Zhou Tong (archer)

In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhou (周) .

1. Wang, Yun Heng (汪运衡) and Xiao Yun Long (筱云龙). Iron Arm, Golden Sabre: The Biography of Zhou Tong (铁臂金刀周侗传). Hangzhou: Zhejiang People's Publishing House, 1986 (UBSN: CN (10103.414) and 464574)
2. Børdahl, Vibeke. The Oral Traditions of Yangzhou Storytelling. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1996 ( ISBN   0-7007-0436-1), p. 376.
3. Wang Shao-t'ang (王绍堂). Wu Sung (武松). Nanking: Kiangsu wen-yi ch'u-pan-she, 1959), vol. I, chap. 2, sec. 7,
4. Kaplan, Edward Harold. Yueh Fei and the founding of the Southern Sung. Thesis (Ph.D.) – University of Iowa, 1970. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International, 1970. pp. 10–12
5. Hsia, C.T. C.T. Hsia on Chinese Literature. Columbia University Press, 2004 ( ISBN   0-231-12990-4), pp. 448–449, footnote #31
6. Qian, Cai. General Yue Fei. Trans. Honorable Sir T.L. Yang. Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd., 1995 ( ISBN   978-962-04-1279-0), p. 39.
7. Rodrigo Wolf Apolloni. "Shaolin to Brazil: Study on the Presence and Transformation of Eastern Religious Elements in Kung Fu Practiced in Brazil (thesis)" (PDF) (in Portuguese). The Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-07-17. See number 6 on p. 4. Notice the author portrays him as the outlaw from the Water Margin and spells his name as 周通, instead of the correct 周同 (historical) or 周侗 (fictional).
8. Børdahl, 1996: p. 373.
9. Yue, Ke (岳柯). Jin Tuo Xu Pian (金佗续编), 1234 – Chapter 28, p. 16.
10. Xiong, Ti (匈棣). The Legend of Zhou Tong (周侗传奇) (Vol. 1–10). Zhejiang Literature and Art Publishing House (浙江美术 出版社), 1987
11. Lou, Yun He (楼云和). Jin Tai Fights the Shaolin Monastery Three Times (金台三打少林寺). Zhejiang Literature & Art Publishing House (浙江文艺出版社), 1986
12. "Yue Fei Chu Shi" (in Chinese). China Movie DataBase. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
13. "Yu Cheng Hui". Hong Kong Cinémagic. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
14. Liang Lijie. "Shandong actor would like to portray Zhou Dong and make him popular" (in Chinese). Populace daily paper. Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
15. Kaplan: p. 16.
16. B. J. ter Haar. "Newly Recovered Anecdotes from Hong Mai's (1123–1202) Yijian zhi" (PDF). Sinological Institute, Leiden. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
17. Kaplan: p. 2.
18. Wilhelm, Hellmut. "From Myth to Myth: The Case of Yueh Fei's biography", in Confucian Personalities, ed. Arthur Wright and Denis Twitchett. Stanford studies in the civilizations of eastern Asia. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1962 ( ISBN   0-8047-0044-3), p. 147.
19. 學射与周同，盡其術，能左右射。同死，溯望設祭于其冢。"
20. 宋史 卷三百六十五‧列傳第一百二十四 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on November 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-17.)
21. Selby, Stephen. Chinese Archery. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2000 ( ISBN   962-209-501-1), p. 258.
22. Kaplan: p. 10.
23. Foster, Robert W. "Yue Fei, 1103–1141" in The Human Tradition in Premodern China. Human tradition around the world, no. 4, ed. Kenneth James Hammond. Wilmington, Del: Scholarly Resources, 2002. ( ISBN   0-8420-2959-1), p. 95.
24. Kaplan: p. 5.
25. Wilhelm: p. 149.
26. Kaplan: p. 13.
27. Qian, Ru Wen (錢汝雯). Biography of Song Yue, Prince of E (宋岳鄂王年), 1924
28. Shooting three successive arrows was known as "three-in-row", which was one of the "Five Archery Techniques" according to the Tang dynasty archery manual of Wang Ju (王琚) (Selby: p. 202).
29. This sentence refers to a technique taught to Song archers that involved them "[moving] their feet in co-ordination with their draw so that they could advance or retreat and shoot at the same time" (Selby: p. 242).
30. Kaplan: p. 11.
31. Li, Hanhuan (李漢魂). Chronology of Yue Wumu (岳武穆年譜). Shanghai: Shangwu Press, 1947 – Chapter 4, p. 3b.
32. This means the tomb was somewhere close to the Yue family village.
33. Kaplan: p. 12.
34. Li, 1947: p. 9.
35. Kaplan: pp. 3–4
36. DeFrancis, John. ABC Chinese–English dictionary: alphabetically based computerized. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1996 ( ISBN   0-8248-1744-3), p. 696.
37. Kaplan: p. 32.
38. Hegel, Robert E. Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China. Stanford, Calif: Stanford Univ. Press, 1998 ( ISBN   0-8047-3002-4), p. 47. Jochen Degkwitz, on the other hand, says a dating symbol in the preface points either to the year 1684 or to 1744 (Degkwitz, Jochen. Yue Fei und sein Mythos. Die Entwicklung der Yue-Fei-Saga bis zum, Shuo Yue quan zhuan, Chinathemen 13, edited by Helmut Martin, Volker Klapsch and Martin Krott (Bochum: N Brockmeyer, 1983 ( ISBN   3-88339-321-5), p. 69).
39. Degkwitz: pp. 116–131
40. Qian: pp. 24–57
41. Liang, Shou-Yu and Dr. Yang, Jwing-Ming. Xingyiquan: Theory, Applications, Fighting Tactics and Spirit. Boston: YMAA Publication Center, 2002. ( ISBN   978-0-940871-41-0), p. 15.
42. Yuen, Man Kai. Northern Mantis Black Tiger Intersectional Boxing. Wanchai, Hong Kong: Yih Mei Book Co. Ltd., 1991 ( ISBN   962-325-195-5), pp. 5–6.
43. Iron Arm, Golden Sabre retcons the reason why Wu Song travels to Kaifeng. In the Water Margin , the county magistrate sends Wu Song to the capital to deliver a load of gold and silver to his family in order to buy him a higher government post (Shi: p. 489).
44. Iron Arm, Golden Sabre retcons the reason why Zhou travels to Henan to see his friend Wang Ming. In The Story of Yue Fei , Zhou originally travels to Henan to inspect land purchased with earnings saved from teaching military skills to the millionaire Lu Junyi. Wang Ming then talks him into taking his son and other children in the village as his students (Qian: pp. 24–25).
45. Qian: pp. 24–56
46. Qian: p. 57.
47. Li, Feng. Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC. Cambridge University Press, 2006 ( ISBN   0-521-85272-2), p. 325.
