2020 Italian constitutional referendum

Last updated

2020 Italian constitutional referendum
Flag of Italy.svg
20–21 September 2020

Do you approve the text of the Constitutional Law entitled 'Amendments to articles 56, 57 and 59 of the Constitution concerning the reduction of the number of parliamentarians' approved by Parliament and published in the Official Gazette no. 240 of 12 October 2019?
Results
Choice
Votes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svgYes17,913,08969.96%
Light brown x.svgNo7,692,00730.04%
Valid votes25,605,09698.29%
Invalid or blank votes445,1301.71%
Total votes26,050,226100.00%
Eligible to vote/turnout50,955,98551.12%

Italia referendum constituzionale 2020 - risultati regione.svg
Results by region

A constitutional referendum about the reduction of the size of the Italian Parliament was held in Italy on 20 and 21 September 2020. [1] Initially scheduled to be held on 29 March, the referendum was postponed following the spread of the coronavirus pandemic in Italy and subsequent lockdown. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Voters were asked whether they approved a constitutional law that would amend the Italian Constitution in various aspects, most notably by reducing the number of MPs in the Parliament from 630 to 400 in the Chamber of Deputies and from 315 to 200 in the Senate. [5] The proposed changes were approved, with 69.96% voting in favour. The reduction in the number of MPs happened at the 2022 Italian general election on 25 September 2022.

This was the second time in Italian history a constitutional referendum was successful, with the 2001 referendum being the first. [6] Two previous constitutional reforms had been rejected by referendums in 2006 and 2016. [7]

Political background

In 2016, the Democratic-led (PD) coalition government proposed a series of constitutional reforms with the aim of reducing the total number of parliamentarians, simplifying the legislative process, limiting the operating costs of the institutions, the disestablishment of the National Council for Economics and Labour (CNEL), and removing the perfect bicameralism in particular by greatly reducing the size and scope of the Senate. [8] The proposal was rejected by 59% of voters through a constitutional referendum, prompting the resignation of the Prime Minister, Matteo Renzi.

In 2019, the PD-Five Star Movement (M5S) coalition government proposed new constitutional reforms which simply called for the reduction of the number of parliamentarians by a third; the bill was approved with the support of all the major political parties on 8 October 2019. [8] The proposal was one of the Five Star Movement's main campaign promises during the 2018 general election, aimed at reducing the costs of politics and slashing privileges for lawmakers. The total reduction in costs was estimated at between 285 and 500 million euros per five-year parliamentary term. [8] The reform was also part of the coalition deal between the PD and M5S. [9] However, critics argued that the savings would be far too small to warrant a reduction in the number of lawmakers, which they believed would decrease democratic representation by lowering the number of lawmakers per 100,000 inhabitants to 1.6 from 1. In comparison, Germany had 0.9:1 ratio, France had a 1.4:1 ratio, and the United Kingdom had a 2.1:1 ratio. [8]

On 10 January 2020, 71 Senators requested a referendum on the reform proposal. Under Article 138 of the Constitution, such request was binding.

Proposed changes

Provinces of Italy (grey borders), within Regions (solid borders) Italian regions provinces.svg
Provinces of Italy (grey borders), within Regions (solid borders)
Electoral package sent to an Italian voter in Chile Plico elettorale referendum Italia 2020.jpg
Electoral package sent to an Italian voter in Chile

The proposed constitutional law would amend Article 56 of the Constitution by reducing the number of deputies from 630, twelve of which are elected in the overseas constituencies, to 400, with eight to be elected in the overseas constituencies. [10] According to Paragraph 3 of the Article, the subdivision of seats among the electoral districts is obtained by dividing the number of inhabitants of the country – given by the latest general census of the population – by a factor of 392 (also changed by the new law from the previous factor of 618) and distributing the seats in proportion to the population in each electoral district, on the basis of whole shares and the highest remainders. The number of seats assigned to the overseas constituencies forms an exception to this rule. [11]

The new law would also amend Article 57 of the Constitution by reducing the number of senators from 315, six of which are elected in the overseas constituencies, to 200, with four to be elected in the overseas constituencies. [10] The senators are elected on a regional basis and no region or autonomous province would have fewer than 3 (down from 7) senators, with the exception of Molise and Aosta Valley, which will respectively have two and one senators. Paragraph 4 would also be changed, to state that the subdivision of seats among the regions and autonomous provinces – in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph – is made in proportion to their population given by the latest general census of the population, on the basis of whole shares and the highest remainders. [10]

Article 59 of the Constitution would be changed by limiting the total number of incumbent life senators who can be appointed by the President of Italy to five. Previously, the provision governing the number of life senators was ambiguous, and had been interpreted as allowing each president to appoint five each, cumulating to a total above five. [10]

The changes to Articles 56 and 57 were to take effect after either the end of the incumbent legislature, or at the next dissolution of Parliament, and not earlier than 60 days after the promulgation of the constitutional law. [10]

Campaign positions

The proposed changes to the constitution would reduce the number of seats per electoral district for both chambers of Parliament and thus increase the number of votes required to win a seat. Consequently, they were opposed by most minor parties, with the exception of those who could count on a small but solid electoral base, such as the regional South Tyrolean People's Party, which would see their influence in Parliament increase. [11] [10] [12]

