Timeline of Brussels

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The following is a timeline of the history of Brussels , Belgium.

Prehistory

• 10,000–2600 BCE – Polished silex from the Mesolithic era are located in the Nekkersgat. ^[1]
• 3000–2200 BCE – First known settlements in the region during the Neolithic era, located in the Sonian Forest. ^[2]
• 1000–800 BCE – Celtic tribes settle in what is now Brussels. ^[3]

Roman Period

Remains of a Gallo-Roman villa in Jette, built 2nd century CE

• A fairly important Roman settlement in existence in Stalle  [ nl; fr ]. ^[1]
• 1st century CE – A Roman villa is constructed in Anderlecht, located near today's Allée de la Villa Romaine/Romeinse-Villadreef. ^[4]
• 2nd century CE – A Gallo-Roman villa is constructed in Jette, located in today's King Baudouin Park. ^[5]
• 175 CE – A Roman villa in existence in Laeken. ^[3]

Middle Ages

• 4th–6th centuries CE
  • Frankish tribes occupy territories between the Meuse and Scheldt rivers. ^[3]
  • A Frankish tomb is build on the Zeecrabbeweg. ^[1]
• 580 – Saint Gaugericus builds a chapel on an island in the river Senne, laying the origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels. ^[6]
• 843 – 10 August: The region becomes part of Lotharingia after the signing of the Treaty of Verdun. ^[3]
• 870 – First mention of the County of Uccle or Brussels  [ nl; fr ] in the Treaty of Meerssen.
• 959 – The city becomes part of Lower Lotharingia. ^[3]
• 977–979 – A castrum is constructed on Saint-Géry/Sint-Goriks Island. ^[3]

Charles of Lorraine traditionally considered the founder of what would become Brussels, c. 979

• 979 – Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, transfers the relics of Saint Gudula to the chapel built by Saint Gaugericus, marking the city's official founding.
• 1001 – Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine, becomes Count of Uccle or Brussels  [ nl; fr ]. ^[3]
• 1012 – Saint Guy dies in Anderlecht on his return home from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. ^[7]
• 1015–1020 – Oldest written record of the city by Olbert of Gembloux  [ nl; fr ]. ^[8]
• 1041–1047 – The Palace of Coudenberg begins construction. ^[3]
• 1047 – The relics of Saint Gudula are transferred from Moorsel to the original Church of St. Michael. ^[3]
• 1063–1100 – The city's first fortifications are built.
• 1095 – Dieleghem Abbey is first attested.
• 1105 – Forest Abbey is founded.
• 1125 – The Amman of Brussels  [ nl; fr ] is first attested. ^[3]
• 1129 – The Lindekemale Mill is first attested.
• 1142 or 1147 – The Battle of Ransbeek  [ fr ] takes place.
• 1174 – The Grand-Place/Grote Markt is first attested as the Forum inferior or Nedermerckt. ^[9]
• 1183 – The Duchy of Brabant is formed after the merger of the Counties of Uccle or Brussels  [ nl; fr ] and Leuven and the Landgraviate of Brabant.
• 1190 – Richard I of England passes through the city. ^[3]
• 1195 – Saint John Clinic is established.
• 1196 – La Cambre Abbey is founded.
• 1209 – The Lordship of Carloo  [ nl; fr ] is first attested. ^[1]
• 1225 – The current Church of St. Michael and St. Gudula begins construction. ^{[3] [10]}
• 1229 – 10 June: Henry I, Duke of Brabant, issues a charter of rights  [ nl ] for the city. ^[11]
• 1250 – The Great Beguinage of Brussels is formalised by John the Victorious. ^[12]
• 1252 – The Beguinage of Anderlecht  [ nl; fr ] is founded.

Seal of the magistrate of Brussels, featuring Saint Michael, 1257

• 1258 – The Convent of Boetendael  [ nl; fr ] first attested. ^[1]
• 1267 – John the Victorious relocates the capital of the Duchy of Brabant from Leuven to the city.
• 1282 – First mention of the Drapery Court. ^[3]
• 1292 – John the Victorious grants the town the right to revenues collected at the city gates. ^[3]
• 1295 – John the Peaceful authorises aldermen to collect duty on beer as a town revenue. ^[3]
• 1296 – 14 February: Obbrussel becomes part of the Coop of Brussels  [ nl; fr ].
• 1303–1306
  • Unsuccessful revolt  [ nl ] by the Guilds of Brussels to secure power-sharing with the patriciate.
  • First democratic government. ^[3]
• 1304 – The Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon is founded. ^[13]
• 1306 – The Seven Noble Houses of Brussels are first attested. ^[3]
• 1308 – The Meyboom is first attested. ^[14]
• 1342 – The city bans the construction of thatched roofs to prevent fires. ^[15]
• 1348 – The Ommegang begins as a Marian procession. ^[16]
• 1349
  • The Black Death arrives in the city. ^[3]
  • A pogrom against the Jewish population takes place. ^[3]
• 1356
  • The Joyous Entry of Joanna and Wenceslaus into the city takes place.
  • 17 August: Battle of Scheut  [ nl; fr ]: Louis II, Count of Flanders defeats Joanna, Duchess of Brabant, who then besieges the city.
  • 24 October – The city is liberated by group of Brabantian patriots led by Everard 't Serclaes, Lord of Kruikenburg. ^[3]
  • The expansion of the city's fortifications begins.
• 1360–1364 – Unsuccessful revolts  [ nl ] by the Guilds to secure power-sharing with the patriciate.
• 1367 – The Red Cloister is founded. ^[3]
• 1370 – The Sacrament of Miracle occurs, killing 6–20, followed by the expulsion of the city's remaining Jewish population.
• 1380 – Geert Pipenpoy becomes the city's first mayor.
• 1383 – The original Halle Gate is built.
• 1388 – 31 March: Everard t'Serclaes dies at the L'Étoile/De Sterre guildhall on the Grand-Place.