48. Qian: p. 24.
49. Qian: p. 25.
50. Xiong: Vol. 2 and 8
51. Xiong: Vol. 2, pp. 68–75
52. Xiong: Vol. 2–6
53. Xiong: Vol. 6
54. Iron Arm, Golden Sabre retcons his son's death to decades before he takes a very young Lu Junyi as his student (Xiong: vol. 6 and 10).
55. Xiong: Vol. 8
56. Qian: pp. 33–34
57. Chang: p. 103.
58. Doniger, Wendy. Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions; Wendy Doniger, Consulting Editor. Springfield, Mass: Merriam-Webster, 1999 ( ISBN   0-87779-044-2), p. 238.
59. Chang, Shelley Hsueh-lun. History and Legend: Ideas and Images in the Ming Historical Novels. University of Michigan Press, 1990 ( ISBN   0-472-10117-X), p. 10.
60. Børdahl, 1996: xxv
61. Børdahl, 1996: pp. 366–367
62. Børdahl, 1996: p. 370.
63. Qian: p. 102.
64. Wong, Eva. Tales of the Taoist Immortals. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications, Inc., 2001 ( ISBN   1-57062-809-2), p. 77.
65. Børdahl, 1996: pp. 92, 94
66. Børdahl, 1996: p. 84.
67. Børdahl, 1996: Footnote #38, p. 84.
68. Vibeke Børdahl. "The Voice of Wang Shaotang in Yangzhou Storytelling" (PDF). Danish Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities. Retrieved 2008-03-02., pp. 27, 38–39
69. Liu, 1967: pp. 108–116
70. C.T. Hsia. The Classic Chinese Novel: A Critical Introduction. Cornell University East Asia Program, 1996 ( ISBN   1-885445-84-9), p. 83.
71. Hsia, 2004: p. 140
72. As shown by C. T. Hsia, students who train under celestials eventually come at odds with each other. (Hsia, 2004: p. 146) However, this does not happen with Lin, Lu, and Yue Fei, as the outlaws are killed off prior to Zhou becoming the precept of the Wang household (Qian: p. 25).
73. Hsia, 2004: p. 149.
74. Shi: pp. 14–16
75. Hsia, 2004: pp. 149 and 154
76. Børdahl, 1996: p. 365.
77. Børdahl, Vibeke. Four Masters Of Chinese Storytelling: Full-length Repertoires Of Yangzhou Storytelling On Video. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies; Bilingual edition, 2004 ( ISBN   87-91114-64-0), p. 166.
78. Xiong: Vol. 10
79. Hsia, 1996: p. 85.
80. Børdahl, 1996: pp. 367–368
81. Shi: p. 1320.
82. Shi, Naian and Luo Guanzhong. Outlaws of the Marsh (Vols. 1–4). Trans. Sidney Shapiro. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 2001 ( ISBN   7-119-01662-8), pp. 113–114.
83. Shi: p. 2003.
84. Qian: pp. 39–40
85. Kaplan: p. 8.
86. Shao Xiaoyi. "Yue Fei's facelift sparks debate". China Daily. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-09.
87. Liang, 2002: pp. 15–16.
88. Shahar: pp. 113–114.
89. Shahar, Meir. The Shaolin Monastery: History, Religion, and the Chinese Martial Arts. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2008 ( ISBN   0-8248-3110-1), pp. 134–135.
90. Wilhelm: p. 150.
91. Kaplan: p. 37.
92. Liu, James T. C. "Yueh Fei (1103–41) and China's Heritage of Loyalty". The Journal of Asian Studies. Vol. 31, No. 2 (Feb., 1972), pp. 291–297 [291].
93. Leung, Shum and Jeanne Chin. The Secrets of Eagle Claw Kung Fu: Ying Jow Pai. Tuttle martial arts. Boston: Tuttle Pub, 2001 ( ISBN   0-8048-3215-3), pages 13 and 15
94. Lily Lau and Cindy Lee (July 28, 2007). "Eagle Claw Fan Tsi Moon & Lau Fat Mang's History: Part I". Kung Fu Magazine. Archived from the original on September 6, 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
95. This hermit is mentioned as teaching Yue strength-bestowing exercises in the second preface of the Sinews Transformations Classic , a forged qigong manual claimed to have been discovered, but actually written by a Taoist with the religious moniker of "Purple Coagulation Man of the Way" in 1624 CE (Shahar: pp. 162, 168–170).
96. Liang, Shou-Yu, Wen-Ching Wu, and Denise Breiter-Wu. Qigong Empowerment: A Guide to Medical, Taoist, Buddhist, Wushu Energy Cultivation. The Way of the Dragon, Limited, 1996 ( ISBN   1-889659-02-9), p. 321.
97. Yuen: p. 8.
98. Henning, Stanley E., M.A. "Chinese General Yue Fei: Martial Arts Facts, Tales and Mysteries". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. Vol. 15 #4, 2006: 30–35 [32].
99. "Chuo Jiao Fist". Plum publications. Archived from the original on 2008-02-21. Retrieved 2008-03-03.
100. Fan Keping. "Wutang Golden Bell" (in Chinese). Nanjing Chinese Traditional Wushu Group. Archived from the original on 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
101. Børdahl, 1996: pp. 373–374
102. Yuen: p. 7.
103. "Luohan Xinggong Duan Da". Journal of Sport History and Culture (体育文史), No. 1, (2001). pp. 36–37, 39 ( ISSN   1671-1572)
104. Xiong: Vol. 1, p. 8.
105. Master Zhang Han Xiong. "A Brief History of Penang Yue Fei Martial Art Centre". Martial Arts Gathering. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
106. Low, C.C., Ed. Yue Fei: Pictorial Stories of the Great Chinese National Hero in English and Chinese (Vol. 1). Singapore: Canfonian PTE LTD., 2004 ( ISBN   981-05-1195-7), pp. 25–27
107. Low: pp. 40–43
108. Koh, Kok Kiang (tr.). Yue Fei: Glory and Tragedy of China's Greatest War Hero. Singapore: Asiapac Publication, 1994 ( ISBN   981-3029-24-2), pp. 11–19
109. David W. Chan. "The Development of Mentorship Programs at the Chinese University of Hong Kong". Roeper Review vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 85–88
110. Yue Fei Studies Archery". Children's Pictorial Magazine. Retrieved on 2008-12-12. Archived February 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
111. Liparulo, Robert. Deadlock. Thomas Nelson, 2009 ( ISBN   1-59554-166-7), p. 54
112. Liparulo: p. 314
113. Liparulo: p. 315
114. Liparulo: p. 316
115. "岳飞 (1940) (The general)" (in Chinese). China Movie Database (CMDB). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
116. 尽忠报国 (1940) (in Chinese). China Movie Database (CMDB). Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
117. "他是一个奇人，横跨北宋南宋两朝代，很多水浒好汉都是他的弟子。这个人物在武术界很重要，很多电影人都想拍这个人物。"

