American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a species of flowering plant in the ivy familyAraliaceae. It is native to eastern North America and has been introduced into China. The specific epithetquinquefolius means "five-leaved", which refers to the typical number of leaflets per leaf. It is one of a group of taxa known as "ginseng".
The conservation status of American ginseng is globally vulnerable. It is imperiled or critically imperiled in 14states and provinces. In Canada, the species is endangered and facing imminent extinction.
To control international trade and prevent global extinction of the species, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service implements a CITES Export Program that authorizes 19states and one tribe to export American ginseng from the United States. From 1978 to 2019, the bulk of exports have come from southern Appalachian states, especially Kentucky, West Virginia, and Tennessee.
As wild populations declined in the late 19th century, American ginseng became a domesticated crop. It is cultivated primarily in Ontario, British Columbia, Wisconsin, and China.
Description
Panax quinquefolius is a herbaceousperennial plant. Its aromatic root resembles a small parsnip that forks as it matures. The plant grows 6 to 18in (15 to 46cm) tall, usually bearing three compound leaves (sometimes called "prongs"), each with three to five leaflets, 2 to 5in (5 to 13cm) long.
Panax quinquefolius is sometimes confused with wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), another member of the ivy family (Araliaceae). The two species may be distinguished by their leaves. Panax quinquefolius has palmately compound leaves (with leaflets radiating from a single point) while Aralia nudicaulis has pinnately compound leaves (with leaflets arranged on either side of a central stalk).[5]
Panax quinquefolius was described as Aureliana canadensis by the French ethnologist and naturalistJoseph-François Lafitau in 1718.[7][8] As a Jesuitmissionary in New France, Lafitau discovered ginseng near Montreal in 1716.[7][9] In his search for a specimen, Father Lafitau enlisted the help of the Iroquois by showing them a published botanical illustration of gin-seng,[9] a Chinese name for a plant now known as Panax ginseng.[10] The Iroquois referred to American ginseng as garent-oguen, which means "resembles man" or "a man's thigh" in Iroquoian language.
Aureliana canadensis was further described by the English naturalist Mark Catesby in 1747.[11] Catesby published a color illustration of a live specimen transplanted from Pennsylvania to the garden of English botanist Peter Collinson in Peckham.[12]Aureliana canadensisLafitau ex Catesby is an invalid name since it was published prior to 1May 1753 (Art.13.1 ICN 2018).[13]
The Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus validly described Panax quinquefolium in 1753, but the name was later corrected to Panax quinquefolius.[3][10] Linnaeus placed Aureliana canadensisLafitau ex Catesby in synonymy with Panax quinquefolius, citing both Lafitau [1718] and Catesby [1747]. Its type specimen, designated in 1991, was reportedly collected by Pehr Kalm near Quebec in 1749.[10] The specific epithetquinquefolius means "five-leaved",[14] which refers to the typical number of leaflets per leaf.
Etymology
The name ginseng derives from the Chinese herbalism term, jen-shen.[15] Other Chinese names are huaqishen (simplified Chinese:花旗参; traditional Chinese:花旗參; pinyin:huāqíshēn; Cantonese Yale:fākèihsām; lit.'Flower Flag ginseng') or xiyangshen (simplified Chinese:西洋参; traditional Chinese:西洋參; pinyin:xīyángshēn; Cantonese Yale:sāiyèuhngsām; lit.'west ocean ginseng').
The genus name "Panax" is derived from the Greek 'Panakos' (panacea), in reference to the supposed benefits attributed to the herb. The specific epithet "quinquefolius" means five-leaved.
Panax quinquefolius is a summer flowering plant. In New England, flower buds and leaves emerge simultaneously around the middle of June, with flowers eventually appearing in July. Fruits mature to a deep red color by early September. The seeds exhibit a type of dormancy called morphophysiological dormancy, sometimes called "double dormancy", which requires two full winters to completely break dormancy. Germination finally takes place eighteen months after the fruit initially ripened.[22]
Exploitation and conservation
Ginseng was discovered by the French priest, Lafitau, near Montreal in 1716.[7] By 1720, ginseng from Quebec was exported to China by the Company of the Indies, a French trading company.[9] Within a few decades, ginseng populations near Montreal were suffering from overharvesting and habitat destruction, and so the wild-harvesting of ginseng began to spread south.[9] By the end of the 18th century, Albany, New York had become a trading center for ginseng.[9]
During the twentieth century, exports of wild ginseng from the U.S.were about half of what they were during the previous century, averaging about 580,000kilograms per decade.[23] Between 2000 and 2020, U.S.exports of wild ginseng dropped to approximately 250,000kilograms per decade.[23]
Export control
To control international trade, Panax quinquefolius is listed in AppendixII of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).[24] CITES AppendixII includes species that, although currently not threatened with global extinction, may become so without trade controls. As of September 2022[update], nineteen (19) states and one tribe are authorized to export American ginseng from the United States.[25][23]
From 1978 to 2019, 1,713,025kilograms of wild and wild-simulated ginseng roots were legally exported from the United States. American ginseng also grows wild in a number of states that do not permit export, including Connecticut (S2), Delaware (S2), Kansas (S1), Maine (S3), Massachusetts (S3), Michigan (S2S3), Nebraska (S1), New Hampshire (S2), New Jersey (S2), Oklahoma (S1), Rhode Island (S1), and South Carolina (S4).[26]
Status
As determined by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, the conservation status of Panax quinquefolius is Endangered (E) in Canada.[27] In Ontario and Quebec, it is listed as Endangered and Threatened, respectively.[28] Both provincial designations refer to a species facing imminent extinction or extirpation. Consequently, the harvesting, possession, and export of wild American Ginseng in Canada is prohibited.
