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The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss.
The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis. The human stratum corneum comprises several levels of flattened corneocytes that are divided into two layers: the stratum disjunctum and stratum compactum. The skin's protective acid mantle and lipid barrier sit on top of the stratum disjunctum. The stratum disjunctum is the uppermost and loosest layer of skin. The stratum compactum is the comparatively deeper, more compacted and more cohesive part of the stratum corneum. The corneocytes of the stratum disjunctum are larger, more rigid and more hydrophobic than that of the stratum compactum.
Alpha 2-antiplasmin is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) responsible for inactivating plasmin. Plasmin is an important enzyme that participates in fibrinolysis and degradation of various other proteins. This protein is encoded by the SERPINF2 gene.
Desquamation occurs when the outermost layer of a tissue, such as the skin, is shed. The term is from Latin desquamare 'to scrape the scales off a fish'.
Filaggrin is a filament-associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells. Ten to twelve filaggrin units are post-translationally hydrolyzed from a large profilaggrin precursor protein during terminal differentiation of epidermal cells. In humans, profilaggrin is encoded by the FLG gene, which is part of the S100 fused-type protein (SFTP) family within the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21.
Tissue kallikrein is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Corneocytes are terminally differentiated keratinocytes and compose most of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. They are regularly replaced through desquamation and renewal from lower epidermal layers and are essential for its function as a skin barrier.
Kallikrein-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK1 gene. KLK1 is a member of the peptidase S1 family.
Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) also known as coagulation factor II (thrombin) receptor-like 1 (F2RL1) or G-protein coupled receptor 11 (GPR11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the F2RL1 gene. PAR2 modulates inflammatory responses, obesity, metabolism, cancers and acts as a sensor for proteolytic enzymes generated during infection. In humans, we can find PAR2 in the stratum granulosum layer of epidermal keratinocytes. Functional PAR2 is also expressed by several immune cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells and T cells.
Involucrin is a protein component of human skin and in humans is encoded by the IVL gene. In binding the protein loricrin, involucrin contributes to the formation of a cell envelope that protects corneocytes in the skin.
Kallikrein-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK6 gene. Kallikrein-6 is also referred to as neurosin, protease M, hK6, or zyme. It is a 223 amino acid sequence, derived from its 244 original form, which contains a 16 residue presignal and 5 residue activation peptide.
Kallikrein-5, formerly known as stratum corneum tryptic enzyme (SCTE), is a serine protease expressed in the epidermis. In humans it is encoded by the KLK5 gene. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Its expression is up-regulated by estrogens and progestins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.
Kallikrein-related peptidase 4 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the KLK4 gene.
Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a serine protease that in humans is encoded by the KLK7 gene. KLK7 was initially purified from the epidermis and characterised as stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE). It was later identified as the seventh member of the human kallikrein family, which includes fifteen homologous serine proteases located on chromosome 19 (19q13).
Kallikrein-14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLK14 gene.
Cathepsin L2 is a protein encoded in humans by the CTSV gene.
Term ''kallikrein 7 may refer to:
Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor 2 (LEKTI-2) is a protein encoded by the SPINK9 gene in humans. SPINK9 is a member of a gene family cluster located on chromosome 5q33.1, which includes SPINK5 and SPINK6. LEKTI-2 is an inhibitor of KLK5.
Kallikrein 8 is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
Candidapepsin is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
References
- ↑ Skytt A, Strömqvist M, Egelrud T (June 1995). "Primary substrate specificity of recombinant human stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 211 (2): 586–9. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.1853. PMID 7794273.
- ↑ Egelrud T (August 1993). "Purification and preliminary characterization of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme: a proteinase that may be involved in desquamation". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 101 (2): 200–4. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12363804 . PMID 8393902.
- ↑ Hansson L, Strömqvist M, Bäckman A, Wallbrandt P, Carlstein A, Egelrud T (July 1994). "Cloning, expression, and characterization of stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme. A skin-specific human serine proteinase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (30): 19420–6. PMID 8034709.
- ↑ Yousef GM, Scorilas A, Magklara A, Soosaipillai A, Diamandis EP (August 2000). "The KLK7 (PRSS6) gene, encoding for the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme is a new member of the human kallikrein gene family - genomic characterization, mapping, tissue expression and hormonal regulation". Gene. 254 (1–2): 119–28. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00280-8. PMID 10974542.
- ↑ Vasilopoulos Y, Cork MJ, Murphy R, Williams HC, Robinson DA, Duff GW, Ward SJ, Tazi-Ahnini R (July 2004). "Genetic association between an AACC insertion in the 3'UTR of the stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme gene and atopic dermatitis". The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 123 (1): 62–6. doi: 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22708.x . PMID 15191543.
