Bibliography of anthropology Last updated October 20, 2025  
This bibliography of anthropology  lists some notable publications in the field of anthropology , including its various subfields. It is not comprehensive and continues to be developed. It also includes a number of works that are not by anthropologists but are relevant to the field, such as literary theory, sociology, psychology, and philosophical anthropology.
Anthropology is the study of humanity . [ 1]   [ 2]   [ 3]   Described as "the most humanistic of sciences and the most scientific of the humanities", [ 4]   it is considered to bridge the natural sciences , social sciences  and humanities , [ 5]    and draws upon a wide range of related fields. In North America, anthropology is traditionally divided into four major subdisciplines: biological anthropology , sociocultural anthropology , linguistic anthropology  and archaeology . [ 6]   [ 7]   Other academic traditions use less broad definitions, where one or more of these fields are considered separate, but related, disciplines. [ 8]   [ 9]  
Sociocultural anthropology Chronological bibliography From the beginnings to 1899  Georg Forster ,  A Voyage Round the World   , 1777 [ 10]  :   28–29    Immanuel Kant ,  Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View   , 1798  Jacob Burckhardt ,  The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy   , 1860  Johann Jakob Bachofen , Myth, Religion, and Mother Right: Selected Writings of J.J. Bachofen , 1861 (English translation: 1967)  Edward Burnett Tylor ,  Primitive Culture   , 1871 [ 10]  :   116    Lewis H. Morgan ,  Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family    (1871),  Ancient Society   , 1877  John Wesley Powell , The Arid Lands  (originally published as Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States ), 1878 [ 10]  :   39    Adolf Bastian , Der Völkergedanke im Aufbau einer Wissenschaft vom Menschen , 1881 (German; not yet translated into English) [ 10]  :   86–87    Friedrich Engels ,  The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State   , 1884  Anténor Firmin , The Equality of the Human Races , 1885  James George Frazer ,  The Golden Bough   , 1890 [ 11]    Edvard Westermarck ,  The History of Human Marriage   , 1891 [ 10]  :   163    James Mooney , The Ghost-dance religion and the Sioux outbreak of 1890.  US Bureau of American Ethnology , 1892-3 Annual Report, 2 vols., 1896. 1900s and 1910s  Henri Hubert  and Marcel Mauss , A General Theory of Magic , 1902 (republished by Mauss in 1950)  Émile Durkheim , Primitive Classification , 1903 [ 11]    Max Weber ,  The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism   , 1905 (English translation: 1930)  Arnold van Gennep , The Rites of Passage , 1909  Lucien Lévy-Bruhl , How Natives Think , 1910  Franz Boas ,  The Mind of Primitive Man   , 1911  Fritz Graebner , Methode der Ethnologie , 1911 (in German, not yet translated into English) Émile Durkheim,  The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life   , 1912 [ 11]    Sigmund Freud ,  Totem and Taboo   , 1913  W. H. R. Rivers , Kinship and Social Organisation , 1914 Max Weber,  The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism   , 1915 (English translation: 1951)  B. R. Ambedkar ,  Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development   , 1917 1920s and 1930s  Bronisław Malinowski ,  Argonauts of the Western Pacific   , 1922 [ 12]    Alfred Radcliffe-Brown , The Andaman Islanders , 1922 W. H. R. Rivers, Medicine, Magic and Religion , 1924 Marcel Mauss,  The Gift   , 1925  Maurice Halbwachs , On Collective Memory , 1925  Franz Boas , Primitive Art , 1927 [ 11]   Bronisław Malinowski,  Sex and Repression in Savage Society   , 1927  Margaret Mead ,  Coming of Age in Samoa   , 1928 Franz Boas, Anthropology and Modern Life , 1928  Richard Thurnwald , Die menschliche Gesellschaft in ihren ethnosoziologischen Grundlagen , 1931–35 (German; not yet translated into English)  Ruth Benedict , Patterns of Culture , 1934 [ 11]   [ 13]    Robert Lowie , The Crow Indians , 1935  Zora Neale Hurston ,  