Korean | |
---|---|
Native speakers | 75 million (2007) [1] |
Dialects | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ko |
ISO 639-2 | kor |
ISO 639-3 | kor |
Glottolog | kore1280 |
Korean dialects in Korea and neighboring areas |
A number of Korean dialects are spoken on the Korean Peninsula. The peninsula is very mountainous and each dialect's "territory" corresponds closely to the natural boundaries between different geographical regions of Korea. Most of the dialects are named for one of the traditional Eight Provinces of Korea. Two are sufficiently distinct from the others to be considered separate languages, the Jeju and the Yukjin languages.
Korea is a mountainous country, and this could be the main reason why Korean is divided into numerous small local dialects. There are few clear demarcations, so dialect classification is necessarily to some extent arbitrary. A common classification, originally introduced by Shinpei Ogura in 1944 and adjusted by later authors, identifies six dialect areas: [5] [6]
Several linguists have suggested that a further dialect area should be split from the Northeastern dialects: [11]
A recent statistical analysis of these dialects suggests that the hierarchical structure within these dialects are highly uncertain, meaning that there is no quantitative evidence to support a family-tree-like relationship among them. [13]
Some researchers classify the Korean dialects in Western and Eastern dialects. Compared with Middle Korean, the Western dialects have preserved long vowels, while the Eastern dialects have preserved tones or pitch accent. [14] The Jeju language and some dialects in North Korean make no distinction between vowel length or tone. [14] But the Southeastern dialect and the Northeastern dialect may not be closely related to each other genealogically.
Despite North–South differences in the Korean language, the two standards are still broadly intelligible. One notable feature within the divergence is the North's lack of anglicisms and other foreign borrowings due to isolationism and self-reliance—pure/invented Korean words are used in replacement. [15]
Korea's provinces have been the primary administrative division of Korea since the mid Goryeo (Koryo) dynasty in the early 11th century, and were preceded by provincial-level divisions dating back to Unified Silla and Balhae during the Northern and Southern States period, in the 7th century.
Jeolla Province was one of the historical Eight Provinces of Korea during the Kingdom of Joseon in southwestern Korea. It consisted of the modern South Korean provinces of North Jeolla, South Jeolla and Gwangju Metropolitan City as well as Jeju Province. The provincial capital was Jeonju, the current capital of North Jeolla. The entire inland region was called Honam, which is still commonly used today.
Gyeongsang was one of the Eight Provinces of Joseon Korea. Gyeongsang was located in southeastern Korea.
During most of the Joseon dynasty, Korea was divided into eight provinces. The eight provinces' boundaries remained unchanged for about 480 years from 1413 to 1895, and formed a geographic paradigm that is still reflected today in the Korean Peninsula's administrative divisions, dialects, and regional distinctions. The names of all eight provinces are still preserved today, in one form or another. These eight historical provinces form both North and South Korea, and are not to be confused with the provinces that make up South Korea or North Korea.
The Gyeonggi dialect or Seoul dialect of the Korean language is the prestige dialect of the language and the basis of the standardized form used in South Korea. It is spoken throughout the Korean Peninsula and in the Korean diaspora, but it is mainly concentrated in the Seoul National Capital Area, the most densely populated part of South Korea, which includes the cities of Seoul and Incheon, as well as the whole Gyeonggi Province. It is also spoken in the city of Kaesong in North Korea.
Provinces are one of the first-level divisions within South Korea. There are 9 provinces in South Korea: North Chungcheong, South Chungcheong, Gangwon State, Gyeonggi, North Gyeongsang, South Gyeongsang, Jeonbuk State, South Jeolla, and Jeju Special Self-Governing Province.
The Hamgyŏng dialect, or Northeastern Korean, is a dialect of the Korean language used in most of North and South Hamgyŏng and Ryanggang Provinces of northeastern North Korea, all of which were originally united as Hamgyŏng Province. Since the nineteenth century, it has also been spoken by Korean diaspora communities in Northeast China and the former Soviet Union.
The Flagship National Universities is a collective term referring to ten universities in South Korea that have joined the "Presidential Council of the Korean Flagship National Universities".
Korean regional cuisines are characterized by local specialties and distinctive styles within Korean cuisine. The divisions reflected historical boundaries of the provinces where these food and culinary traditions were preserved until modern times.
National Route 1(Korean: 국도 제1호선; RR: Gukdo Je Il Hoseon) is a national highway in South Korea. It connects Mokpo, South Jeolla Province with the city of Paju in Gyeonggi-do. Before the division of the Korean peninsula, the highway ran until Sinuiju, North P'yongan Province, in present-day North Korea.
The Chungcheong dialects of the Korean language are spoken in the Chungcheong (Hoseo) region of South Korea, including the metropolitan city of Daejeon. It may also include several areas in Gyeonggi Province, most notably Pyeongtaek, that are adjacent to Chungcheong Province. Chungcheong dialect can be divided into two categories: the Northern Chungcheong dialect, notable for its similarity capital Gyeonggi region speech, and the Southern dialect, which is similar to the Jeolla dialect. This dialect is notable for its slow enunciations, vowel changes, and unique jargon. However, as Seoul expands and standard language supremacy spreads, young people in Chungcheong Province, including Daejeon and Sejong, do not use original dialect, or use very little of it. Most young people use standard language and dialect alternately, and in cities located just below the Seoul metropolitan area (Sudogwon), like Cheonan, dialect is on the verge of extinction.
Korea Polytechnics mean two or three-years public vocational school in South Korea. It has 11 colleges in 34 cities.
In South Korea, highways that are managed by the provincial governments are called Local highways. Usually route numbers have 2~4 digits; the first digit stands for the main province of its manager.
National Route 3 is a national highway in South Korea connects Namhae to Chosan. Due to the separation of Korean peninsula, it de facto ends in Cheorwon by now. It was established on 31 August 1971.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Korean language:
The Yukjin dialect is a variety of Korean or a Koreanic language spoken in the historic Yukjin region of northeastern Korea, south of the Tumen River. It is unusually conservative in terms of phonology and lexicon, preserving many Middle Korean forms. Thus, Alexander Vovin classified it as a distinct language.
Shinpei Ogura was a Japanese linguist who studied the Korean language.