mary's

St Mary's [15]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Angela Picknell 1,701 52.0
Labour Nurullah Turan 1,535 47.0
Labour Gary Poole 1,534 46.9
Liberal Democrats Pierre Delarue90427.7
Liberal Democrats Ilana Lever88227.0
Liberal Democrats Victor Kaufman82425.2
Conservative Alexander Baker41812.8
Green Alexandra Burton39712.1
Conservative James Kanagasooriam37911.6
Conservative Nigel Watts34310.5
Green Mike Crowson3179.7
Green Jonathan Hathaway2708.3
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

St Peter's

St Peter's [16]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Martin Klute 1,816 55.3
Labour Vivien Cutler 1,786 54.4
Labour Alice Clarke-Perry 1,762 53.7
Liberal Democrats Kathryn Davies57917.6
Conservative Christian Forsdyke57217.4
Conservative Muhammad Kalaam55817.0
Liberal Democrats Mark Burch50015.2
Conservative Evan Williams49915.2
Liberal Democrats David Sant44313.5
Green Michael Coffey40612.4
Green Wendy Proudfoot35510.8
Green Fabrice Ward3159.6
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

Tollington

Tollington [17]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Anjna Khurana 2,764 71.8
Labour Richard Watts 2,727 70.8
Labour Flora Williamson 2,707 70.3
Green Lilli Geissendorfer67417.5
Green Robin Latimer45611.8
Green Zachary Gomperts-Mitchelson3809.9
Liberal Democrats Jane Nicolov3288.5
Liberal Democrats Julian Gregory3228.4
Liberal Democrats George Allan2787.2
Conservative Nicholas Bennett2165.6
Conservative Chris Williams2125.5
Conservative Stephen Ward2005.2
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing
Labour hold Swing

By-elections 2018-2022

St. George’s ward by-election, 12 December 2019
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Gulcin Ozdemir 2,918 45 Decrease2.svg8.2
Green Natasha Cox2,50139Increase2.svg3.5
Liberal Democrats Helen Redesdale73811Increase2.svg6.6
Women's Equality Guilene Marco2684N/A
Majority
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Bunhill ward by-election, 6 May 2021
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Valerie Bossman 1,960 48.4 Decrease2.svg6.2
Conservative Zak Vora74418.4Increase2.svg3.4
Green Louise Webb59014.6Increase2.svg1.5
Liberal Democrats Maxx Turing57214.1Increase2.svg1.7
Independent Thomas Perks1814.5N/A
Majority
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Holloway ward by-election, 6 May 2021
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Jason Jackson 2,852 58.1 Decrease2.svg7.4
Green Clare Poyner79216.1Increase2.svg3.2
Conservative Harry Nugent72014.7Increase2.svg4.8
Liberal Democrats Charles Hyett54811.2Decrease2.svg0.6
Majority
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Highbury West ward by-election, 6 May 2021
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Yassin Ibrahim 2,465 42.4 Decrease2.svg16.7
Green Katie Dawson1,79930.9Increase2.svg10.5
Liberal Democrats Terry Stacy77613.3Increase2.svg1.3
Conservative Ben Jackson73313.3Increase2.svg4.9
Majority
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Mildmay ward by-election, 6 May 2021
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Ricardo Weekes 2,307 55.7 Decrease2.svg9.5
Green Zoe Alzamora88321.4Increase2.svg6.0
Conservative Henry Woodroofe60314.6Increase2.svg6.4
Liberal Democrats Phil Stevens3498.4Decrease2.svg2.9
Majority
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
St Peter’s ward by-election, 6 May 2021
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Toby North 1,885 42.9 Decrease2.svg10.9
Liberal Democrats Elizabeth Collins87619.9Decrease2.svg2.8
Conservative Abdul Kalaam74917.0Decrease2.svg0.1
Green Veronica Pasteur56712.9Increase2.svg0.9
Independent Jody Graber3187.2N/A
Majority
Turnout
Labour hold Swing
Tolligton ward by-election, 1 July 2021
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Labour Mick Gilgunn 1,243 56.7 Decrease2.svg12.8
Green Jon Ward73033.3Increase2.svg16.3
Conservative Vanessa Carson1275.8Increase2.svg0.4
Liberal Democrats Jane Nicolov944.3Decrease2.svg4.0
Majority
Turnout
Labour hold Swing

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London Borough of Islington</span> London borough in United Kingdom

The London Borough of Islington is a London borough which forms part of Inner London, England. Islington has an estimated population of 215,667. It was formed in 1965, under the London Government Act 1963, by the amalgamation of the metropolitan boroughs of Islington and Finsbury.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metropolitan Borough of Islington</span> Former local authority of London, England