Mules and Men   , 1935 Bronisław Malinowski,  Coral Gardens and Their Magic: A Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands   , 1935  E. E. Evans-Pritchard ,  Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic among the Azande   , 1937 (abridged edition published in 1976) [ 11]   [ 12]    Leo Frobenius , African Genesis: Folk Tales and Myths of Africa , 1937  Johan Huizinga ,  Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture   , 1938  Jomo Kenyatta ,  Facing Mount Kenya   , 1938 Zora Neale Hurston, Tell My Horse , 1938  Wilhelm Schmidt , The Culture Historical Method of Ethnology , 1939 1940s and 1950s Franz Boas, Race, Language and Culture , 1940 [ 11]   E. E. Evans-Pritchard,  The Nuer   , 1940 [ 12]    Meyer Fortes  and E. E. Evans-Pritchard,  African Political Systems   , 1940  Melville J. Herskovits , The Myth of The Negro Past , 1941  Karl Polanyi ,  The Great Transformation   , 1944 Ruth Benedict,  The Chrysanthemum and the Sword   , 1946 [ 11]    Ernesto de Martino , Il mondo magico: Prolegomeni allo studio del magismo , 1948  Fei Xiaotong ,  From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society   , 1948 (English translation: 1992)  Clyde Kluckhohn , Mirror for Man: The Relation of Anthropology to Modern Life , 1949  Tarak Chandra Das ,  Bengal Famine(1943)  : As Revealed in a Survey of the Destitutes in Calcutta , 1949  Alfred L. Kroeber , The Nature of Culture , 1952  Laura Bohannan , Return to Laughter , 1954 [ 12]    Edmund Leach , Political Systems of Highland Burma: A Study of Kachin Social Structure , 1954  Claude Lévi-Strauss ,  Tristes Tropiques   , 1955 [ 12]    Ralph Linton , The Tree of Culture , 1955 (posthumously)  Julian Steward , Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution , 1955 E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer Religion , 1956 [ 11]    Georges Balandier , Ambiguous Africa: Cultures in Collision , 1957  Richard Hoggart ,  The Uses of Literacy: Aspects of Working-Class Life   , 1957  Leslie White , The Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome , 1959 Claude Lévi-Strauss, Structural Anthropology , 1958  Raymond Williams ,  Culture and Society   , 1958  Alfred Métraux , Voodoo in Haiti , 1958  Fredrik Barth , Political Leadership Among Swat Pathans , 1959  C. P. Snow ,  The Two Cultures   , 1959 1960s and 1970s  R. G. Lienhardt , Divinity and Experience: the Religion of the Dinka , 1961 [ 12]   Robert Lowie, Empathy: Or 'Seeing from Within' , 1960  Frantz Fanon ,  The Wretched of the Earth   , 1961 (English translation: 1963)  Colin Turnbull ,  The Forest People   , 1961 Claude Lévi-Strauss,  The Savage Mind   , 1962 (English translation: 1966)  Clifford Geertz ,  Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia   , 1963  Peter Worsley , The Third World , 1964  Max Gluckman , Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society , 1965  Mary Douglas ,  Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo   , 1966 [ 11]    Louis Dumont ,  Homo Hierarchicus   , 1966 [ 12]    George Devereux , From Anxiety to Method in the Behavioral Sciences , 1967  Victor Turner , The Forest of Symbols , 1967 [ 12]    Napoleon Chagnon , Yanomamö: The Fierce People , 1968 [ 11]    Joseph Campbell ,  The Flight of the Wild Gander   , 1968 Fredrik Barth, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries , 1969 Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure , 1969 Mary Douglas,  Natural Symbols   , 1970  Gregory Bateson ,  Steps to an Ecology of Mind   , 1972 H. R. Bernard and P. J. Pelto, Technology and Social Change , 1972 [ 12]    Pierre Bourdieu , Outline of a Theory of Practice , 1972 [ 12]    Clifford Geertz ,  The Interpretation of Cultures   , 1973 (including "Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight ") [ 13]   [ 12]    Ernest Becker ,  The Denial of Death   , 1973  Giulio Angioni , Tre saggi sull'antropologia dell'età coloniale , 1973  Talal Asad , Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter , 1973 [ 12]    Marshall Sahlins , Stone Age Economics , 1974  Pierre Clastres ,  Society