Gilles van Hamme, alderman of Brussels in 1389 and 1399

• 1400 – Population: c. 20,000. ^[3]
• 1401 – The Town Hall begins construction on the Grand-Place.
• 1406
  • Joyous Entry of Anthony the Great Bastard into the city takes place. ^[3]
  • 14 April: Fire destroys part of the Chapel Church and the surrounding neighborhood. ^[15]
• 1421
  • Popular uprising. ^[3]
  • The guilds are represented in the city government alongside the patrician lineages of the Seven Noble Houses. ^[17]
• 1436 – Rogier van der Weyden appointed city artist. ^[3]
• 1455
  • The Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament of the Miracle is built.
  • The Town Hall is completed. ^[3]
• 1464 – Population: c. 39,000. ^[3]
• 1476 – The first printing press is in operation in the city. ^[18]
• 1477
  • The Habsburgs come to power in the Burgundian Netherlands, with the city as their capital. ^[19]
  • March: Popular insurrection  [ nl ] under Willem van Marbais, Jan Bogaert and Willem van Ruysbroeck (son of architect Jan van Ruysbroeck). ^[3]
  • 4 June: Joyous Entry of Mary of Burgundy into the city takes place.

16th–18th centuries

• 1511 – The Miracle of 1511 takes place.
• 1515 – 28 January: Joyous Entry of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Philip the Prudent into the city takes place.
• 1516 – 4 December: The Treaty of Brussels is signed; Ending the War of the League of Cambrai.
• 1521 – May–October: Erasmus moves to Anderlecht for health, political, and religious reasons and stays in the house of Canon Peter Wijchmans.
• 1522
  • September: The Amigo Prison  [ nl ] is built.
  • 8 February: The Treaty of Brussels between Charles V and Archduke Ferdinand concerning the latter’s sovereignty over the Austrian Hereditary Lands.
• 1523 – 1 July: Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos are burned at the stake at the Grand-Place, becoming the first victims of the Inquisition in the Netherlands.
• 1526 – 20 October: Fire destroys 3 houses in the Rue des Six Jetons/Zespenningenstraat. ^[15]
• 1536 – The original King's House is built on the Grand-Place for the Duke of Brabant. ^[20]
• 1555 – 25 October: Charles V abdicates in the Aula Magna of the Palace of Coudenberg. ^[3]
• 1561 – The city's port and the Willebroek Canal are opened. ^[21]
• 1565 – The wedding of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, and Maria of Portugal, Hereditary Princess of Parma, takes place. ^[22]
• 1567
  • 22 August: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, arrives in the city. ^[3]
  • 9 September: The Council of Troubles is established.

Execution of the Counts of Egmont and Horn in Brussels, 5 June 1568

• 1568 – 5 June: The Counts of Egmont and Horn are executed  [ nl ] at the Grand-Place.
• 1575 – A plague outbreak kills thousands. ^[3]
• 1576 – 4 September: The Calvinist Republic of Brussels  [ nl; fr ] is founded.
• 1577 – 24 September: The Joyous Entry of William the Silent  [ nl ] into the city takes place.
• 1580 – 9–10 July: The city tries to capture  [ nl ] Halle under command of Olivier van den Tympel  [ nl; fr ].
• 1585 – 10 March: The city is besieged  [ nl; fr ] by the Army of Flanders. ^{[23] [24]}
• 1594 – 30 January: Joyous Entry of Archduke Ernest of Austria into the city takes place. ^[25]
• 1599 – 5 September: Joyous Entry of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, and Isabella Clara Eugenia into the city takes place. ^[3]
• 1595
  • The Kaiserliche Reichspost postal service is established in the city.
  • 13 September: Josyne van Beethoven  [ nl; fr ] is burned at the stake at the Grand-Place for wichcraft. ^[26]
• 1604 – 16 July: St John Berchmans College is established.
• 1607 – The Brussels Carmel is founded.

Ommegang of Brussels at the Sablon/Zavel, 31 May 1615

• 1619
  • The original Manneken Pis statue is commissioned.
  • 12 July: A riot breaks out after the city imposes a tax on wine and beer (the gigot). ^[3]
• 1622 – The funeral of Archduke Albert VII takes place.
• 1646
  • The Small Beguinage of Brussels  [ nl ] is founded.
  • 6 October: Purple rain falls on the city; the downpour elicits scientific examination and explanation. ^[3]
• 1654 – The Barony of Jette is formed. ^[27]
• 1659 – The Barony of Jette is elevated to a county. ^[27]
• 1672 – Fort of Monterey  [ nl; fr ] is built.
• 1690 – 11–12 October: Fire breaks out in La Louve/De Wolvin  [ fr ].

View of Brussels , Jan Baptist Bonnecroy, c. 1665

• 1695 – 13–15 August: The city is bombarded by the French, destroying a third of its buildings, including the Grand-Place.

The Grand-Place/Grote Markt in flames during the bombardment of Brussels, 13–15 August 1695

• 1697–1698: Reconstruction of the Grand-Place is largely completed. ^[3]
• 1698 – 1 May: Manneken Pis receives his first costume from the Governor of the Austrian Netherlands, Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria. ^{[28] [29]}
• 1700 – The first Theatre of La Monnaie, then spelled La Monnoye, is built.
• 1701 – Nassau Palace suffers extensive damage from a fire.
• 1705 – Fort Jaco  [ nl; fr ] is built.
• 1706 – The English–Dutch army enters Brussels. ^[3]
• 1711 – 30 September: The Royal Academy of Fine Arts is established. ^[3]
• 1714
  • The Belfry of Brussels collapses.
  • March 6: Treaty of Rastatt is signed; the city becomes part of the Austrian Netherlands. ^[3]
• 1717 – 14–18 April: Peter the Great visits the city. ^{[3] [30]}
• 1719 – François Anneessens is executed at the Grand-Place.
• 1724 – March: The Senne floods: The lower city is 3 feet underwater. ^[31]
• 1731 – 3–4 February: The Palace of Coudenberg is destroyed by fire. ^[3]
• 1744 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine enters the city.

