Trimeresurus

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Trimeresurus
Trimeresurus albolabris, White-lipped pit viper (female) - Kaeng Krachan National Park (27493423545).jpg
White-lipped pit viper, T. albolabris
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Subfamily: Crotalinae
Genus: Trimeresurus
Lacépède, 1804
Synonyms
  • TrimeresurusLacepède, 1804
  • Craspedocephalus
    Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822
  • Trimeresura Fleming, 1822
  • Craspedocephalus Gray, 1825
  • Megaera Wagler, 1830
  • AtroposWagler, 1830
  • Trimesurus Gray, 1842 [1]

Trimeresurus is a genus of pit vipers native to Asia. They are found from the Indian Subcontinent throughout Southeast Asia, China, and the Pacific Islands. The genus currently contains 44 recognized species. [2] Common names include Asian palm pit vipers, [3] Asian lanceheads, and green pit vipers. [4]

Contents

Description

Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. Most Trimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.

Feeding

The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals.

Reproduction

Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. macrolepis and T. hageni are oviparous, laying eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown.

Venom

Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

Geographic range

Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India (including regions of the North Chotanagpur division of Jharkhand) to Southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor. [1]

Species

ImageSpecies [2] Taxon author [2] Subsp.* [2] Common name [5] Geographic range [1]
Trimeresurus albolabris, White-lipped pit viper (female) - Kaeng Krachan National Park (27493423545).jpg T. albolabris Gray, 18420white-lipped pit viper India (Assam), Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Southern China (Fujian, Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong), Hong Kong, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Madoera, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Roti, Timor, Kisar, Wetar).
Andaman Pit Viper Trimeresurus andersoni by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1506 01.jpg T. andersonii Theobald, 18680Anderson's pit viper, Andaman pit viper Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands.
T. arunachalensis Captain, Deepak, Pandit, Bhatt & Athreya, 20190Arunachal pit viperIndia: Arunachal Pradesh
T. Ayerwadyensis Chan, Anuar, Sankar, Law, Law, Shivaram, Christian, Mulcahy & Malhotra, 20230Ayerwady pit viperMyanmar
T. calamitas Vogel, David & Sidik, 20220Indonesia (Nias Island).
T. cantori Blyth, 18460Cantor's pit viperIndia: Nicobar Islands, and possibly the Andaman Islands.
Trimeresurus cardamomensis in Khao Wong National Park.jpg T. cardamomensis Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & B. Stuart, 20110Cardamom Mountains green pit viperEastern Thailand, Koh Kong Province in Cambodia.
T. caudornatus Chen, Ding, Vogel & S. Shi, 20200ornamental-tailed pit viperChina (Yunnan).
T. ciliaris Idiiatullina, Pawangkhanant, Tawan, Worranuch, Dechochai, Suwannapoom, Nguyen, Chanhome & Poyarkov, 20230limestone eyelash pit viperThailand
T. cryptographicus Pawangkhanant, Idiiatullina, Ruangsuwan, Matsukoji, David, Suwannapoom & Poyarkov, 20250Cryptic green pit viperThailand
T. Cyanolabris Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Bragin, Pawangkhanant, Le, Vogel, David & Poyarkov, 20240blue lipped green pit viperVietnam
T. davidi Chandramouli, P. Campbell & Vogel, 2020. [6] 0 Car Nicobar, India.
T. erythrochloris Pawangkhanant, Idiiatullina, Smits, Dugdale, Pierce, Suwannapoom & Poyarkov, 20250Red barred green pit viperThailand
Trimeresurus erythrurus crotale bambous 41.jpg T. erythrurus Cantor, 18390red-tailed bamboo pit viperIndia (Assam and Sikkim), Bangladesh and Myanmar.
T. fasciatus Boulenger, 18960banded pit viperIndonesia: Djampea Island.
Trimeresurus flavomaculatus (KU 330049) from mid-elevation, Mt. Cagua - ZooKeys-266-001-g098.jpg T. flavomaculatus Gray, 18422Philippine pit viper Philippine Islands: Agutayan, Batan, Camiguin, Catanduanes, Dinagat, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo.
Trimeresurus gracilis.png T. gracilis Ōshima, 19200Kikushi habuCentral Taiwan.
Trimeresurus gumprechti, Gumprecht's pit viper (female) - Phu Suan Sai National Park (46711073485).jpg T. gumprechti David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 20020Gumprecht's green pit viperChina (Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. gunaleni Vogel, David & Sidik, 20140Gunalen's pit viperSumatra.
Trimeresurus guoi 243570008.jpg T. guoi Chen, S. Shi, Vogel & Ding, 20200Guo's green pit viperChina, Vietnam, Thailand, Myanmar.
Trimeresurus hageni, Hagen's pit viper (male) - Bang Lang National Park (50217234436).jpg T. hageni Lidth de Jeude, 18860Hagen's pit viper Peninsular Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra and the nearby islands of Bangka, Simalur, Nias, Batu and the Mentawai Islands.