Against the State   , 1974 John W. Cole and Eric Wolf,  The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley   , 1974 (republished in 1999 with a new introduction by Eric Wolf)  Henri Lefebvre , The Production of Space , 1974 (English translation: 1991)  Claude Meillassoux , Maidens, Meal and Money: Capitalism and the Domestic Community , 1975 (English translation: 1981)  Michel de Certeau , The Writing of History , 1975 (English translation: 1988)  Cornelius Castoriadis , The Imaginary Institution of Society , 1975  Roy Wagner , The Invention of Culture , 1975  Edward T. Hall ,  Beyond Culture   , 1976 Marshall Sahlins, Culture and Practical Reason , 1976 Giulio Angioni, Sa laurera: il lavoro contadino in Sardegna , 1976  Marvin Harris ,  Cannibals and Kings   , 1977  Jack Goody , The Domestication of the Savage Mind , 1977  Jeanne Favret-Saada , Les Mots, la mort, les sorts  : la sorcellerie dans le bocage , 1977 (Deadly Words: Witchcraft in the Bocage , 1980)  Paul Rabinow , Reflections on Fieldwork in Morocco , 1977  Hans Peter Duerr ,  Dreamtime: Concerning the Boundary between Wilderness and Civilization     Edward Said ,  Orientalism   , 1978 Marvin Harris, Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture , 1979  Bruno Latour  and Steve Woolgar ,  Laboratory Life   , 1979 1980s  Steven Feld , Sound and Sentiment: Birds, Weepings, Poetics and Sound in Kaluli Expression , 1982  Michelle Rosaldo , Knowledge and Passion: Notions of Self and Society among the Ilongot , 1980 [ 12]    Lila Abu-Lughod , Veiled Sentiments , 1986  Ulf Hannerz , Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology , 1980  George Lakoff  and Mark Johnson , Metaphors We Live By , 1980 Eric Wolf,  Europe and the People Without History   , 1982  Maurice Godelier , The Making of Great Men , 1982  Nigel Barley , The Innocent Anthropologist: Notes From a Mud Hut , 1983  Benedict Anderson ,  Imagined Communities   , 1983 [ 11]    Eric Hobsbawm  and Terence Ranger  (editors), The Invention of Tradition , 1983  Johannes Fabian , Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object , 1983 Louis Dumont, Essays on Individualism: Modern Ideology in Anthropological Perspective , 1983  Clifford Geertz , Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology , 1983  Ernest Gellner ,  Nations and Nationalism   , 1983 Jack Goody, The Development of the Family and Marriage in Europe , 1983 Maurice Godelier, The Mental and the Material , 1984  Sidney Mintz , Sweetness and Power , 1985  James Clifford  and George Marcus  (editors), Writing Culture: The Poetics and Politics of Ethnography , 1986  Philippe Descola , La Nature domestique  : symbolisme et praxis dans l'écologie des Achuar , 1986  Clifford Geertz , Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author , 1988  Samir Amin , Eurocentrism , 1988  David Kertzer , Ritual, Politics, and Power , 1988 James Clifford, The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art , 1988  Bruce Kapferer ,  Legends of People, Myths of State   , 1988  Adam Kuper , The Invention of Primitive Society: Transformations of an Illusion , 1988 (republished as an expanded and revised new edition, entitled The Reinvention of Primitive Society: Transformations of a Myth  in 2005)  Marilyn Strathern , The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia , 1988  Brackette F. Williams , "A Class Act: Anthropology and the Race to Nation Across Ethnic Terrain", 1989 1990s  James Ferguson , The Anti-Politics Machine: "Development", Depoliticization and Bureaucratic Power in Lesotho , 1990  Judith Butler ,  Gender Trouble   , 1990  Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah , Magic, Science and Religion and the Scope of Rationality , 1990 Bruno Latour,  We Have Never Been Modern   , 1991 (English translation: 1993)  Donna Haraway , Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature , 1991  Donald Brown ,  Human Universals   , 1991  Helena Norberg-Hodge ,  Ancient Futures: Learning from Ladakh   , 1991  Sharlotte Neely , Snowbird Cherokees  , 1991  Jan Assmann , Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination , 1992 (English translation: 2011)  Marc Augé , Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity , 1992  Maurice Bloch , Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience , 1992  Eduardo Viveiros de Castro , From the Enemy's Point of View: Humanity and Divinity in an Amazonian Society , 1992 Jeremy Coote and A. Shelton (eds), Anthropology, Art and Esthetics , 1992 [ 12]   Mary Douglas,  Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory   , 1992 [ 11]   Annette B. Weiner,  Inalienable Possessions: The Paradox of Keeping-While-Giving   , 1992.  