Siege of Brussels , Louis-Nicolas van Blarenberghe, 1746

• 1746 – The city is besieged and captured by the French.
• 1749 – January: The city is returned to Austria with the rest of the Austrian Netherlands following the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
• 1755 – Population: 57,370. ^[3]
• 1772
  • The Imperial and Royal Academy is established. ^[32]
  • The Opéra flamand is established.
  • Faro is first attested.
• 1774 – The Rue Royale/Koningsstraat is laid out. ^[13]
• 1775
  • Brussels Park is laid out.
  • The Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein, then called the Place Saint-Michel/Sint-Michielsplein, is laid out. ^[3]
• 1778 – The Palace of the Nation begins construction.
• 1779 – The Brussels Arsenal is built.
• 1781 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor visits the city.
• 1782
  • The Place Royale/Koningsplein is laid out.
  • The Royal Park Theatre opens.
• 1787 – The Vauxhall opens.
• 1783 – The Royal Palace of Brussels begins construction.
• 1784
  • The city's gates are demolished, except for the Halle Gate.
  • The Palace of Schonenberg is built.
• 1787 – The Church of St. James on Coudenberg is consecrated.
• 1789 – The Brabant Revolution reaches the city and makes the Austrian authorities flee.

The magistrates of Brussels offer the city's surrender to the Austrian army, 2 December 1790

• 1790
  • 11 January: The city becomes the capital of the United Belgian States.
  • 2 December: The Austrians take the city back and pledge to reverse the reforms of Joseph II.
• 1792 – 14 November: General Charles-François Dumouriez enters the city. ^[3]
• 1795 – The French rule begins; the city becomes part of the department of the Dyle.
• 1796
  • The Guilds of Brussels are suppressed. ^[33]
  • La Cambre Abbey and Forest Abbey are abolished.
  • The Church of St. Gaugericus is demolished.
• 1800 – Population: 66,297. ^[3]

19th century

• 1801 – 8 July: The Brussels Stock Exchange is founded by decree of First Consul Napoleon. ^[3]
• 1803
  • The Museum of Fine Arts opens. ^[34]
  • Napoleon visits the city. ^[3]
• 1806 – 25 March: The Academy of Brussels, an academy of the Imperial University of France, is established.
• 1810
  • Official visit by Emperor Napoleon. ^[3]
  • 19 May: Ordinance to build the Small Ring. ^[3]
• 1811 – 4 November: The first Brussels Salon is held.
• 1813 – The Royal Conservatory of Brussels is founded.

The Duchess of Richmond's Ball , Robert Alexander Hillingford, 1870s

• 1815
  • 15 June: The Duchess of Richmond's ball takes place.
  • The city becomes the joint capital of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
• 1817: 19 February: William III of the Netherlands is born in the Palace of the Nation.
• 1819
  • 25 May: The new Theatre of La Monnaie is inaugurated.
  • The city is illuminated by gas. ^[3]
• 1822 – The Société Générale de Belgique is headquartered in the city. ^[35]
• 1826
  • The Botanical Garden of Brussels is founded.
  • 8 June: The Royal Observatory of Belgium is founded.

Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830, Gustaf Wappers, 1834

• 1830
  • 25 August: The Belgian Revolution starts in the city. ^[36]
  • 22 October: Nicolas-Jean Rouppe is appointed the first Mayor of Brussels in an independent Belgium by royal decree.
  • The Royal Theatre Toone is founded.
  • Population: 98,279 city; 120,981 metro. ^[37]
• 1831
  • 7 February: The Constitution of Belgium is ratified; the city becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Belgium. ^[19]
  • 25 February: Érasme-Louis Surlet de Chokier takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
  • 21 July: King Leopold I takes the constitutional oath at the Place Royale/Koningsplein.
• 1832
  • A cholera epidemic kills over 3,000. ^[3]
  • 22 September: The Brussels–Charleroi Canal is officially opened. ^[38]
• 1834
  • 7 February: The Royal Military Academy is founded.
  • 5–6 April: The city's nobility is looted  [ nl ] by pro-Belgian protesters on the Orangist nobility.
  • 20 November: The Free University of Brussels is founded. ^[3]

Opening of the Brussels–Mechelen railway, 5 May 1835

• 1835 – 5 May: The first passenger train on a public railway in continental Europe departs from the Allée Verte/Groendreef railway station.
• 1837 – 19 June: The Royal Library of Belgium is founded. ^[39]
• 1838 – 13 September: Guillaume-Hippolyte van Volxem is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1841 – 14 April: François-Jean Wyns de Raucour is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1845
  • Saint Mary's Royal Church begins construction.
  • First telegraph line links the city with Antwerp. ^[3]
• 1846
  • 31 March: The Museum of Natural Sciences is founded.
  • Population: 123,874 city. ^[40]
• 1847
  • The Avenue Louise/Louizalaan is commissioned.
  • May: Systematic construction of sidewalks begins. ^[3]
  • 20 June: The Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries open. ^[3]
  • August: The German Workers' Society is founded in the city by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
• 1848
  • September: The second International Peace Congress is held in the city.
  • 5 October: Charles de Brouckère becomes mayor.

The Botanical Garden of Brussels, c. 1850

• 1850 – Population: 142,289 city; 222,424 metro. ^[37]
• 1853 – 7 April: The European Quarter is annexed from Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Etterbeek and Schaerbeek by the City of Brussels.

View into Brussels along the Brussels–Charleroi Canal from Molenbeek-Saint-Jean, c. 1855

• 1855
  • Brussels-Luxembourg railway station is built.
  • Last public execution is held at the Halle Gate. ^[3]
• 1856 – The reconstructed Royal Theatre of La Monnaie opens.
• 1857
  • The Ancienne Belgique opens.
  • Saint-Louis University moves to the city from Mechelen.
  • First municipal water service is established. ^[3]
• 1859 – The Congress Column is erected.
• 1860
  • Duties and tolls on goods entering the city are abolished.
  • Population: 185,982 city; 300,341 metro. ^[37]
  • 21 April: André-Napoléon Fontainas becomes mayor.
• 1861 – The Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos is laid out.
• 1863 – 15 December: Jules Anspach is appointed mayor by royal decree. ^[3]
• 1864
  • The Avenue Louise and Bois de la Cambre are annexed from Ixelles by the City of Brussels.
  • 26 September: Nadar launches the hot air balloon Le Géant from the Botanical Garden. To ensure the crowd's safety, Jules Anspach erects mobile barriers, thereby inventing crowd control barriers.
  • 3 October: The Isabelle Gatti de Gamond Royal Atheneum is established as the first non-denominational educational institution for girls in Belgium.
• 1865 – 17 December: King Leopold II takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
• 1866 – Population: 157,905 city. ^[3]