Islington was a civil parish and metropolitan borough in London, England. It was an ancient parish within the county of Middlesex, and formed part of The Metropolis from 1855. The parish was transferred to the County of London in 1889 and became a metropolitan borough in 1900. It was amalgamated with the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury to form the London Borough of Islington in Greater London in 1965.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islington South and Finsbury (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1974 onwards

Islington South and Finsbury is a constituency created in 1974 and represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Emily Thornberry of the Labour Party. Thornberry served as Shadow Foreign Secretary from 2016 until 2020 and is currently Shadow Attorney General for England and Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islington North (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1885 onwards

Islington North is a constituency in Greater London represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 1983 by Jeremy Corbyn, who was Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition from 2015 to 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hackney North and Stoke Newington (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1950 onwards

Hackney North and Stoke Newington is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom since 1987 by Diane Abbott, who served as Shadow Home Secretary from 6 October 2016 to 5 April 2020. Abbott was one of the first three Black British MPs elected, and the first female Black British MP in the UK. Abbott was elected as a Labour MP, but has been an Independent since having the Labour Party whip suspended on 23 April 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hackney South and Shoreditch (UK Parliament constituency)</span> Parliamentary constituency in the United Kingdom, 1974 onwards

Hackney South and Shoreditch is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2005 by Meg Hillier of Labour Co-op.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meral Hussein-Ece, Baroness Hussein-Ece</span> British politician (born 1955)

Meral Hussein Ece, Baroness Hussein-Ece, is a British Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords. She is the first woman of Turkish Cypriot origin to be a member of either house of Parliament after she was appointed a Liberal Democrat working peer on 28 May 2010. She was the Liberal Democrat Spokeswoman for Equalities from 2015 until 2016, under leader Tim Farron.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2006 Islington London Borough Council election</span>

The 2006 Islington Council election took place on 4 May 2006 to elect members of Islington London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Liberal Democrats lost overall control of the council to no overall control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islington London Borough Council elections</span>

Islington London Borough Council in London, England is elected every four years. Since the last boundary changes in 2002, 48 councillors have been elected from 16 wards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Barnet London Borough Council election</span> 2022 local election in Barnet

The 2022 Barnet London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022, alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom. All 63 members of Barnet London Borough Council were elected. The Labour Party took overall control, winning 41 of the seats to the Conservative Party's 22. This was the first time Labour had won the council outright; previously, the Conservatives had always won the most seats, usually with an overall majority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Bexley London Borough Council election</span> 2022 local election in Bexley

The 2022 Bexley London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. 45 members of Bexley London Borough Council were elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Camden London Borough Council election</span> 2022 local election in Camden

The 2022 Camden London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. All 55 members of Camden London Borough Council were elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Ealing London Borough Council election</span> 2022 local election in Ealing

The 2022 Ealing London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022, under new election boundaries, which increased the number of Ealing London Borough Council councillors to 70. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

The 2022 Hounslow London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. All 62 members of Hounslow London Borough Council were elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Islington London Borough Council election</span> 2022 local election in Islington

The 2022 Islington London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. All 51 members of Islington London Borough Council were to be elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council election</span>

The 2022 Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council election was held on 5 May 2022. All 50 members of Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council were elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Lambeth London Borough Council election</span>

The 2022 Lambeth London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. All 63 members of Lambeth London Borough Council were elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

The 2022 Newham London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. All 66 members of Newham London Borough Council were elected. The election took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Tower Hamlets London Borough Council election</span>

The 2022 Tower Hamlets London Borough Council election took place on 5 May 2022. All 45 members of Tower Hamlets London Borough Council were elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Westminster City Council election</span> 2022 local election in Westminster

The 2022 Westminster City Councilelection took place on 5 May 2022. All 54 members of Westminster City Council have been elected. The elections took place alongside local elections in the other London boroughs and elections to local authorities across the United Kingdom.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Local Council Elections 2018 - information". islington.gov.uk. Islington London Borough Council. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  2. ↑ "Barnsbury ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  3. ↑ "Bunhill ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  4. ↑ "Caledonian ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  5. ↑ "Canonbury ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  6. ↑ "Clerkenwell ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  7. ↑ "Finsbury Park ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  8. ↑ "Highbury East ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  9. ↑ "Highbury West ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  10. ↑ "Hillrise ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  11. ↑ "Holloway ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  12. ↑ "Junction ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  13. ↑ "Mildmay ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  14. ↑ "St George's ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  15. ↑ "St Mary's ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  16. ↑ "St Peter's ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  17. ↑ "Tollington ward". www.islington.gov.uk. Local council elections 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.