Committees

ChoiceCampaignSloganSpokespersonWebsite
Yes check.svg YesYES of the Liberties!Il sì delle LibertàSilvia Ferrara and Pietro Paganini www.ilsidelleliberta.it Archived 4 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
X mark.svg NoNOstra!NOstra!Jacopo Ricci www.comitatonostra.it
We NO!Noi NOAndrea Pruiti Ciarello noino.eu
Democrats for the NoDemocratici per il NoGiovanni Lattanzi democraticiperilno.it Archived 3 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
Solidary Network in defense of the ConstitutionRete Solidale in difesa della CostituzioneMarina Calamo Specchia
Popular Committee for the No to the parliamentarians cutComitato popolare per il No al taglio dei parlamentariPiero Pirovano iovotono.eu Archived 13 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine
3 Reasons for the No3 motivi per il NoStefano D'Andrea 3-motivi-per-il-no0.webnode.it
Committee for the NO on changes to the Constitution to reduce the number of parliamentariansComitato per il NO sulle modifiche alla Costituzione per la riduzione del numero dei ParlamentariMassimo Villone coordinamentodemocraziacostituzionale.it
noaltagliodelparlamento.it
Committee for the NO to the Counter-reformComitato per il No alla ControriformaMassimiliano Iervolino radicali.it/campagne/no-alla-controriforma/ Archived 11 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine
LET'S START WITH NO — Committee for the NO to the referendum on the cut of parliamentariansCOMINCIAMO DAL NO — Comitato per il NO al referendum sul taglio dei parlamentari Simona Viola piueuropa.eu/2020/02/22/comitatodelno/

Political parties

ChoicePartiesPolitical orientationLeaderRef
Yes check.svg Yes League (Lega) Right-wing populism Matteo Salvini [13]
Five Star Movement (M5S) Populism Luigi Di Maio [14]
Democratic Party (PD) Social democracy Nicola Zingaretti [15]
Brothers of Italy (FdI) National conservatism Giorgia Meloni [16]
Article One (Art. 1) Social democracy Roberto Speranza [17]
South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) Regionalism Arno Kompatscher [18]
Cambiamo! (C!) Liberal conservatism Giovanni Toti [19]
Die Freiheitlichen Tyrolean Separatism Otto Mahlknecht [20]
Fatherland and Constitution (PeC) Left-wing nationalism Stefano Fassina [21]
Party of Venetians (PdV) Venetian nationalism Alessio Morosin [22]
Valdostan Union (UV) Autonomism Regionalism Érik Lavévaz [23]
No official party position Italia Viva (IV) Liberalism Matteo Renzi [24]
Forza Italia (FI) Liberal conservatism Silvio Berlusconi [25]
X mark.svg No Action (Azione) Social liberalism Carlo Calenda [26]
Italian Left (SI) Democratic socialism Nicola Fratoianni [27]
More Europe (+Eu) Liberalism Benedetto Della Vedova [28]
Federation of the Greens (FdV) Green politics collective leadership [29]
Italia in Comune (IiC) Progressivism Federico Pizzarotti [30]
Power to the People (PaP) Socialism Viola Carofalo [31]
Italian Socialist Party (PSI) Social democracy Enzo Maraio [32]
Energies for Italy (EpI) Liberalism Stefano Parisi [33]
Volt Italia European federalism Federica Vinci [34]
Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE) Interests of Italians abroad Ricardo Antonio Merlo [35]
South American Union Italian Emigrants (USEI) Interests of Italians abroad Eugenio Sangregorio [36]
Communist Party (PC) Communism Marco Rizzo [37]
Democratic Centre (CD) Christian left Bruno Tabacci [38]
Communist Refoundation Party (PRC) Communism Maurizio Acerbo [39]
Christian Democracy (DC) Christian democracy Renato Grassi [40]
Italian Communist Party (PCI) Communism Mauro Alboresi [41]
Pact for Autonomy (PpA) Autonomism Massimo Moretuzzo [42]
Italian Marxist–Leninist Party (PMLI) Maoism Giovanni Scuderi [43]
Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT) Autonomism Regionalism Simone Marchiori [44]
Venetian Left (Sanca) Autonomism Venetian nationalism Andrea Mion [45]
Union for Trentino (UpT) Autonomism Christian Democracy Annalisa Caumo [46]