Covering of the Senne in Brussels, c. 1867–1871

• 1867
  • The covering of the Senne begins.
  • The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak is published by Charles De Coster.
• 1868
  • The Antoine Wiertz Museum opens.
  • 1 March: The Société Libre des Beaux-Arts is established.
• 1869 – 1 May: Trams begin operating in the city.
• 1871
  • The covering of the Senne is completed; the Central Boulevards are laid out.
  • The Bank of Brussels is established. ^[35]
  • The Halle Gate is renovated in the neo-Gothic style. ^[41]
• 1872 – The Church of Our Lady of Laeken is consecrated.
• 1873
  • The new building for the Brussels Stock Exchange is completed.
  • The daily Old Market on the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein is established.
• 1874
  • The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken begin construction.
  • Brussels Cemetery is laid out.
  • 2 May: First Conference of Mayors is held. ^[42]
  • 23 December: Les Tramways Bruxellois is formed.
• 1877
  • Ixelles Cemetery is created.
  • 6 May: The Musical Instruments Museum opens.
• 1878
  • 12 January: The Cirque Royal/Koninklijk Circus opens.
  • 20 September: The Great Synagogue of Brussels is consecrated.
• 1879 – 20 May: Felix Vanderstraeten is appointed mayor by royal decree.

Inauguration of the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark at the 1880 National Exhibition

• 1880
  • A National Exhibition is held to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Belgian independence; ^[3] the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark is laid out.
  • The White slave trade affair scandal is exposed and attracts international attention.
  • The Midi Fair begins.
• 1881
  • L'Echo newspaper begins its publication. ^[43]
  • 17 December: Charles Buls is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1883 – The Palace of Justice of Brussels is inaugurated.
• 1884 – 3 September: 80,000 Catholics gather in support of the Law Jacobs. Local residents disperse them by dumping sacks of laundry bluing. ^[3]
• 1885
  • 15 June: Saint-Gilles Prison opens. ^[3]
  • Population: 171,751 city. ^[40]
• 1886 – The city is linked by telephone to Paris. ^[3]
• 1887
  • Le Soir newspaper begins its publication. ^[43]
  • The Palace for Fine Arts is built.
  • The Brussels City Museum opens in the King's House.
  • 1 October: The Brussels Arsenal reopens as the Royal Flemish Theatre.
• 1888
  • Het Laatste Nieuws newspaper begins its publication. ^[43]
  • 24 November: The first Saint Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen takes place as a student protest against a reorganisation of the Free University.
• 1889 – 18 November: The Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference begins.
• 1890
  • The Abattoirs of Anderlecht  [ fr ] enter service as a central abattoir for the whole city.
  • The Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare is laid out.
• 1891
  • August: The International Socialist Labor Congress is held in the city.
  • 12 December: The Compagnie intercommunale des eaux de l'Agglomération bruxelloise  [ nl; fr ] (CIE) is established.

The Hôtel Tassel by Victor Horta, built in 1893, a UNESCO World Heritage Site

• 1893
  • The Paris–Brussels cycle race begins. ^[44]
  • The Hôtel Tassel is built.
  • The Hankar House is built.
  • The Autrique House is built.
• 1894 – The Société Belge d'Études Coloniales is headquartered in the city.
• 1895 – The Hotel Métropole opens at the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein.
• 1896
  • The King's House is rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style.
  • The Villa Bloemenwerf is built.
  • 1 March: The first public showing of moving pictures takes place in the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries.
• 1897
  • The Brussels International world's fair is held.
  • The Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan is laid out.
  • The Oriental Pavilion is built.
  • 1 November: Royale Union Saint-Gilloise is founded.
  • 16 December: Emile De Mot is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1898 – The Saint Roch Quarter is demolished.
• 1899
  • The Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis is built.
  • 1 October: The Pavilion of Human Passions is inaugurated.
• 1900
  • The Cantillon brewery is founded.
  • New Saint John Clinic is built. ^[45]
  • 4 April: Edward, Prince of Wales, is shot at by Jean-Baptiste Sipido at Brussels-North railway station. ^[3]
  • Population: 183,686 city. ^[3]

20th century

1901–1913 – La Belle Époque

• 1901 – The Maison & Atelier Horta is built.
• 1902
  • The À la Mort Subite café is built.
  • 15 November: Attempted assassination  [ nl; fr ] of King Leopold II by Gennaro Rubino.
• 1904 – 26 June: Josaphat Park opens.

The Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark memorial arcade, built in 1905

• 1905
  • The Cauchie House is built.
  • Busses begin operating in the city. ^[3]
  • 25 September: The Cinquantenaire Arcade is completed. ^[3]
• 1908
  • The Chapel of the Resurrection is built.
  • 27 May: R.S.C. Anderlecht is founded.
• 1909
  • 6 December: Adolphe Max is appointed mayor by royal decree.
  • 23 December: King Albert I takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
• 1910
  • The Hôtel Astoria opens.
  • 10 March: Le Mariage de mademoiselle Beulemans first preformed at the Théâtre de l'Olympia.
  • 23 April–1 November: The Brussels International world's fair is held.

The 1911 Solvay Conference in Brussels was the first world physics conference.

• 1911
  • The Stoclet Palace is built.
  • The North–South connection begins construction. ^[3]
  • 30 October–3 November: The first Solvay Conference is held.