As of February2024[update], the NatureServe conservation status of Panax quinquefolius is globally vulnerable (G3G4).[1] It is vulnerable (S3) in 14states; imperiled (S2) in 8states and provinces; critically imperiled (S1) in 6states; and possibly extirpated (SH) in the District of Columbia.
In addition to (or in lieu of) the NatureServe conservation status (in parentheses below), some states designate their own conservation status:
American ginseng was formerly particularly widespread in the Appalachian and Ozark regions (and adjacent forested regions such as Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario). Due to its popularity and unique habitat requirements, the wild plant has been overharvested, as well as lost through destruction of its habitat, and is thus rare in most parts of the United States and Canada.[45][46] Ginseng is also negatively affected by deer browsing, urbanization, and habitat fragmentation.[47] Today the greatest threat to American ginseng is irresponsible digging of its wild roots for export.[1]
Cultivation
As wild populations of American ginseng began to decline in the late 19th century, a market developed for cultivated ginseng. In 1887, the tinsmith George Stanton planted ginseng in the forest around Apulia Station, a hamlet in the town of Fabius in Onondaga County, New York.[23] In his obituary (1908), Stanton was called the Father of the Cultivated Ginseng Industry.[48][49]
American ginseng is grown commercially under artificial shade.[50] Under these conditions, a crop is harvested three to five years after seeding. Ginseng is also grown under forest-based, wild-simulated conditions, which require 6–10years (or more) before harvest.[51] Based solely on yield, forest farming may be 1/10 as productive as commercial cultivation.[23]
American ginseng is commercially cultivated in Canada (60%), United States (30%), and China (7%).[52] In North America, it is cultivated primarily in Ontario, Wisconsin, and British Columbia. As of 2020, global P. quinquefolius production is estimated at 7,000tons on a dry-weight basis, with 60% produced in Canada, 30% in China, and 10% in the US.[53] Based on these figures, Canada is the largest producer and exporter of American ginseng in the world.
Some states encourage the planting of ginseng both to restore natural habitats and to remove pressure from remaining wild populations. American ginseng is woods-cultivated in Colorado, Kentucky, Maine, North Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia.[54][55]
Toxicity
Individuals requiring anticoagulant therapy, such as warfarin, should avoid use of ginseng.[56] It is not recommended for individuals with impaired liver or renal function, or during pregnancy or breastfeeding.[56] Other adverse effects include headaches, anxiety, trouble sleeping and an upset stomach.[56]
Through the cultivated procedures for American ginseng, fungal molds, pesticides, and various metals and residues have contaminated the crop, leading to health concerns.[57]
Folk medicine
American ginseng was of minor importance in Native American folk medicine.[9] The Iroquois ingested or smoked the roots as a panacea.[58] The Menominee in northern Wisconsin used it as a tonic and to increase one's mental capability,[59] while the Penobscot in Maine used it to promote fertility.[60] The Seminole in Florida used it for gunshot wounds.[61] In the late 19th century, the Cherokee sold large quantities of ginseng to traders for fifty cents a pound.[62] According to James Mooney, a decoction made from its roots was drunk to relieve headaches and cramps.[63]
There is no good evidence that American ginseng is effective for preventing or treating influenza or the common cold.[56]
History
Historically, the plant was used by Indigenous peoples of North America, including the Mohawk and Iroquois.[7]
The global trade of Panax quinquefolius with Asia dates back over 300 years, beginning with French Jesuits in Quebec, who, with the assistance of the Iroquois, facilitated its exchange.[7][64] Alongside fur,[65] it represents the oldest trade between East Asia and North America. A key figure in this trade was the ethnologist Joseph-François Lafitau, who played a pivotal role in establishing the global market for Panax quinquefolius in the early 18th century.[7][66] The cultivation of Panax quinquefolius was later pioneered by Clarence and Albert Hellyer in Norfolk County, Ontario beginning in the 1890s.[67]
Culture
In the local vernacular, American ginseng has been variously known as "cheng", "chang", "sang", or "shang".[9] Those collecting it have been called "shangers" and hunting for it has been called "shanging".[68][69] In the southeastern United States, wild-harvesting of American ginseng may be called "sang hunting".[9][68]
Gallery
American ginseng in human figure.
Under wooden shade, American ginseng in late fall at Monk Garden in Wisconsin
A picture of the American ginseng plant with fruit.
American ginseng berries are ripe by late fall in Wisconsin.
A drawn image of the fruit and leaf of the American ginseng plant.
A drawn image of the American ginseng plants leaves.
American wild ginseng root (Panax quinquefolius). Old roots, ranging from 40–60 growth scars.
↑ Firestone, Chris K. (April 1, 2022). "Be aware—no foolin'!". Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
↑ Kartesz, John T. (2014). "Panaxquinquefolius". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
↑ Kartesz, John T. (2014). "Panaxquinquefolius". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). Retrieved 27 December 2023.
↑ Xiao, Max (2000-02-07). "The Canadian Ginseng Industry"(PDF). Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
↑ 张绍国; 李得运; 于志斌 (2022). "全球视角下的参类贸易格局及产业发展建议"[Ginseng [P. ginseng & P. quinquefolius] trade pattern and industrial development suggestions from a global perspective]. 中国现代中药 (in Chinese (China)). 24 (8): 1568–1573.
↑ Gilman, Arthur V. (2015). New Flora of Vermont (page 492). Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden, Volume110. Bronx, New York, USA: The New York Botanical Garden Press. ISBN978-0-89327-516-7.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