Opinion polls

DatePolling FirmSample sizeTotalConsidering only Yes/No vote
Yes check.svgYesX mark.svgNoNone / Don't knowLeadYes check.svgYesX mark.svgNoLead
2–4 Sep 2020 SWG 1,00070.030.040.070.030.040.0
1–3 Sep 2020 Ixè 1,00051.317.930.833.474.125.948.2
1–3 Sep 2020 Ipsos 1,00058.924.117.034.871.029.042.0
31 Aug 2020 Euromedia 42.015.842.224.272.727.345.4
23–27 Aug 2020 BiDiMedia 1,66171.029.042.071.029.042.0
24–26 Aug 2020 Demos & Pi 1,01482.018.064.082.018.064.0
14–17 Aug 2020 Lab2101 1,00072.427.644.872.427.644.8
22–23 Jul 2020 Ipsos 1,00049.08.043.041.086.014.072.0
23–25 Jun 2020 Ipsos 1,00046.010.044.036.082.018.064.0
20–22 Feb 2020 Piepoli 50381.09.010.072.090.010.080.0
13 Jan 2020 Euromedia 80075.110.714.264.487.512.575.0
9–14 Dec 2019 Demos&Pi 1,21286.012.02.074.086.014.072.0
8 Oct 2019
The Parliament approves the constitutional reform bill
7–8 Oct 2019 Demopolis 1,50080.012.08.068.087.013.074.0

Results

A facsimile of the electoral ballot Italian ballot paper for 2020 constitutional referendum (front).svg
A facsimile of the electoral ballot

The referendum resulted in a victory of the "Yes" with a majority of 70.0% of the vote. The voter turnout was 51.12%. The "Yes" was the winning choice by a large margin in all Italian regions. [47]

Luigi Di Maio, foreign minister and former leader of the M5S, defined the results "a historical result". The secretary of the PD, Nicola Zingaretti, said that "the victory of the 'Yes' opens up a season of reforms". Riccardo Molinari, party leader of the League in the Chamber of Deputies, asked for parliament to be dissolved and new elections to be held, in order to fulfill the objective of the constitutional law. [48]

2020 constitutional referendum
ChoiceVotes %
Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg Yes17,913,25969.96
No7,691,83730.04
Valid votes25,605,09698.29
Invalid or blank votes445,1311.71
Total votes26,050,227100.00
Registered voters/turnout50,955,98551.12
Source: Ministry of the Interior
Popular vote
Yes check.svgYYes
69.96%
X mark.svgNNo
30.04%

Results by region

The "Yes" side was in the majority in every region and in all four overseas constituencies. Support was lowest in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, with 59.57% in favor. Molise was the region with the highest support, at 79.89%, though two of the overseas constituencies had higher support.

RegionVotes %
YesNoYesNo
Aosta Valley 48,16522,70867.9632.04
Piedmont 1,172,338541,18368.4231.58
Liguria 430,354255,80463.7836.22
Lombardy 2,609,4441,221,31068.1231.88
Trentino-Alto
Adige/Südtirol
390,490160,38970.8829.12
Veneto 1,553,218934,31362.4437.56
Friuli-Venezia
Giulia
281,042190,74359.5740.43
Emilia-Romagna 1,273,585557,71669.5530.45
Tuscany 1,216,952627,94965.9634.04
Marche 533,479237,56969.1930.81
Umbria 221,989101,06268.7231.28
Lazio 1,307,304677,69365.8634.14
Abruzzo 384,500136,88573.7526.25
Molise 93,17823,45679.8920.11
Campania 2,087,311609,29077.4122.59
Apulia 1,477,164486,61475.2224.78
Basilicata 169,02453,85675.8424.16
Calabria 521,444151,13877.5322.47
Sicily 1,055,351335,39775.8824.12
Sardinia 322,200159,84366.8433.16
Total17,168,5327,484,91869.6430.36
Abroad
constituency
Votes %
YesNoYesNo
North and Central
Americas
62,64414,63281.0718.93
South America226,52278,81974.1925.81
Europe422,616105,16880.0719.93
Africa, Asia,
Oceania, Antarctica
32,7758,47079.4620.54
Total744,557207,08978.2421.76

Turnout

AreaTime
20 Sep21 Sep
12:0019:0023:0015:00
Nationwide
Italy12.25%29.70%39.38%53.84%
Abruzzo 10.61%27.31%36.47%50.79%
Basilicata 9.40%24.36%36.96%50.14%
Calabria 8.62%22.44%32.42%45.18%
Campania 12.46%29.36%42.78%61.04%
Emilia-Romagna 14.16%32.99%41.59%55.37%
Friuli-Venezia Giulia 12.40%28.31%36.34%50.22%
Lazio 10.87%25.25%33.06%45.65%
Liguria 15.43%35.47%44.04%59.15%
Lombardy 12.43%30.91%39.01%51.36%
Marche 14.90%36.65%47.56%66.38%
Molise 9.76%24.18%33.33%47.48%
Piedmont 12.02%30.69%38.81%51.56%
Apulia 13.22%30.28%43.74%61.91%
Sardinia 7.76%17.02%23.41%35.70%
Sicily 6.41%16.96%24.78%35.38%
Tuscany 15.44%38.17%48.29%65.88%
Trentino-Alto Adige 16.04%40.50%54.42%70.94%
Umbria 9.56%25.16%33.09%48.75%
Aosta Valley 18.24%44.35%56.37%72.44%
Veneto 16.31%39.27%51.04%67.54%
Abroad
Abroad23.30%
Africa, Asia, Oceania, Antarctica19.75%
South America23.95%
North and Central Americas22.49%
Europe23.39%
Source: Ministry of the Interior – Turnout Archived 22 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine

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