1914–1918 – First World War

• 1914
  • 11 May–4 June: The Great Zwanz Exhibition  [ nl ] is held.
  • 21 August: World War I: The city is captured and occupied by the German Army. ^[3]
  • 26 August: The city becomes the seat of the Imperial German General Government of Belgium.
  • The Imperial German Air Service establishes Flugplatz Brüssel military airfield in Haren.
• 1915
  • 7 June: A Zeppelin hangar on Flugplatz Brüssel is partially destroyed during an attack on airship LZ38.
  • 12 October: Edith Cavell is executed by firing squad at the Tir National/Nationale Schietbaan.
• 1917 – The Constant Vanden Stock Stadium opens.
• 1918
  • 10 November: The Brussels Soldiers' Council is established by German troops in German-occupied Belgium.
  • 22 November: King Albert I returns to the city.

1919–1939 – Interwar period

• 1919
  • The Lignes Farman airline begins operating its Paris–Brussels route. ^[46]
  • Population: 685,268 metro. ^[47]
• 1920 – The Oscar Bossaert Stadium opens.
• 1921 – 30 March: Haren, Laeken and Neder-Over-Heembeek are annexed by the City of Brussels. ^[3]
• 1922
  • The Experimental Garden Jean Massart  [ fr ] is established. ^[48]
  • 12 November: Tour & Taxis officially opens. ^[49]
• 1923
  • The Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History opens.
  • Brugmann Hospital  [ fr ] opens.
  • 23 May: The Societé anonyme belge d'Exploitation de la Navigation aérienne (Sabena) is established. ^[3]
• 1925 – St Andrew's Church is consecrated.
• 1926
  • The École nationale supérieure des arts visuels de La Cambre (ENSAV) is established.
  • The Comme chez Soi restaurant is established.
• 1927 – 24–29 October: The fifth Solvay Conference, perhaps the most famous, is held.
• 1928
  • The Charlier Museum opens.
  • The Villa van Buuren is built. ^[50]
• 1929
  • 4 January: Tintin first appears in Le Petit Vingtième.
  • 19 October: The Centre for Fine Arts opens.
• 1930
  • The Hotel Le Plaza opens.
  • 18 June: The National Institute for Radio Broadcast  [ nl; fr ] (NIR) is established.
  • 23 August: The Jubilee Stadium opens.
  • Population: 200,433 city. ^[3]
• 1931 – The Brussels Symphony Orchestra is founded.
• 1933 – 6 April: The Synagogue of Anderlecht is consecrated.
• 1934
  • The Villa Empain is built.
  • The Citroën Garage is built.
  • 22 February: The funeral of King Albert I takes place.
  • 23 February: King Leopold III takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.

The Palais des Expositions during the 1935 Brussels World's Fair

• 1935
  • The Brussels International world's fair is held; the Palais des Expositions is built.
  • The Basilica of the Sacred Heart is consecrated.
• 1937 – The Queen Elisabeth Competition begins.
• 1938
  • The Royal Belgian Film Archive is established.
  • The Flagey Building is built.
• 1939
  • The Constantin Meunier Museum opens.
  • 28 November: Joseph Van De Meulebroeck is appointed mayor by royal decree.

1939–1945 – Second World War

German soldiers parade past the Royal Palace of Brussels, May 1940

• 1940
  • 17 May: World War II: The German occupation begins; ^[3] the Belgian Government  [ nl ] flees the city to Bordeaux. ^[51]
  • 31 May: The German Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France is headquartered in the city. ^{[51] [52]}
  • 1 July: The Zéro  [ fr ] intelligence network in formed by employees of the Bank of Brussels. ^[51]
  • 20 July: The Frontstalag 110 prisoner-of-war camp is established by the Germans. ^{[53] [54]}
  • 31 July: The Radio Bruxelles  [ fr ] and Zender Brussel  [ nl ] radio stations are established by the Military Administration. ^[51]
  • 15 August: La Libre Belgique clandestine newspaper begins its publication. ^[51]
  • 17 December: The Belgian National Movement is established. ^[51]
• 1941
  • 1 February: Le Drapeau Rouge  [ nl; fr ] and De Roode Vaan  [ nl ] clandestine newspapers begin their publication by the Communist Party of Belgium. ^[51]
  • 13 March: The Frontstalag 110 POW camp is dissolved. ^{[53] [54]}
  • 29 May: The 'Hunger march for the release of prisoners of war', 3,000 women rally behind slogans and march trough the city. ^[51]
  • 30 June: Joseph Van De Meulebroeck is arrested and deported; Jules Coelst  [ nl; fr ] is designated deputy mayor.
  • 18 August: The Comet Line starts operating. ^[55]
  • 10 October: Bombing of the Rex headquarters on the Rue de Laeken/Lakensestraat  [ fr ]; Jean-Joseph Oedekerken is killed. ^[51]
  • 25 November: The Free University of Brussels closes. ^{[51] [56]}
• 1942
  • January: Groupe G is formed by a group of former students of the Free University.
  • 10 March: Violence erupts in the city during a parade of the Walloon Legion before leaving for the Eastern Front, marked by bombings and attacks from communist militants against collaborators and military targets. ^[57]
  • 3 September: A razzia occurs in the Marolles/Marollen, 718 are arrested and transported to Dossin. ^[58]
  • 24 September: Greater Brussels  [ nl ] is formed by merging 18 municipalities into the City of Brussels; Jan Grauls is appointed mayor. ^[51]
• 1943
  • 20 January: Attack on the Gestapo headquarters by Baron Jean de Selys Longchamps DFC.
  • 14 April: Paul Colin is assassinated by Arnaud Fraiteur. ^[59]
  • 7 September: The city is bombarded  [ nl ] by the Allies, killing 342.

Scenes of jubilation as British troops liberate Brussels, 4 September 1944

• 1944
  • 1 August: Attacks in the city against the Germans and collaborators; they retaliate and execute 30 people. ^[51]
  • 23 August: 15 people are executed by the Germans. ^[51]
  • 3–4 September: The city is liberated by the Welsh Guards; the Palace of Justice is burnt by the Germans to destroy legal records during their retreat.
  • 8 September: The Belgian government in exile returns to the city after four years in London.
  • 20 September: Prince Charles, Count of Flanders takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation, and becomes regent. ^[60]
  • 20 November: The Free University reopens.
  • 15 December: The District of Brussels, formed by Nazi Germany, is no longer in control of the territory.