External links

• Stories of Loyalty ^{[ permanent dead link ‍]} – This Google Books scan shows a very brief illustrated Yue Fei biography with drawings of Zhou. The book confuses Yue's father, Yue Huo, with him when Zhou asks the boy if he would die for his country.
• Swordplay under the Moon: Another name for the tale about how Wu Song comes to learn swordplay from Zhou. Go to the bottom of the page for the choice of reading a snippet of the tale or watching a short clip of the verbal performance.
• (in French and English) The Legs of the Bonze Zhoutong, from the Shaolin monastery. This page claims Zhou created a leg-oriented boxing style as a Shaolin monk and later passed it onto the Water Margin outlaw Wu Song.
• Podcast of the traditional tale "Yue Fei Remembered the Benevolence of His Teacher Zhou Tong" on the Sound of Hope Radio Network.

Zhou Tong
Zhou Tong stroking his beard
Native name	周同 (historical) 周侗 (fictional)
Other name(s)	Jow Tong Chow Tong Chou Tung Zhou Dong Zhou Tong
Nickname(s)	Iron Arm
Born	unknown Tangyin County, Anyang, Henan, Song dynasty
Died	1121 CE Tangyin County, Anyang, Henan, Song dynasty
Allegiance	Song dynasty
Relations	Yue Fei (student)
Other work	archery teacher military arts tutor
Zhou Tong
Chinese	周同 (historical) 周侗 (fictional)
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Zhōu Tóng Wade–Giles Chou T'ung Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Jau1 Tung4 Jau1 Dung6

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