Michael Taussig , Mimesis and Alterity: A Particular History of the Senses , 1993 Fredrik Barth, Balinese Worlds , 1993  Homi K. Bhabha , The Location of Culture , 1994  Bernard Stiegler , Technics and Time   Michel-Rolph Trouillot , Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History , 1995  John Brockman ,  The Third Culture   , 1995 Italo Pardo, Managing Existence in Naples: Morality, Action and Structure , 1996  Raymond Firth , Religion: A Humanist Interpretation , 1996 Jack Goody, The East in the West , 1996  Hugh Gusterson , Nuclear Rites: a Weapons Laboratory at the End of the Cold War , 1996  Arjun Appadurai , Modernity at Large , 1996  Anne Fadiman ,  The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down   , 1997 [ 14]   James Clifford, Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century , 1997  Akhil Gupta  and James Ferguson, Anthropological Locations: Boundaries and Grounds of a Field Science , 1997  Jeremy Narby ,  The Cosmic Serpent: DNA and the Origins of Knowledge   , 1998 Stefan Helmreich, Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World , 1998  Aihwa Ong , Flexible Citizenship: The Cultural Logics of Transnationality , 1999 2000s Sally Merry, Colonizing Hawaiʻi: The cultural power of law , 2000 Clifford Geertz, Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics , 2000 Gordon Mathews, Global Culture/Individual Identity: Searching for Home in the Cultural Supermarket , 2000  Tim Ingold , The perception of the environment: essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill , 2000  Frans de Waal ,  The Ape and the Sushi Master   , 2001 William Ray, The Logic of Culture: Authority and Identity in the Modern Era , 2001 Vassos Argyrou, Anthropology and the Will to Meaning: A Postcolonial Critique , 2002 Jone Salomonsen,  Enchanted Feminism: The Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco   , 2002  Talal Asad , Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity , 2003  Jean Rouch , Cine-Ethnography , 2003  Theodore C. Bestor ,  Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Center of the World   , 2004 Janet Carsten, After Kinship , 2004 [ 12]    Aihwa Ong  and Stephen J. Collier, Global Assemblages: Technology, Politics, and Ethics as Anthropological Problems , 2004  Anna L. Tsing , Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection , 2005  Marcel Detienne , The Greeks and Us: A Comparative Anthropology of Ancient Greece , 2005 (English translation: 2007)  Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan , Anthropology and development. Understanding contemporary social change , 2005  Nicholas Wade ,  Before the Dawn: Recovering the Lost History of Our Ancestors   , 2006  Guha Abhijit , Land, Law, and the Left: the Saga of Disempowerment of the Peasantry in the Era of Globalisation , 2007 [ 15]   Philippe Descola, Beyond Nature and Culture , 2005 (English translation: 2013)  Paige West , Conservation is our Government now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea , 2006  Veena Das , Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary , 2007  Andrew Apter , Beyond Words: Discourse and Critical Agency in Africa , 2007 Paul Rabinow, Marking Time: On the Anthropology of the Contemporary , 2008  Eugene S. Hunn , A Zapotec Natural History , 2008 Johannes Fabian, Ethnography as Commentary: Writing from the Virtual Archive , 2008 Stefan Helmreich, Alien Ocean: Anthropological Voyages in Microbial Seas , 2009 Giuliana B. Prato (editor), Beyond Multiculturalism , 2009 Neni Panourgiá, Dangerous Citizens: The Greek Left and the Terror of the State , 2009 Philippe Bourgeois and Jeff Schonberg, Righteous Dopefiend , 2009 2010s  Margaret Lock  and Vinh-Kim Nguyen, An Anthropology of Biomedicine , 2010 Ulf Hannerz, Anthropology's World: Life in a Twenty-First Century Discipline , 2010  Jesús Padilla Gálvez , Philosophical Anthropology. Wittgenstein's Perspective . Berlin,  De Gruyter, 2010.  