Central arteries

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Central arteries
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Anatomical terminology

Central arteries (or perforating or ganglionic arteries) of the brain are numerous small arteries branching from the Circle of Willis and adjacent arteries that often enter the substance of the brain through the anterior and posterior perforated substances, and supply structures of the base of the brain and internal structures of the cerebral hemisphere. They are separated into four principal groups: anteromedial central arteries; anterolateral central arteries (lenticulostriate arteries); posteromedial central arteries (paramedian arteries); and posterolateral central arteries.

Contents

Anteromedial central arteries

Anteromedial central arteries [1] (also anteromedial perforating arteries, or anteromedial ganglionic arteries) are arteries that arise from the anterior cerebral artery and anterior communicating artery, and pass into the substance of the cerebral hemisphere through the (medial portion of) the anterior perforated substance to supply the optic chiasm, (anterior nucleus, preoptic area, and supraoptic nucleus of the) hypothalamus, lamina terminalis, septum pellucidum, (anterior portions of the) columns of fornix, rostrum of corpus callosum, (anterior portion of) putamen, head of caudate nucleus, and cingulate cortex. [2]

Anterolateral central arteries

The anterolateral central arteries or lenticulostriate arteries [3] (also anterolateral perforating arteries, anterolateral ganglionic arteries, striate arteries, or lateral striate arteries; latin aa. centrales anterolaterales, [4] or aa. lenticulostriatae [4] ) are a group of small arteries mostly arising from (the initial M1 part of) the middle cerebral artery that enter the brain through the anterior perforated substance to provide arterial supply to parts of the basal ganglia. [2] They are end arteries.[ citation needed ]

The name of these arteries is derived from some of the structures they supply, namely the lentiform nucleus and the striatum.[ citation needed ]

Distribution

The ALCAs supply the: [5] [2]

The medial striate artery (Recurrent artery of Heubner) arises either from the middle cerebral artery or anterior cerebral artery, and supplies the rostral/anterior portion of the caudate nucleus and putamen, and the anterior limb and genu of internal capsule. [2]

Clinical significance

Blockage of the lenticulostriate arteries causes lacunar infarcts. These infarcts are most often due to hyaline arteriosclerosis secondary to hypertension. This can lead to contralateral paresis (muscular weakness) and/or sensory loss of the face and body.

Posteromedial central arteries

The posteromedial central arteries or paramedian arteries [6] (also posteromedial perforating arteries, or posteromedial ganglionic arteries [2] ) are branches of the posterior cerebral artery, and posterior communicating artery. They entering the substance of the brain through the posterior perforated substance. They supply a large portion of the diencephalon as well as some subcortical telencephalic structures.

The thalamoperforating arteries [7] are posteromedial central arteries [2] which supply parts of the thalamus. [2] [8] [4] According to the Medical Dictionary of the French Academy of Medicine, a single thalamoperforating artery arises from the (pre-communicating (P1) segment of) the posterior cerebral artery, piercing the anterior perforated substance to reach and supply the ventral portion of the thalamus. [8] The Sobotta Anatomy Textbook (2018) distinguishes an anterior thalamoperforating artery which arises from the posterior communicating artery and supplies the rostral portion of the thalamus, and a posterior thalamoperforating artery which supplies multiple nuclei of the thalamus. [4]

Origin

PMCAs arise from the proximal (pre-communicating (P1) [9] ) segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA), [2] [4] [9] and along the entire length of [2] the posterior communicating artery [2] [10] [5] : 372  (though branches arising from the latter may be considered as a distinct anatomical entity [4] ). The PMCAs thus arise at and near the bifurcation of the basilar artery. [5] : 378  The PMCAs are the very first branches of the PCA. [5] : 377 

Course

PMCAs intermingle to form an extensive venous plexus in the interpeduncular fossa [11] before entering the substance of the brain through the posterior perforated substance, [4] [11] [9] then also passing through the posterior part of the internal capsule along their path. [12]

Distribution

The PMCAs supply a substantial part of the diencephalon. [4]

The PMCAs are distributed to: [2] [4] [5] : 380 

Clinical significance

An embolus passing along a vertebral artery will typically continue into the basilar artery before finally lodging at the bifurcation of the basilar artery, thus bilaterally obstructing the PMCAs (as well as the superior cerebellar artery); such occlusion of the PMCAs will swiftly result in infarction of the reticular formation at the level of the mesencephalon-pons junction (resulting in coma) as well as destruction of the fibers of both oculomotor nerve (CN III) (resulting in divergence of both eyes, and fixed mydriasis). [5] : 377-378 

An embolism of a single PMCA at mesencephalic levels may result in a small infarction of the mesencephalon, causing Weber's syndrome. [5] : 378 

Uncal herniation can cause compression of the PMCAs, which may result in Duret haemorrhages.[ citation needed ]

Posterolateral central arteries

Posterolateral central arteries [13] (also posterolateral perforating arteries, or posterolateral ganglionic arteries) are arteries that arise from the posterior cerebral artery distal to its first - pre-communicating (P1) -segment (i.e. distal to the origin of the posterior communicating artery). [2]

They are distributed to the: [5] [2]

See also

Related Research Articles

Articles related to anatomy include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internal carotid artery</span> Artery supplying the brain

The internal carotid artery is an artery in the neck which supplies the anterior and middle cerebral circulation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internal capsule</span> White matter structure situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain

The internal capsule is a paired white matter structure, as a two-way tract, carrying ascending and descending fibers, to and from the cerebral cortex. The internal capsule is situated in the inferomedial part of each cerebral hemisphere of the brain. It carries information past the subcortical basal ganglia. As it courses it separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the putamen and the globus pallidus. It also separates the caudate nucleus and the putamen in the dorsal striatum, a brain region involved in motor and reward pathways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spinothalamic tract</span> Sensory pathway from the skin to the thalamus

The spinothalamic tract is a nerve tract in the anterolateral system in the spinal cord. This tract is an ascending sensory pathway to the thalamus. From the ventral posterolateral nucleus in the thalamus, sensory information is relayed upward to the somatosensory cortex of the postcentral gyrus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anterior cerebral artery</span> Artery supplying the brain

The anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is one of a pair of cerebral arteries that supplies oxygenated blood to most midline portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes of the brain. The two anterior cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid artery and are part of the circle of Willis. The left and right anterior cerebral arteries are connected by the anterior communicating artery.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cisterna magna</span> Space in the brain

The cisterna magna is the largest of the subarachnoid cisterns. It occupies the space created by the angle between the caudal/inferior surface of the cerebellum, and the dorsal/posterior surface of the medulla oblongata. The fourth ventricle communicates with the cistern via the unpaired midline median aperture. It is continuous inferiorly with the subarachnoid space of the spinal canal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Middle cerebral artery</span> Paired artery that supplies blood to the cerebrum

The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired cerebral arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid artery and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anterior choroidal artery</span>

The anterior choroidal artery is a bilaterally paired artery of the brain. It is typically a branch of the internal carotid artery which supplies the choroid plexus of lateral ventricle and third ventricle as well as numerous structures of the brain.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Posterior cerebral artery</span> Artery which supplies blood to the occipital lobe of the brain

The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) is one of a pair of cerebral arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the occipital lobe, part of the back of the human brain. The two arteries originate from the distal end of the basilar artery, where it bifurcates into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries. These anastomose with the middle cerebral arteries and internal carotid arteries via the posterior communicating arteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maxillary artery</span> Artery supplying face structures in humans

The maxillary artery supplies deep structures of the face. It branches from the external carotid artery just deep to the neck of the mandible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Posterior perforated substance</span>

The posterior perforated substance is a layer of gray matter which is pierced by small apertures for the transmission of blood vessels. Its inferior part lies on the ventral aspect of the medial portions of the tegmenta and contains the interpeduncular nucleus; its superior part forms part of the floor of the third ventricle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anterior perforated substance</span> Part of the brain

The anterior perforated substance is a part of the brain. It is bilateral. It is irregular and quadrilateral. It lies in front of the optic tract and behind the olfactory trigone.

In anatomy, arterial tree is used to refer to all arteries and/or the branching pattern of the arteries. This article regards the human arterial tree. Starting from the aorta:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inferior cervical cardiac nerve</span>

The inferior cervical cardiac nerve arises from the stellate ganglion, or from the ansa subclavia of the cervical sympathetic trunk. It passes along the posterior aspect of the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side of the body, and of the internal carotid artery on the left side. It terminates by joining the deep cardiac plexus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ventral nuclear group</span>

The ventral nuclear group is a collection of nuclei on the ventral side of the thalamus, it consists of the following:

The thalamogeniculate artery is either a single artery or group of smaller arteries arising from the posterior cerebral artery. It is part of the posterolateral central arteries. It supplies parts of the thalamus.

The ambient cistern is a bilaterally paired subarachnoid cistern situated at either lateral aspect of the mesencephalon (midbrain). Each ambient cistern has a supratentorial compartment and an infratentorial compartment. Each is continuous anteriorly with the interpeduncular cistern, and posteriorly with the quadrigeminal cistern.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Posterior superior nasal nerves</span>

The posterior superior nasal nerves are branches of the maxillary nerve that arise in the pterygopalatine fossa from pterygopalatine ganglion and pass through the sphenopalatine foramen into the nasal cavity to innervate the nasal septum, and the posterosuperior portion of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

References

  1. ↑ "Anatonomina". terminologia-anatomica.org. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Standring, Susan (2020). Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice (42th ed.). New York. p. 419. ISBN   978-0-7020-7707-4. OCLC   1201341621.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ↑ "Anatonomina". terminologia-anatomica.org. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Waschke, Jens; Böckers, Tobias M.; Paulsen, Friedrich; Arnold, Wolfgang; Bechmann, Ingo, eds. (2018). Sobotta Anatomy Textbook: English Edition with Latin Nomenclature (1st ed.). München: Elsevier. p. 622. ISBN   978-0-7020-6760-0.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kiernan, John A.; Rajakumar, Nagalingam (2013). Barr's The Human Nervous System: An Anatomical Viewpoint (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN   978-1-4511-7327-7.
  6. ↑ "Anatonomina". terminologia-anatomica.org. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  7. ↑ "Anatonomina". terminologia-anatomica.org. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  8. 1 2 "thalamoperforating artery - Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "posteromedial central arteries of posterior cerebral artery - Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "posteromedial central arteries of posterior communicating artery - Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  11. 1 2 Carpenter, Malcolm B. (1985). Core text of neuroanatomy (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 409. ISBN   0683014552.
  12. ↑ Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011). Last's Anatomy (12th ed.). Elsevier Australia. ISBN   978-0-7295-3752-0.
  13. ↑ "Anatonomina". terminologia-anatomica.org. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
  14. ↑ "Thalamogeniculate artery - Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine". www.academie-medecine.fr. Retrieved 2024-07-02.

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