T. honsonensis L. Grismer, Ngo & J. Grismer, 20080Hon Son pit viperSouthern Vietnam.
Trimeresurus insularis.jpg T. insularis Kramer, 19770Sunda Island pit viper, white-lipped island pit viperIndonesia, Timor-Leste
Gfp-kanburi-pit-viper.jpg T. kanburiensis M.A. Smith, 19430Kanburi pit viperThailand.
T. kirscheyi Vogel, David & Sidik, 20220Simeulue pit viperIndonesia (Simeulue Island).
T. kraensis Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Nguyen, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 20240Nicobar Kra isthumus pit viperIndia: Thailand.
Trimeresurus kuiburi, Kui Buri Pit Viper (51190570737).jpg T. kuiburi Sumontha, Suntrarachun, Pauwels, Pawangkhanant, Chomngam, Iamwiriyakul & Chanhome, 20210Kui Buri pit viperThailand.
T. labialis Steindachner, 18670Nicobar bamboo pit viperIndia: Nicobar Islands.
T. lanna Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Mirza, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 20240Nicobar Lanna pit viperIndia: Thailand.
Trimeresurus macrops, Large-eyed pit viper.jpg T. macrops Kramer, 19770large-eyed pit viperThailand, Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
Trimeresurus malcolmi Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia.jpg T. malcolmi Loveridge, 19380Malcolm's pit viperBorneo.
Trimeresurus mayaae.png T. mayaae Rathee, Purkayastha, Lalremsanga, Dalal, Biakzuala, Muansanga & Mirza, 2022 [7] 0Maya's pit viperIndia: Meghalaya (Ri Bhoi), Mizoram (Champhai), Assam (Guwahati) [8]
Trimeresurus mcgregori.jpg T. mcgregori Taylor, 19190McGregor's pit viper, McGregor's tree viper, Philippine pit viperBatan Island, Philippines.
Reptile Medo Pit Viper Viridovipera medoensis IMG 4231 08.jpg T. medoensis Zhao, 19770Motuo bamboo pit viperNorthern India, northern Myanmar, and China (southeastern Xizang).
T. mutabilis Stoliczka, 18700Central Nicobar pit viper, Central Nicobar bamboo pit viperCentral Nicobar Island.
Trimeresurus nebularis au parc de Bako (Malaisie).jpg T. nebularis Vogel, David & Pauwels, 20040Cameron Highlands pit viper, clouded pit viperWest Malaysia (Cameron Highlands), Thailand.
T. phuketensis Sumontha, Kunya, Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011 [9] 0Phuket pit viperThailand: Phuket Island.
Trimeresurus popeiorum, Pope's pit viper - Doi Phu Kha National Park (46846412805).jpg T. popeiorum M.A. Smith, 19372Popes' pit viperNorthern India, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut, Sipora, and North Pagai, and on the island of Borneo).
Mangrove Pit Viper.jpg T. purpureomaculatus Gray, 18320mangrove pit viperBangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra).
Trimeresurus rubeus juvenile CTNP RPB.jpg T. rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & L. Stuart, 2011)0ruby-eyed green pitvipersouthern Vietnam and eastern Cambodia
Trimeresurus sabahi fucatus, Banded pit viper (female) - Khao Sok National Park (29008775554).jpg T. sabahi Regenass & Kramer, 19810Sabah bamboo pit viper, Sabah pit viperSabah, Sarawak
Trimeresurus salazar (10.3897-zse.96.48431) Figure 7.jpg T. salazar Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande & Patel (2020)0Salazar's pit viper [10] India: western lowlands of Arunachal Pradesh
Trimeresurus schultzei.jpg T. schultzei Griffin, 19090Schultze's pit viperPhilippines: Palawan and Balabac.
Trimeresurus septentrionalis wiki.jpg T. septentrionalis Kramer, 19770Nepal pit viper, Himalayan white-lipped pit viperBangladesh, India, Nepal
T. sichuanensis Guo & Wang, 20110Sichuan pit viperSichuan, China
Trimeresurus stejnegeri.jpg T. stejnegeri Schmidt, 19252Stejneger's pit viperIndia (Assam), and Nepal through Myanmar and Thailand to China (Guangxi, Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Yunnan) and Taiwan.
Sumatran Pit Viper (Trimeresurus sumatranus) (8741684078).jpg T. sumatranus T Raffles, 18220Sumatran pit viperSouthern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak on Borneo) and Indonesia (Bangka, Billiton, Borneo, Sumatra and the nearby islands of Simalur, Nias, and possibly the Mentawai Islands [Sipora]).
T. Tennasserimus Idiiatullina, Nguyen, Pawangkhanant, Suwannapoom, Chanhome, Mirza, David, Vogel & Poyarkov, 20240Tennasserim pit viperThailand.
T. tibetanus Huang, 19820Tibetan bamboo pit viperChina: Xiang (Tibet) Autonomous Region.
Trimeresurus truongsonensis.jpg T. truongsonensis Orlov, Ryabov, Thanh & Cuc, 20040Quang Binh pit viperCentral Vietnam
T. uetzi Vogel, Nguyen, David, 20230Uetz's pit viperMyanmar.
Trimeresurus venustus.jpg T. venustus Vogel, 19910beautiful pit viper, brown-spotted pit viperSouthern Thailand
Vogel's Pit Viper, Trimeresurus vogeli.jpg T. vogeli David, Vidal & Pauwels, 20010Vogel's pit viperCambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
T. whitteni Vogel, David & Sidik, 20220Siberut pit viperIndonesia (Siberut Island).
T. yingjiangensis Chen, Ding, J. Shi & Zhang, 20190Southwest China
T. yunnanensis Schmidt, 19250Yunnan bamboo pit viperSouthern China