1946–1979 – Post-war era

• 1948
  • The Treaty of Brussels, founding the Western Union (WU), is signed.
  • Brussels Airport opens in Zaventem.
• 1950
  • 1 August: King Leopold III ask the Government and Parliament to vote on a law delegating his powers to Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant. ^[61]
  • 11 August: Prince Baudouin takes the constitutional oath and for the first time and becomes the Prince Royal. ^[61]
• 1951 – 17 July: King Baudouin takes the constitutional oath for the second time at the Palace of the Nation, and becomes the King of the Belgians. ^{[61] [62]}
• 1952 – The North–South connection is completed; Brussels-Central railway station and Brussels-South railway station open.
• 1953 – Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles is formed replacing Les Tramways Bruxellois as the city's main public transport operator.
• 1956
  • The Atomium starts construction.
  • 14 February: Lucien Cooremans is appointed mayor by royal decree.

The Atomium and cable car during the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo 58)

• 1958
  • 17 April–19 October: Expo 58 world's fair is held.
  • The city becomes one of the seats of the European Community.
  • The Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Trinity is consecrated.
  • September 1958 – The European School, Brussels I (ESB1) opens.
• 1959 – The State Administrative Centre  [ nl; fr ] begins construction. ^[3]
• 1960
  • The city hosts the Congolese Round Table Conference.
  • Ballet of the 20th Century contemporary dance company is established.
  • 1 November: The city becomes the seat of the Secretariat-General of the Benelux  [ nl ]. ^[63]
  • 15 December: The wedding of King Baudouin and Fabiola de Mora y Aragón takes place.
• 1961
  • 15 February: Sabena Flight 548 crashes on approach to Brussels Airport, killing all 72 people on board and one person on the ground. ^[3]
  • 27 February: The Royal Association of the Descendants of the Lineages of Brussels is established.
  • 21 December: The Film Museum  [ nl; fr ] is founded.
• 1962
  • The Royal Institute for Theatre, Cinema and Sound  [ nl; fr ] (RITCS) is established.
  • The Vicariate of Brussels  [ nl; fr ] is established.
• 1963 – 2 August: Brussels becomes part of the bilingual Brussels-Capital administrative area. ^[64]
• 1965 – The Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis is demolished and is replaced with the Sablon Tower  [ nl; fr ]. ^[3]
• 1967
  • The South Tower is built.
  • 1 May: The European Commission starts moving into the Berlaymont.
  • 22 May: The À L'Innovation department store is destroyed by fire. ^[3]
  • 16 October: NATO's headquarters are established in the city.
• 1968 – May: Student demonstrations at the Free University. ^[3]
• 1969
  • The Brussels Hilton opens.
  • 8 September: The El Al airline offices are bombed.
  • 1 October: The Free University splits along linguistic lines into the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB).
• 1970 – 8 October: Forest National/Vorst Nationaal opens.
• 1971
  • The Flower carpet begins at the Grand-Place.
  • 26 July: The Brussels Agglomeration  [ fr; nl ] is created. ^[65]
  • 25 November: First and only elections of the Brussels Agglomeration Council  [ nl ]. ^[3]
• 1974 – The Brussels Independent Film Festival begins.
• 1975
  • The Université catholique de Louvain's Jardin des plantes médicinales Paul Moens  [ fr ] is established.
  • Trademart Brussels is established.
  • 30 July Bank Brussels Lambert is established.
  • 30 August: Pierre Van Halteren is elected mayor.

Construction of the Brussels Metro at the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein, 1974

• 1976
  • 20 September: The Brussels Metro begins operating.
  • 28 September: The Brussels Planetarium opens.
• 1978
  • The Brussels Ring is constructed.
  • The RTBF Symphony Orchestra is formed. ^[66]
  • The Oriental Pavilion is transformed into the Great Mosque of Brussels.
• 1979
  • The Archives of the City of Brussels moves into the former Magasins Waucquez  [ fr ]. ^[67]
  • The city celebrates the 1,000th anniversary of its founding. ^[3]
  • 28 August: The Brussels bombing occurs, injuring 18.

