Strikethrough, or strikeout, is a typographical presentation of words with a horizontal line through their center, resulting in text like this, sometimes an X or a forward slash is typed over the top instead of using a horizontal line. [1] Strike-through was used in medieval manuscripts. Contrary to censored or sanitized (redacted) texts, the words remain readable.
Strikethrough is primarily used to mark text that is mistaken or to be removed. [lower-alpha 1]
Deleted words are highlighted by track changes tools in electronic documents.
In medieval manuscripts such as the Domesday Book, "strikethrough" of text with red ink often functions as highlighting similar to modern underline. [3]
Wordstar had strikeout in v3.0 in 1982; however, the functionality may have been in earlier versions. [4] Wordstar was launched in 1978, it dominated the personal computer market as the most popular word processing program until 1985 when Wordperfect took that role. All word processors with functionality beyond basic editing include strikeout; though it is now called strikethrough in most.
The HTML presentational inline element for strikethrough is <strike> or <s>. This element was, however, deprecated in the 1999 HTML 4.01 standard, and replaced by the <del> tag, a semantic element representing deleted text, which user agents (typically web browsers) often render as a strikethrough. [5] [6]
In the HTML5 draft, there is no presentational element for strikethrough. However, there are two related semantic elements. Firstly, <s>, that is strikethrough in HTML 3 and 4, is redefined to mark text that is no longer correct, and secondly, <del> marks text that has been deleted, as it does in HTML 4.01. [7] [8]
[s] or [strike]. To end strikethrough when using [s], type [/s] (ex. [s]Birb[/s]).~~ to wrap around text for strikethrough. [9] ~ (tilde) character, text will be struck out. [10] In cascading style sheets (CSS) strikethrough is controlled using the text-decoration property, and specified by the line-through value of that property. For example, <span style="text-decoration: line-through;">ABCD efghi</span> renders like this: ABCD efghi
To maintain backwards compatibility, the following can be added to the CSS: strike {text-decoration:line-through;} The example above could then be written like this: <strike>ABCD efghi</strike>, which is compatible with HTML 4. In HTML 5, this: <del>ABCD efghi</del> also produces the same result, although the use of CSS is preferred[ citation needed ] and the del tag carries a semantic interpretation not present in the purely stylistic s and strike tags.
In plain text scenarios where markup cannot be used, Unicode offers a number of combining characters that achieve similar effects.
The "combining long stroke overlay" (U+0336) results in a stroke across the text (may or may not be unbroken depending on the typeface used):
while the "combining short stroke overlay" (U+0335) results in individually struck out characters:
Similarly, the "combining short solidus overlay" (U+0337) results in diagonally struck out letters:
as does the "combining long solidus overlay" (U+0338), which produces longer diagonal strokes:
A number of characters that have the visual appearance of struck-through characters exist in Unicode, including ⟨ƀ⟩, ⟨Đ⟩, ⟨Ð⟩, ⟨Ǥ⟩, ⟨Ħ⟩, ⟨Ɨ⟩, ⟨Ɉ⟩, ⟨Ł⟩, ⟨Ɵ⟩, ⟨ꝵ⟩, ⟨Ŧ⟩, ⟨Ʉ⟩, ⟨Ƶ⟩, ⟨ƻ⟩, ⟨ʡ⟩, ⟨ʢ⟩, ⟨Ғ⟩, ⟨Ҟ⟩, ⟨Ұ⟩, and ⟨Ҍ⟩. These usually have specific functions (for example, in the Latin Extended-A character set) or representations and are not intended for general use. However, they are not precomposed characters and have neither canonical nor compatibility decompositions. This issue has created security considerations since "precomposed" characters like U+019F and sequences like U+004F U+0335 or U+004F U+0336 often cause visual confusion (compare ⟨Ɵ⟩, ⟨O̵⟩ and ⟨O̶⟩). Unicode has acknowledged this issue and has proposed a standardized method for counteraction. [11] [12]
For slashed letters in an orthography, unitary letters are provided by Unicode. The diacritics are used in generic applications, such as math operators which systematically use the solidus overlay to indicate negation.
Double strikethrough is an option in certain word processing applications. It is also in spreadsheets, presentation programs, and graphics programs in certain office suites such as Collabora Online and LibreOffice. There is no generally agreed meaning of double strikethrough, but it may be used as a second level of single strikethrough.
In Japan, double strikethrough is conventionally used (rather than single strikethrough) when striking out text. This is for added clarity, as in complex kanji a single strikethrough may be missed or confused with a stroke in the character.
Double, triple or multiple strikethrough may also (especially formerly) be used as a way of emphasising words.
Strikethrough made using the letter X or a forward slash (/) instead of a horizontal line is possible in word processors, spreadsheets, presentations and graphics diagramming applications of certain office suites such as Collabora Online and LibreOffice.
Since at least 2014, researchers in the area of optical character recognition have attempted to solve the problem of recognizing struck-out text in handwritten documents. [13] [14]
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser. It defines the content and structure of web content. It is often assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) and scripting languages such as JavaScript.
Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) is a mathematical markup language, an application of XML for describing mathematical notations and capturing both its structure and content, and is one of a number of mathematical markup languages. Its aim is to natively integrate mathematical formulae into World Wide Web pages and other documents. It is part of HTML5 and standardised by ISO/IEC since 2015.
The slash is a slanting line punctuation mark /. It is also known as a stroke, a solidus, a forward slash and several other historical or technical names. Once used to mark periods and commas, the slash is now used to represent division and fractions, exclusive 'or' and inclusive 'or', and as a date separator.
An HTML element is a type of HTML document component, one of several types of HTML nodes. The first used version of HTML was written by Tim Berners-Lee in 1993 and there have since been many versions of HTML. The current de facto standard is governed by the industry group WHATWG and is known as the HTML Living Standard.
The tab keyTab ↹ on a keyboard is used to advance the cursor to the next tab stop.
An underscore or underline is a line drawn under a segment of text. In proofreading, underscoring is a convention that says "set this text in italic type", traditionally used on manuscript or typescript as an instruction to the printer. Its use to add emphasis in modern finished documents is generally avoided.
Web standards are the formal, non-proprietary standards and other technical specifications that define and describe aspects of the World Wide Web. In recent years, the term has been more frequently associated with the trend of endorsing a set of standardized best practices for building web sites, and a philosophy of web design and development that includes those methods.
In web development, "tag soup" is a pejorative for HTML written for a web page that is syntactically or structurally incorrect. Web browsers have historically treated structural or syntax errors in HTML leniently, so there has been little pressure for web developers to follow published standards. Therefore there is a need for all browser implementations to provide mechanisms to cope with the appearance of "tag soup", accepting and correcting for invalid syntax and structure where possible.
In typography, overstrike is a method of printing characters that are missing from the printer's character set. The character is created by placing one character on another one – for example, overstriking ⟨L⟩ with ⟨-⟩ results in printing a ⟨Ł⟩ character.
The Markup Validation Service is a validator by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) that allows Internet users to check pre-HTML5 HTML and XHTML documents for well-formed markup against a document type definition (DTD). Markup validation is an important step towards ensuring the technical quality of web pages. However, it is not a complete measure of web standards conformance. Though W3C validation is important for browser compatibility and site usability, it has not been confirmed what effect it has on search engine optimization.
The dotted or slashed zero 0̷ is a representation of the Arabic digit "0" (zero) with a slash or a dot through it. This variant zero glyph is often used to distinguish the digit "zero" ("0") from the Latin script letter "O" anywhere that the distinction needs emphasis, particularly in encoding systems, scientific and engineering applications, computer programming, and telecommunications. It thus helps to differentiate characters that would otherwise be homoglyphs. It was commonly used during the punch card era, when programs were typically written out by hand, to avoid ambiguity when the character was later typed on a card punch.
Unicode has subscripted and superscripted versions of a number of characters including a full set of Arabic numerals. These characters allow any polynomial, chemical and certain other equations to be represented in plain text without using any form of markup like HTML or TeX.
In HTML, the standard markup language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser, <div> and <span> tags are elements used to define parts of a document, so that they are identifiable when a unique classification is necessary. Where other HTML elements such as <p> (paragraph), <em> (emphasis), and so on, accurately represent the semantics of the content, the additional use of <span> and <div> tags leads to better accessibility for readers and easier maintainability for authors. Where no existing HTML element is applicable, <span> and <div> can valuably represent parts of a document so that HTML attributes such as class, id, lang, or dir can be applied.
HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. It was the fifth and final major HTML version that is now a retired World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommendation. The current specification is known as the HTML Living Standard. It is maintained by the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG), a consortium of the major browser vendors.
Web typography, like typography generally, is the design of pages – their layout and typeface choices. Unlike traditional print-based typography, pages intended for display on the World Wide Web have additional technical challenges and – given its ability to change the presentation dynamically – additional opportunities. Early web page designs were very simple due to technology limitations; modern designs use Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), JavaScript and other techniques to deliver the typographer's and the client's vision.
Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) is part of the family of XML markup languages which mirrors or extends versions of the widely used HyperText Markup Language (HTML), the language in which Web pages are formulated.
Transformations of text are strategies to perform geometric transformations on text, particularly in systems that do not natively support transformation, such as HTML, seven-segment displays and plain text.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for specifying the presentation and styling of a document written in a markup language such as HTML or XML. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript.
The Web platform is a collection of technologies developed as open standards by the World Wide Web Consortium and other standardization bodies such as the Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group, the Unicode Consortium, the Internet Engineering Task Force, and Ecma International. It is the umbrella term introduced by the World Wide Web Consortium, and in 2011 it was defined as "a platform for innovation, consolidation and cost efficiencies" by W3C CEO Jeff Jaffe. Being built on The evergreen Web has allowed for the addition of new capabilities while addressing security and privacy risks. Additionally, developers are enabled to build interoperable content on a cohesive platform.
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