ISBN     9783110321555   David Graeber ,  Debt: The First 5000 Years   , 2011  Tim Ingold , Being Alive: Essays on Movement, Knowledge and Description , 2011 Alan Barnard, Social Anthropology and Human Origins , 2011 James D. Faubion, An Anthropology of Ethics , 2011 Maurice Bloch, Anthropology and the Cognitive Challenge , 2012  Jason Ānanda Josephson , The Invention of Religion in Japan,  2012  Neil L. Whitehead  and Michael Wesch  (editors) Human No More: Digital Subjectivities, Unhuman Subjects, and the End of Anthropology , 2012  Eduardo Kohn , How Forests Think: Toward an Anthropology Beyond the Human , 2013 Italo Pardo and Giuliana B. Prato, Legitimacy. Ethnographic and Theoretical Insights , 2018 Thematic bibliography General introductions and histories  Eric Wolf , Anthropology , 1964 Adam Kuper, Anthropology and Anthropologists: The Modern British School , 1973 (3rd revised and enlarged edition, 1996) Peter Just and John Monaghan, Social and Cultural Anthropology: A Very Short Introduction , 2000 Alan Barnard, History and Theory in Anthropology , 2000  Thomas Hylland Eriksen , What is Anthropology? , 2004  Aleksandar Bošković , Other People's Anthropologies: Ethnographic Practice on the Margins , 2008 John S. Gilkeson, Anthropologists and the Rediscovery of America, 1886–1965 , 2010 Fredrik Barth, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin, and Sydel Silverman, One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology  (The Halle Lectures), 2005 Ritual theory Arnold van Gennep, The Rites of Passage , 1909 Émile Durkheim,  The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life   , 1912 [ 11]   Sigmund Freud, Totem and Taboo , 1913  Erving Goffman , Interaction Ritual , 1967 Victor Turner, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure , 1969 David Kertzer, Ritual, Politics, and Power , 1988 Bruce Kapferer, A Celebration of Demons , 1991  Catherine Bell , Rituals  : Perspectives and Dimensions , 1997  Mario Perniola , Ritual Thinking: Sexuality, Death, World , 2000  Philippe Buc , The Dangers of Ritual: Between Early Medieval Texts and Social Scientific Theory , 2001 Robert N. McCauley and E. Thomas Lawson , Bringing Ritual to Mind: Psychological Foundations of Cultural Forms , 2002  Steven Heine  and Dale S. Wright  (editors), Zen Ritual: Studies of Zen Buddhist Theory in Practice , 2008 Cyber anthropology  Sherry Turkle , The Second Self: Computers and the Human Spirit , 1984  Arturo Escobar , "Welcome to Cyberia: Notes on the Anthropology of Cyberculture", 1994  Sherry Turkle ,  Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet   , 1995 Stefan Helmreich, Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World , 1998  Tom Boellstorff , Coming of Age in Second Life: An Anthropologist Explores the Virtually Human , 2008  Bonnie Nardi , My Life as a Night Elf Priest. An Anthropological Account of World of Warcraft , 2010. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.  Daniel Miller , Tales from Facebook , 2011 Alexander Knorr, Cyberanthropology  (in German ), 2011 Neil L. Whitehead and Michael Wesch  (editors) Human No More: Digital Subjectivities, Unhuman Subjects, and the End of Anthropology , 2012  Christine Hine ,  Ethnography for the Internet: Embedded, Embodied and Everyday , 2015. London: Bloomsbury Academic. Design anthropology Wendy Gunn and Jared Donovan (eds), Design and Anthropology , 2012 [ 16]   [ 17]   Wendy Gunn, Ton Otto and Rachel Charlotte Smith (eds), Design Anthropology: Theory and Practice , 2013 [ 18]   [ 19]   Ecological anthropology Julian Steward, Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution , 1955  William Balée , Cultural Forests of the Amazon: A Historical Ecology of People and Their Landscapes , 2014 Economic anthropology Marcel Mauss,  The Gift   , 1925  Karl Polanyi ,  The Great Transformation   , 1944 Marshall Sahlins, Stone Age Economics , 1974 Claude Meillassoux, Maidens, Meal and Money , 1975 Italo Pardo, Managing Existence in Naples , 1996  Karen Ho , Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street , 2009  David Graeber ,  Debt: The First 5000 Years   , 2011 Chris Hann and Keith Hart , Economic Anthropology: History, Ethnography, Critique , 2011 Political anthropology Meyer Fortes and E. E. Evans-Pritchard ,  African Political Systems   , 1940  James C. Scott ,  Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance   , 1985 Italo Pardo (ed.), Morals of Legitimacy: Between Agency and System , 2000 Ted Lewellen, Political Anthropology: An Introduction , 2003 Italo Pardo (ed.), Between Morality and the Law: Corruption, Anthropology and Comparative Society, 2004  Italo Pardo and Giuliana B. Prato (eds). Citizenship and the Legitimacy f Governance , 2016 Psychological anthropology  Charles W. Nuckolls, The Cultural Dialectics of Knowledge and Desire. Madison:  University of Wisconsin Press, 1996   Lindholm, Charles, Culture and Identity. The history, theory, and practice of psychological anthropology , 2007 Robert, LeVine, Psychological Anthropology: A Reader on Self in Culture , 2010 Urban anthropology  Ulf Hannerz , Exploring the City: Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology , 1980 Italo Pardo and Giuliana B. Prato (eds), Anthropology in the City: Methodology and Theory , 2016 Italo Pardo and Giulaina B. Prato (eds), The Palgrave Handbook of Urban Ethnography , 2017 Italo Pardo and Giuliana B. Prato (editors), Urban Inequalities , 2021 Petra Kuppinger (editor), Emergent Spaces , 2022 Italo Pardo and Giuliana B. Prato (editors), The Legitimacy of Healthcare and Public Health , 2023 Italo Pardo and Giuliana B. Prato (editors), Forms of Inequality and the Legitimacy of Governance, Vols 1 & 2 , 2025 Linguistic anthropology  Johann Gottfried Herder , Treatise on the Origin of Language , 1772  Wilhelm von Humboldt , On Language: On the Diversity of Human Language Construction and its Influence on the Mental Development of the Human Species , 1836  Edward Sapir , Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech , 1921  Benjamin Lee Whorf , Language, Thought and Reality , 1956 (published posthumously)  Roman Jakobson ,  On Linguistic Aspects of Translation   , 1959  Lev Vygotsky , Thought and Language , 1962  Kenneth Lee Pike , Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behaviour , 1967  Dell Hymes , Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach , 1974  Penny B. Brown  & Stephen Levinson  Politeness: some Universals in Language Use. (1978) 1987  John J. Gumperz   Discourse Strategies, 1982.  Robert M. W. Dixon , The Rise and Fall of Languages , 1997  Guy Deutscher , The Unfolding of Language: The Evolution of Mankind's Greatest Invention , 2005 Biological anthropology  Biological anthropology  is traditionally conceived of as part of the North American four-field approach. In some universities, however, the subject has repositioned itself as human evolutionary biology . In Europe, it is sometimes taught as an individual subject at college level or as part of the discipline of biology. Its methods are informed by evolutionary biology, hence the adjunct biological . Since 1993, the Biological Anthropology Section of the American Anthropological Association  has awarded the W.W. Howells Book Award in Biological Anthropology. [ 20]  