1980–2000

• 1980
  • The Flemish Community and the French Community of Belgium each designate Brussels as their capital city.
  • Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,008,715. ^[68]
• 1981
  • 21 March: King Baudouin Park  [ nl; fr ] is laid out. ^[3]
  • 1 April: Studio Brussel is established as a regional radio station of the BRT.
  • 4 December: The Wittockiana is founded by Michel Wittock.
• 1982 – The Brussels Urban Transport Museum is established.
• 1982–1985 – The Brabant Killings occur in and around the city, killing 28 and injuring 22. ^[69]
• 1983
  • 4 March: Hervé Brouhon is elected mayor.
  • 17 May: La Fonderie, Brussels Museum of Industry and Labour, is established.
  • 14 July: Assassination of Turkish administrative attaché Dursun Aksoy near his home on Avenue Franklin Roosevelt/Franklin Rooseveltlaan.
• 1985
  • 16 May: Pope John Paul II visits the city. ^[70]
  • 29 May: The Heysel Stadium disaster takes place. ^[70]
  • 14 December: The French-language television station Télé Bruxelles  [ nl; fr ] is established.
• 1986 – 29 September: Autoworld opens.
• 1987
  • Jeanneke Pis statue is erected as counterpoint to Manneken Pis.
  • 9 May: The 32nd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest is held at Brussels Expo.
• 1988 – Kinepolis Brussels opens.
• 1989
  • 9 March: The Jewish Museum of Belgium opens.
  • 12 June: Mini-Europe opens.
  • 18 June: The Brussels-Capital Region is formed; the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region is established. ^[71]
  • 12 July: Charles Picqué becomes the first Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
  • 14 July: The Flemish, French and Common Community Commissions are established. ^[72]
  • 6 October: The Belgian Comic Strip Center opens.
• 1990
  • 22 March: Assassination of Canadian engineer Gerald Bull by Mossad outside his apartment in Uccle.
  • 23 December: The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company is formed by the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region replacing Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles.
  • Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 964,385. ^[68]
• 1991
  • First comic strip murals is created on the Rue du Marché au Charbon/Kolenmarkt.
  • 5 March: The Brussels-Capital Region adopts its first flag.
• 1993
  • The Espace Léopold opens.
  • 20 January: The kidnapping of Ulrika Bidegård takes place.
  • 20 July: Michel Demaret is appointed mayor by the City Council.
  • 7 August: The funeral of King Baudouin takes place.
  • 9 August: King Albert II takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
  • 15 September: The Dutch-language television station TV-Brussel is launched from the Royal Flemish Theatre. ^[73]
• 1994
  • The City of Brussels is designated capital of Belgium and seat of the Federal Government. ^[74]
  • 28 April: Freddy Thielemans is elected mayor for the first time. ^[75]
  • 16 April: The Fuse nightclub opens.
  • May: The Kunstenfestivaldesarts (KFDA) begins.
  • 30 June: The Performing Arts Research and Training Studios (P.A.R.T.S.) contemporary dance school is established by Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker and Bernard Foccroulle. ^[76]
  • 14 November: The international terminal of Brussels-South railway station opens.
• 1995
  • The Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts (EhB) is established.
  • 1 January: The Province of Brabant is split into Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant; The Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital is established.
  • 5 May: Brussels Pride  [ nl ] is established.
  • 21 May: François-Xavier de Donnea is appointed mayor by the City Council.
• 1996
  • The South Tower is renovated.
  • 20 October: The White March takes place as a protest against the mishandling of the Dutroux affair. ^[77]
• 1998
  • The Musical Instruments Museum (MIM) relocates to the Hôtel de Spangen and the former Old England department store.
  • 2 December The Grand-Place is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. ^{[3] [78]}
• 1999
  • Het Zinneke statue is erected by analogy of Manneken and Jeanneke Pis.
  • 5 June: The René Magritte Museum opens.
  • 15 July: Jacques Simonet becomes Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
  • 8 September: The Clockarium is established.
  • 4 December: The wedding of Prince Philippe and Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz takes place.
• 2000
  • The city is named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities. ^[79]
  • The Hôtel Tassel, Hôtel Solvay, Hôtel van Eetvelde and Maison & Atelier Horta are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
  • 27 May: The first Zinneke Parade is held.
  • 28 July: The city is divided in 5 police zones. ^{[80] [81] [82] [83] [84]}
  • 18 October: François-Xavier de Donnea becomes Minister-President.

21st century

• 2001
  • Tour & Taxis begins redevelopment.
  • 16 January: Freddy Thielemans is elected mayor for the second time.
  • 28 April: Police Zone: Brussels - Ixelles  [ nl ] is formed as the 6th police zone in the city. ^[85]
  • 13 July: The Lambermont Accord  [ nl; fr ] is signed, increasing the representation of Dutch speakers in Parliament.
  • 25 October: Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant is born at Erasmus Hospital.
• 2002 – 10 December: The Film Museum  [ nl; fr ] in integrated into CINEMATEK.
• 2003
  • 6 June: Daniel Ducarme becomes Minister-President.
  • 20 September: The Wittockiana opens to the public.
• 2004
  • The North Galaxy Towers are built.
  • 18 February: Jacques Simonet becomes Minister-President for the second time.
• 2005 – 19 July: The BELvue Museum opens in the Hôtel Belle-Vue; Charles Picqué becomes Minister-President for the second time.
• 2006
  • The Atomium is renovated. ^[86]
  • 17 September: The Cyclocity bicycle-sharing system is launched in the Pentagon. ^[87]
  • 23–29 September: Riots break out after Fayçal Chaaban was found dead in his cell.

• 2007
  • The Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel (HUB) is established. ^[88]
  • 25 March: Brussels Airlines is formed.
  • 25 May: The WIELS contemporary art centre opens in the former Wielemans-Ceuppens brewery.
  • 28 September: The Manga murder happens.
• 2009
  • The Stoclet Palace is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • 16 May: Cyclocity is rebranded to Villo! and expanded to the whole Region.
  • 2 June: The Magritte Museum opens.
  • 17 November: Olivier Bastin is appointed the first Architect of the Brussels-Capital Region  [ nl ]. ^[89]
  • 12 December: The funeral of Queen Fabiola takes place.
• 2010
  • 26–29 November: The European Assembly for Climate Justice is held.
  • Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,089,538. ^[68]
• 2012 – First Picnic the Streets  [ nl; fr ] occurs.

King Philippe and Queen Mathilde wave to crowds in Brussels after his coronation, 21 July 2013

• 2013
  • 7 May: Rudi Vervoort becomes Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
  • 21 July: King Philippe takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
  • 6 December: The Fin-de-Siècle Museum opens.
  • 13 December: Yvan Mayeur is elected mayor.
• 2014
  • 1 January: Odisee  [ nl; fr ] is established.
  • 10 March: Vlaams-Brusselse Media forms.
  • 23 May: Choco-Story Brussels is established.
  • 24 May: The Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting occurs, killing 4.
  • 18 June: The .brussels generic top-level domain is added to the DNS root zone.
  • 1 July: The Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital is replaced with the Senior Official of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital. ^[90]
• 2015
  • 9 January: The Brussels-Capital Region adopts a new flag.
  • 25 September: Train World opens in Schaerbeek railway station.
  • 21–25 November: The Brussels lockdown occurs, the Federal Government imposes a security lockdown, due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the November 2015 Paris attacks by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on 13 November.
  • 11 December: Design Museum Brussels opens.
  • 13 December: The Brussels S Train begins operating. ^[91]
• 2016
  • 7–11 January: The Call Brussels initiative occurs, promoting the city after the November 2015 Paris attacks and subsequent lockdown of the city.
  • 8 March: The CIVA  [ fr ] architectural centre is established.
  • 15–18 March: Police raids are conducted in connection to the attacks in Paris four months earlier.
  • 22 March: The Brussels bombings occur, killing 34 and injuring 230. ^{[92] [93] [94] [95]}
  • 4 April: The Schuman-Josaphat tunnel opens.
  • 5 October: The Brussels stabbing attacks occur, 4 injured including the suspect.

