Armenian dialects

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The Armenian language has two standardized forms: Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian. Before the Armenian genocide and other significant demographic changes that affected the Armenians, several dozen Armenian dialects existed in the areas historically populated by them.

Contents

Classification by Hrachia Acharian

A map of Armenian dialects from Acharian's 1911 book. Acharian dialects map.png
A map of Armenian dialects from Acharian's 1911 book.

Classification des dialectes arméniens (Classification of Armenian dialects) is a 1909 book by the Armenian linguist Hrachia Acharian, published in Paris. [1] It is Acharian's translation into French of his original work Hay Barbaṙagitutʿiwn ("Armenian Dialectology") that was later published as a book in 1911 in Moscow and New Nakhichevan. The French translation lacks dialectal examples. An English translation was published in 2024. [2]

Acharian surveyed the Armenian dialects in what is now Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Azerbaijan and other countries settled by Armenians.

Unlike the traditional division of Armenian into two dialect groups (Western Armenian and Eastern Armenian), he divided Armenian into three main dialect groups based on the present and imperfect indicative particles that were used. He called as the -owm (-ում) dialects, -gë (-կը) dialects, and -el (-ել) dialects.

After the Armenian genocide, linguists Gevorg Jahukyan, Jos Weitenberg, Bert Vaux and Hrach Martirosyan have extended the understanding of Armenian dialects.

Map

Map of Armenian dialects in the early 20th century:
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-owm dialects, roughly corresponding to Eastern Armenian.
-el dialects.
-ge dialects, roughly corresponding to Western Armenian. Armenian dialects, Adjarian 1909.png
Map of Armenian dialects in the early 20th century:
  -owm dialects, roughly corresponding to Eastern Armenian.
  -el dialects.
  -gë dialects, roughly corresponding to Western Armenian.

List

-owm dialects

Dialect
Areas spoken(country and city names as of 1909)
1 Yerevan Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Erivan, Novo-Bayazet, Ordubad, Shamshadin, Shulaver, Havlabar quarter (Tiflis)
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Bayazid, Kulp
Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Persia : Gala, quarter of Tabriz
1.1BayazidFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Bayazid
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Novo-Bayazet
1.2TabrizFlag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Persia : Gala, quarter of Tabriz
2TiflisFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Tiflis (except Havlabar quarter)
3 Artsakh [a] Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Shusha, Elisabethpol, Nukha, Baku, Derbent, Ağstafa, Dilijan, Karakilis, Kazak, Lori, Jebrayil, Goris
Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Persia : Karadagh, Mujumbar; Lilava quarter of Tabriz
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Burdur, Ödemiş villages near Izmir
4ShamakhaFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Shamakhi, Kuba and nearby villages
5AstrakhanFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Astrakhan, North Caucasus
Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Persia : Tabriz
6JulfaFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Julfa
Flag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Persia : Isfahan (New Julfa quarter), Shiraz, Hamadan, Bushehr, Tehran, Qazvin, Rasht, Bandar-e Anzali
7 Agulis Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Agulis, Tsghna, Handamej, Tanakert, Ramis, Dasht, Kaghaki
7.1TsghnaFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Tsghna

-el dialects

-el dialects
Dialect
Areas spoken(country and city names as of 1909)
1MaraghaFlag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Persia : Maragha and surrounding villages
2KhoyFlag of Persia (1910-1925).svg Qajar Persia : Khoy, Salmas, Maku, Urmia
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Igdir, Nakhichevan;
Zangezur settlements: Kori, Alighuli, Mughanjugh, Karashen, Alilu, Angeghakot, Ghushchi-Tazakend, Tazakend, Uz, Mazra, Balak, Shaghat, Ltsen, Sisian, Nerkin Kilisa
3ArtvinFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Artvin, Ardahan, Artanuj, Olti

-gë dialects

Dialect
Areas spoken(country and city names as of 1909)
1 Erzurum Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Erzurum, Ispir, Kaghzvan
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Kars, Alexandropol, Akhalkalak, Akhaltskha
2 Mush Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Mush, Sasun, Bitlis, Khizan, Khlat, Arjesh, Bulanikh, Manazkert, Khnus, Alashkert
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Aparan; Mets Kznut and surrounding villages; Javakhk (specifically Eshtia, Ujmana, Toria, Martuni)
3Van [b] Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Van, Diadin, Moks, Bashkale, Shatakh
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Basargechar and surrounding villages
4DiarbekirFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Diarbekir, Lice, Hazro, Hazzo, Khizan, Severek, Urfa (Edesia)
5 Kharberd-Yerznka Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Kharpert, Yerznka, Balu, Tchapaghjur, Chmshkatsag, Charsanjak, Kghi, Dersim, Kamakh
6 Shabin-Karahisar Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Shabin-Karahisar, Akıncılar
7TrebizondFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Trebizond, Bayburt, Gyumushkhane, Kirasun
8 Hamshen Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Hamshen, Ünye, Fatsa, Terme, Çarşamba
Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Sukhumi, Sochi, Poti,
9 Malatia Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Malatia, Adıyaman
10Cilicia [c] Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Hadjin, Zeytun, Marash, Kilis, Alexandretta, Payas, Svedia
11SyriaFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Aramo
12ArabkirFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Arabkir, Divrig, Gürün, Darende, villages of Kesaria
12.1GürünFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Gürün, Darende, villages of Kesaria
13 Akn Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Akn and surrounding villages
14SivasFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Sivas and 45 surrounding villages
15TokatFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Tokat, Amasia, Marsivan, Ordu, Samsun, Sinop
16SmyrnaFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Smyrna, Manisa, Menemen and surrounding villages
17IzmitFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Nicomedia, Adapazar and the following villages: Yalova, Partizak, Geyve, Ortaköy, Sölöz, Benli, İznik, etc.[ clarification needed ]
18ConstantinopleFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Constantinople
19RodostoFlag of the Ottoman Empire (1844-1922).svg Ottoman Empire : Rodosto, Malgara
20 Nakhichevan-on-Don Flag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Nakhichevan-on-Don, Rostov-on-Don, Stavropol, Yekaterinodar, Yekaterinoslav, Anapa, Maykop, Taganrog, Dneprovskaya, Nogaysk, Novocherkassk, Theodosia, Simferopol, Karasubazar, Bakhchysarai, Eupatoria
21Austria-HungaryFlag of Russia.svg Russian Empire : Poland
Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg Austria : Bukovina
Flag of Hungary (1896-1915).svg Hungary

Tree

Modern geographical distribution of Armenian MAPArmenian.png
Modern geographical distribution of Armenian

References

  1. Adjarian, Hrachia (1909). Classification des dialectes arméniens. Paris: Librairie Honore Champion.
  2. Dolatian, Hossep (2024). Adjarian's Armenian dialectology (1911): Translation and commentary. Berlin: Language Science Press. ISBN   978-3-96110-489-5.

Notes

  1. Includes the subdialects of: Kazak, Lori, Karadagh, Goris, Zangezur, Elisabethpol, Nukha
  2. Subdialects: Moks, Norduz, Shatakh, Ozmi
  3. Subdialects: Marash

Sources