 Charles Darwin ,  On the Origin of Species   , 1859 [ 13]    Thomas Henry Huxley ,  Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature   , 1863  Alfred Russel Wallace ,  The Malay Archipelago   , 1869 Charles Darwin,  The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex   , 1871 [ 13]    Rudolf Virchow , The Freedom of Science in the Modern States , 1877 Rudolf Virchow, Anthropological Papers , 1891  Desmond Morris ,  The Naked Ape   , 1967  Jane Goodall , In the Shadow of Man , 1971  Richard Dawkins ,  The Selfish Gene   , 1976  E. O. Wilson ,  On Human Nature   , 1979  Stephen Jay Gould ,  The Mismeasure of Man   , 1981  Wade Davis ,  The Serpent and the Rainbow   , 1985  Robert Boyd  and Peter J. Richerson , Culture and the Evolutionary Process , 1985  Jared Diamond ,  The Third Chimpanzee   , 1991  Helen Fisher , Anatomy of Love: A Natural History of Mating, Marriage, and Why We Stray , 1992 Jared Diamond,  Guns, Germs, and Steel   , 1998 [ 21]   E. O. Wilson,  Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge   , 1998  Sarah Blaffer Hrdy , Mother Nature: A History of Mothers, Infants and Natural Selection , 1999 [ 20]    Paul Farmer , Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor , 2003 Jared Diamond,  Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed   , 2005 Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd, Not by Genes Alone , 2005 Dorothy Cheney and Robert Seyfarth, Baboon Metaphysics , 2007  Steven Pinker ,  The Stuff of Thought: Language As a Window Into Human Nature   , 2007 [ 21]    Michael Tomasello , Origins of Human Communication , 2008  Gregory Cochran  and Henry Harpending , The 10,000 Year Explosion: How Civilizations Accelerated Human Evolution , 2009  Richard Wrangham ,  Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human   , 2009 [ 21]   Jared Diamond,  The World Until Yesterday: What Can We Learn from Traditional Societies?   , 2012 [ 21]   E. O. Wilson,  The Social Conquest of Earth   , 2012  Frans de Waal , The Bonobo and the Atheist , 2013 [ 21]   Archaeology Archaeological anthropology is traditionally conceived of as part of the North American four-field approach. With the four-field approach being questioned for its orthodoxy, the subject has gained considerable independence in recent years and some archaeologists have rejected the label anthropology . In Europe, the subject maintains closer connections to history and is simply conceived of as archaeology  with a distinct research focus and methodology.
 C. W. Ceram ,  Gods, Graves and Scholars   , 1949  Steven Mithen , The Prehistory of the Mind: The Cognitive Origins of Art, Religion and Science , 1996  Julian Thomas , Time, Culture and Identity: An Interpretive Archaeology , 1996 Chris Gosden, Archaeology & Anthropology: A Changing Relationship , 1999  Richard Bradley , An Archaeology of Natural Places , 2000  Alison Wylie , Thinking from Things: Essays in the Philosophy of Archaeology , 2002  Randall H. McGuire , Archaeology as Political Action , 2008 Archaeological theory  Hawkes, Christopher  (1954). "Archeological Theory and Method: Some Suggestions from the Old World" . American Anthropologist . 56  (2): 155– 168. doi : 10.1525/aa.1954.56.2.02a00660   .  Binford, Lewis R.  (1962). "Archaeology as Anthropology". American Antiquity . 28  (2): 217– 225. doi :10.2307/278380 . JSTOR     278380 . S2CID     162242910 .  Binford, Sally R. ; Binford, Lewis R. , eds. (1968).  New Perspectives in Archeology  . Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Company. ISBN     978-0-202-33022-8   Clarke, David L.  (1968). Analytical Archaeology . London: Methuen. ISBN     0-416-42850-9   Clarke, David L. , ed. (1972). Models in Archaeology . London: Methuen. ISBN     0-416-16540-0   Clarke, David L.  (1973). "Archaeology: the loss of innocence". Antiquity . 47  (185): 6– 18. doi :10.1017/S0003598X0003461X . S2CID     34438511 .  Binford, Lewis R. , ed. (1977). For Theory Building in Archaeology . New York, NY: Academic Press. ISBN     978-0-12-100050-9   Hodder, Ian , ed. (1982). Symbolic and Structural Archaeology . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN     978-0-521-03550-7   Shanks, Michael ; Tilley, Christopher  (1993). Social Theory and Archaeology . Oxford: Polity Press. ISBN     978-0-7456-0184-7  McGuire, Randall G. (1992). A Marxist Archaeology . San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN     978-0-12-484078-2   Renfrew, Colin ; Zubrow, Ezra B.W., eds. (1994). The Ancient Mind: Elements of Cognitive Archaeology . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN     978-0-521-45620-3  Tilley, Christopher (1997). A Phenomenology of Landscape: Places, Paths and Monuments . Oxford: Berg. ISBN     978-1-85973-076-8  Anthropological research has exerted considerable influence on other disciplines such as sociology , literary theory , and philosophy . Conversely, contemporary anthropological discourse has become receptive to a wide variety of theoretical currents which in turn help to shape the cognitive identity of the subjects. Among the key publications from related disciplines that have advanced anthropological scholarship are: 