Flags of NATO member states wave at the entrance of NATO's headquarters in Haren, 12 July 2018

• 2017
  • Parts of the Sonian Forest becomes part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • 6 May: The House of European History (HEH) opens.
  • 25 May: NATO's new headquarters open. ^[96]
  • 9 June: Philippe Close is appointed mayor by the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region. ^[97]
  • 20 June: The Brussels-Central bombing occurs, the perpetrator is killed.
  • 25 August: the Brussels stabbing attack occurs, the perpetrator is killed and 2 injured.
  • 7 December: 45,000 people gather in the city for Wake Up Europe! in support of Catalan independence.

• 

  Manneken Pis in his 1000th costume designed by Jean-Paul Lespagnard.

  2018
  • 5 May: KANAL - Centre Pompidou opens in the former Citroën Garage.
  • 12 May: Manneken Pis receives his 1000th costume created by fashion designer Jean-Paul Lespagnard. ^[98]
  • 5 June: The murder of Nigerian sex worker Eunice Osayande happens.
  • 20 November: The Brussels stabbing attack occurs, injuring 2 including the perpetrator.
• 2019
  • 26 May: Brussels regional elections are held.
  • 6 July: The 2019 Tour de France starts in the city.
  • 12 October: The MigratieMuseumMigration opens.
• 2020
  • 2 February: The first recorded case of COVID-19 in Belgium after nine Belgian nationals living in Hubei were repatriated.
  • 11 March: First COVID-19 related death in Belgium is confirmed of a 90-year-old female patient from who was being treated in Etterbeek. ^[99]
  • 18 March: The city joins the rest of Belgium in a nationwide lockdown that lasts until 8 June in an attempt to reduce the number of cases.
  • 7 June: About 10,000 protesters gather as part of the George Floyd protests in Belgium. ^{[100] [101]}
• 2022
  • 24 January: More than 50,000 people protest against COVID-19 rules.
  • 30 September: Haren Prison opens.
  • 4 October: The Suzan Daniel Bridge  [ nl ] opens over the Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal.
  • 10 November: The Brussels stabbing occurs, killing 1 and 2 injured including the perpetrator.

• 2023
  • 14 September: The Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles becomes part of Université catholique de Louvain. ^[102]
  • 16 October: The Brussels shooting occurs, killing 3 including the perpetrator and injuring 1.
• 2024 – 9 June: Brussels regional elections are held.

Evolution of the Brussels map

16th century

• 
  1555
• 
  1567

17th century

• 
  1610
• 
  ~1657

18th century

• 
  ~1700
• 
  ~1711
• 
  1740
• 
  ~1745
• 
  1777

19th century

• 
  1830
• 
  1837
• 
  1843
• 
  1876
• 
  1894

20th century

• 
  1900
• 
  1907

See also

• History of Brussels  [ fr; nl ]
• List of mayors of the City of Brussels (largest municipality in the Brussels-Capital Region)
• List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region
• Timeline of Belgian history
• Timelines of other municipalities in Belgium: Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, Leuven, Liège

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Bibliography

In English

Published in the 19th century

• New Picture of Brussels, and its Environs, or, Stranger's Guide to the Curiosities of that Interesting City, London: Samuel Leigh, 1820, OCLC   63579821
• "Brussels". Galignani's Traveller's Guide through Holland and Belgium (4th ed.). Paris: A. and W. Galignani. 1822. hdl:2027/njp.32101073846667.
• David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Brussels". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
• "Brussels", Cabinet Cyclopædia, vol. Cities and Principal Towns of the World, London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, & Green, 1830, OCLC   2665202
• "Brussels", A hand-book for travellers on the continent (2nd ed.), London: John Murray, 1838, OCLC   2030550
• Frederick Knight Hunt (1845), "Brussels", The Rhine: its scenery & historical & legendary associations, London: Jeremiah How
• "Brussels". Coghlan's Illustrated Guide to the Rhine (18th ed.). London: Trubner & Co. 1863.
• Stranger's Guide to Brussels and its environs (6th ed.), Kiessling & Co., 1876
• W. Pembroke Fetridge (1885), "Brussels to Antwerp", Harper's hand-book for travellers in Europe and the east, New York: Harper & Brothers

Published in the 20th century

• "Brussels". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901. hdl:2027/njp.32101065312876 – via Hathi Trust.
• Ernest Gilliat-Smith (1906), The story of Brussels, London: Dent, OL   24358871M
• Ernest Gilliat-Smith (1908). "Brussels". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.
• "Brussels", Belgium and Holland, Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1910, OCLC   397759
• "Brussels". Belgium. Grieben's Guide Books. Vol. 141. London: Williams & Norgate. 1910. hdl:2027/uiuc.3096224_001.

Published in the 21st century

• Anton Kreukels; et al., eds. (2005). "Brussels". Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning: Comparative Case Studies of European City-Regions. Routledge. ISBN   978-1-134-49606-8.
• Xhardez, Catherine (2016). "The integration of new immigrants in Brussels: an institutional and political puzzle". Brussels Studies . Translated by Jane Corrigan. doi: 10.4000/brussels.1434 . - translation of "L’intégration des nouveaux arrivants à Bruxelles : un puzzle institutionnel et politique"

In other languages

• Almanach royal de la cour, des provinces méridionales et de la ville de Bruxelles (in French). Bruxelles: A. Stapleaux. 1817.
• Marie-Nicolas Bouillet [in French]; L.G. Gourraigne (1914). "Bruxelles". Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de geographie (in French) (34th ed.). Paris: Hachette.
• Hennaut, Eric (2000). La Grand-Place de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
• Henne, Alexandre; Wauters, Alphonse (1845). Histoire de la ville de Bruxelles (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Perichon.
• Spapens, Christian (2005). Les Boulevards extérieurs de la Porte de Hal à la Place Rogier. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 40. Brussels: Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine. ISBN   978-2-96005-026-4.
• Zeiller, Martin (1654). "Brussel". Topographia Circuli Burgundici. Topographia Germaniae (in German). Frankfurt. p. 44+.

External links

• Europeana. Items related to Brussels, various dates.