*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
T) Type species. [1]

Taxonomy

Additional species that may be recognized by other sources include: [11]

The genus Trimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genus Protobothrops for the species cornutus, flavoviridis, jerdonii, kaulbacki, mucrosquamatus, tokarensis, xiangchengensis, [12] [13] [14] since these have been shown not to be closely related to other Trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.

In addition, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004) [13] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splitting Trimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:

GenusSpecies included
Trimeresurusandalasensis, borneensis, brongersmai, gramineus, malabaricus, puniceus, salazar, strigatus, trigonocephalus, wiroti
Cryptelytropsalbolabris, andersonii, cantori, erythrurus, fasciatus, honsonensis (Hon Son Pit Viper), insularis, kanburiensis, labialis, macrops, purpureomaculatus, rubeus, septentrionalis, venustus
Himalayophistibetanus
Pariasflavomaculatus, hageni, malcolmi, mcgregori, schultzei, sumatranus
Peltopelormacrolepis
Popeiabarati, buniana, fucata, nebularis, popeiorum, sabahi
Viridoviperagumprechti, medoensis, stejnegeri, truongsonensis, vogeli, yunnanensis

This new arrangement has been followed by many, [14] [15] but not all [11] [16] subsequent authors.

David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to be subgenera of the genus Trimeresurus, creating new combinations such as "Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus", "Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum", "Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc. [17]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN   1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN   1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Trimeresurus ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 27 September 2006.
  3. Mehrtens JM (1987). Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN   0-8069-6460-X.
  4. United States Navy (1991). Poisonous Snakes of the World. New York: U.S. Government / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN   0-486-26629-X.
  5. Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pitvipers. First Edition. Berlin: GeitjeBooks. 368 pp. ISBN   3-937975-00-4.
  6. Chandramouli, S.R.; Campbell, Patrick D.; Vogel, Gernot (1 November 2020). "A new species of green pit viper of the genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Serpentes: Viperidae) from the Nicobar Archipelago, Indian Ocean" (PDF). Amphibian & Reptile Conservation. 14 (3): 169–176. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  7. Rathee YS, Purkayastha J, Lalremsanga HT, Dalal S, Biakzuala L, Muansanga L, Mirza ZA (2022). A new cryptic species of green pit viper of the genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Serpentes, Viperidae) from northeast India. PLoS ONE 17(5): e0268402. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0268402
  8. Karmakar, Rahul. "New species of venomous snake registered from Northeast". The Hindu. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  9. Sumontha M, Kunya K, Pauwels OSG, Nitikul A, Punnadee S (2011). "Trimeresurus (Popeia) phuketensis, a New Pitviper (Squamata: Viperidae) from Phuket Island, Southwestern Thailand". Russian Journal of Herpetology18 (3): 11–17.
  10. Mirza, Zeeshan A; Bhosale, Harshal S.; Phansalkar, Pushkar U.; Sawant, Mandar; Gowande, Gaurang G.; Patel, Harshil (15 April 2020). "A New Species of Green Pit Vipers of the Genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae) from western Arunachal Pradesh, India". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 96 (1): 123–138. doi: 10.3897/zse.96.48431 . Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  11. 1 2 Trimeresurus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2 February 2017.
  12. Kraus F, Mink DG, Brown WM (1996). "Crotaline intergeneric relationships based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data". Copeia1996: 763–773.
  13. 1 2 Malhotra A, Thorpe RS (2004). "A phylogeny of four mitochondrial gene regions suggests a revised taxonomy for Asian pitvipers (Trimeresurus and Ovophis)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution32: 83–100.
  14. 1 2 Castoe TA, Parkinson CL (2006). "Bayesian mixed models and the phylogeny of pitvipers (Viperidae: Serpentes)". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.39: 91–110.
  15. Grismer LL, Grismer JL, McGuire JA (2006). "A new species of pitviper of the genus Popeia (Squamata: Viperidae) from Pulau Tioman, Pahang, West Malaysia". Zootaxa1305: 1–19.
  16. Vogel G (2006). Venomous Snakes of Asia / Giftschlangen Asiens. Frankfurt am Main: Terralog, Edition Chimaira.
  17. David, Patrick; Vogel, Gernot; Dubois, Alain (2011). "On the need to follow rigorously the Rules of the Code for the subsequent designation of a nucleospecies (type species) for a nominal genus which lacked one: the case of the nominal genus Trimeresurus Lacépède, 1804 (Reptilia: Squamata: Viperidae)". Zootaxa2992: 1–51.

Further reading