References  ↑    "What is Anthropology?" . American Anthropological Association  . Retrieved 17 March  2013 .  ↑    "History and Mission" . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland  . Retrieved 17 March  2013 .  ↑    "L'Anthropologie" . Association Française des Anthropologues. Archived from the original  on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 17 March  2013 .  ↑    "What is Anthropology?" . Discover Anthropology . Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Retrieved 17 March  2013 .  ↑   Shore, Bradd (2011). "Unconsilience: Rethinking the Two-Cultures Conundrum in Anthropology". In Edward Slingerland and Mark Collard (ed.). Creating consilience: integrating the sciences and the humanities . New York: Oxford University Press. pp.  140– 158. ISBN     978-0-19-979439-3   ↑   Boas, Franz (1904). "The History of Anthropology" . Science . 20  (512): 513– 524. Bibcode :1904Sci....20..513B . doi :10.1126/science.20.512.513 . PMID     17797024 .  ↑   Segal, Daniel A.; Yanagisako, Sylvia J., eds. (2005). Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle: Reflections on the Disciplining of Anthropology . Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN     978-0-8223-8684-1   ↑   Kuper, Adam (1996). Anthropology and Anthropologists: the Modern British School  (3rd  ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN     978-0-415-11895-8   ↑   Wulf, Christoph (2013). Anthropology: A Continental Perspective . Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN     978-0-226-92507-3   1  2  3  4  5    Kuklick 2008    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14    Jones 2010    1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  10  11  12  13  14  15    Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology 2016    1  2  3  4    Tozzer 2016    ↑   Nicol, Caitrin. "Doctors Within Borders" . The New Atlantis. Archived from the original  on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 19 January  2013 .  ↑    "Buy Land, Law and the Left: Saga of Disempowerment of the Peasantry in the Era of Globalisation Book Online at Low Prices in India |  Land, Law and the Left: Saga of Disempowerment of the Peasantry in the Era of Globalisation Reviews & Ratings - Amazon.in" .  ↑    Pink, Sarah  (2014-01-02). "Design and anthropology". Visual Studies . 29  (1): 109– 110. doi :10.1080/1472586X.2014.863023 . ISSN     1472-586X . S2CID     146709063 .  ↑   Samuelsson, Marcus. "Book Review: Wendy Gunn and Jared Donovan (eds), Design and AnthropologyGunnWendyDonovanJared (eds), Design and Anthropology. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012. 284 pp. ISBN 9781409421580 (hbk) £65.00" . Qualitative Research . 15  (1): 125– 126. doi : 10.1177/1468794114520889   . S2CID     147646929 .  ↑   Magee, Siobhan (2015-11-01). "Design Anthropology: Theory and Practice". Journal of Design History . 28  (4) epv032. doi :10.1093/jdh/epv032 . ISSN     0952-4649 .  ↑   Foster, Nancy Fried (2015-08-01). "Design Anthropology: Theory and Practice. Wendy Gunn, Ton Otto, and Rachel Charlotte Smith, eds. London: PB - Bloomsbury , 2013. 284 pp". American Ethnologist . 42  (3): 566– 567. doi :10.1111/amet.26_12146 . ISSN     1548-1425 .  1  2    "W. W. Howells Book Award" . 2014-01-19. Retrieved 14 September  2016 .  1  2  3  4  5    "Suggested readings" . Anthropology . University College London. Retrieved 15 September  2016 . Further reading 
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