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Baptism is a Christian sacrament of initiation and adoption, almost invariably with the use of water. It may be performed by sprinkling or pouring water on the head, or by immersing in water either partially or completely, traditionally three times, once for each person of the Trinity. The synoptic gospels recount that John the Baptist baptised Jesus. Baptism is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. Baptism according to the Trinitarian formula, which is done in most mainstream Christian denominations, is seen as being a basis for Christian ecumenism, the concept of unity amongst Christians. Baptism is also called christening, although some reserve the word "christening" for the baptism of infants. In certain Christian denominations, such as the Catholic Churches, Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, Assyrian Church of the East, and Lutheran Churches, baptism is the door to church membership, with candidates taking baptismal vows. It has also given its name to the Baptist churches and denominations.
In certain Christian denominations, holy orders are the ordained ministries of bishop, priest (presbyter), and deacon, and the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders. Churches recognizing these orders include the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Assyrian, Old Catholic, Independent Catholic and some Lutheran churches. Except for Lutherans and some Anglicans, these churches regard ordination as a sacrament.
Infant baptism is the practice of baptizing infants or young children. Infant baptism is also called christening by some faith traditions.
Chrismation consists of the sacrament or mystery in the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, as well as in the Assyrian Church of the East initiation rites. The sacrament is more commonly known in the West as confirmation, although Italian normally uses the term cresima ("chrismation") rather than confermazione ("confirmation").
Some Christian denominations believe that a sacramental character, an indelible spiritual mark, is imprinted by any of three of the seven sacraments: baptism, confirmation, and holy orders.
In Christian denominations that practice infant baptism, confirmation is seen as the sealing of the covenant created in baptism. Those being confirmed are known as confirmands. For adults, it is an affirmation of belief. It involves laying on of hands.
Mainline Christian theology has traditionally held that only one baptism is valid to confer the benefits of this sacrament. Therefore, in cases where the validity of a baptism is in doubt, a conditional baptism may be performed. There exist other conditional sacraments.
The means of grace in Christian theology are those things through which God gives grace. Just what this grace entails is interpreted in various ways: generally speaking, some see it as God blessing humankind so as to sustain and empower the Christian life; others see it as forgiveness, life, and salvation.
Ex opere operato is a Latin phrase meaning "from the work performed" and, in reference to sacraments, signifies that they derive their efficacy, not from the minister or the recipient, but from the sacrament considered independently of the merits of the minister or the recipient. According to the ex opere operato interpretation of the sacraments, any positive effect comes not from their worthiness or faith but from the sacrament as an instrument of God.
First Communion is a ceremony in some Christian traditions during which a person of the church first receives the Eucharist. It is most common in many parts of the Latin Church tradition of the Catholic Church, Lutheran Church and Anglican Communion. In churches that celebrate a rite of First Communion separate from baptism or confirmation, it typically occurs between the ages of seven and thirteen, often acting as a rite of passage. In other denominations first communion ordinarily follows the reception of confirmation, which occurs at some point in adolescence or adulthood, while Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians first receive the sacrament of Holy Communion in infancy, along with Holy Baptism and Chrismation.
Validity and liceity are concepts in the Catholic Church. Validity designates an action which produces the effects intended; an action which does not produce the effects intended is considered "invalid". Liceity designates an action which has been performed legitimately; an action which has not been performed legitimately is considered "illicit". Some actions can be illicit, but still be valid.
In keeping with its prevailing self-identity as a via media or "middle path" of Western Christianity, Anglican sacramental theology expresses elements in keeping with its status as a church in the catholic tradition and a church of the Reformation. With respect to sacramental theology the Catholic tradition is perhaps most strongly asserted in the importance Anglicanism places on the sacraments as a means of grace, sanctification and forgiveness as expressed in the church's liturgy.
Confirmation, in the Catholic Church, is one of the seven sacraments. It is also one of the three sacraments of initiation into the Catholic Church, the other two being Baptism and Holy Communion.
The sacrament of holy orders in the Catholic Church includes three orders: bishops, priests, and deacons, in decreasing order of rank, collectively comprising the clergy. In the phrase "holy orders", the word "holy" means "set apart for a sacred purpose". The word "order" designates an established civil body or corporation with a hierarchy, and ordination means legal incorporation into an order. In context, therefore, a group with a hierarchical structure that is set apart for ministry in the Church.
According to Catholic theology, the sacraments of the Catholic Church can be described in their matter and form.
An emergency baptism is a baptism administered to a person in danger of death. This can be done by a person not normally authorized to administer the sacraments.
Rebaptism in Christianity is the baptism of a person who has previously been baptized, usually in association with a denomination that does not recognize the validity of the previous baptism. When a denomination rebaptizes members of another denomination, it is a sign of significant differences in theology. Churches that practice exclusive believer's baptism, including Baptists and Churches of Christ, rebaptize those who were baptized as infants because they do not consider infant baptism to be valid.
There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus Christ and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition.
In Reformed theology, baptism is a sacrament signifying the baptized person's union with Christ, or becoming part of Christ and being treated as if they had done everything Christ had. Sacraments, along with preaching of God's word, are means of grace through which God offers Christ to his elect. Sacraments are believed to have their effect through the Holy Spirit, but these effects are only believed to accrue to those who have been predestined to have faith in Christ.
In the Catholic Church, communicatio in sacris, also called communicatio in divinis or communicatio in ritibus, designates the regulations for the partaking of a Catholic person to a non-Catholic sacrament or liturgical celebration, or for the partaking of a non-Catholic person to a Catholic sacrament or liturgical celebration. The expression is also used to refer to said acts of partaking themselves.
References
- ↑ Tutino, Stefania (2018). "Chapter 11. All That Live Must Die, Passing Through Nature to Eternity: Baptizing Fetuses". Uncertainty in Post-Reformation Catholicism: A History of Probabilism. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-19-069409-8.
- 1 2 3 "Dictionary : CONDITIONAL BAPTISM". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
- 1 2 "Dictionary : CONDITIONAL ADMINISTRATION". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
- 1 2 3 "Acceptance into the Orthodox Church". Holy Trinity Cathedral. Archived from the original on 2000-01-22. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
The Orthodox Church has a special rule, which concerns all cases in which the condition is not clear. This is a conditional performance of a sacrament. In such cases anyone may be baptized. However, prior to the Sacrament, the priest should say: 'If not yet baptized, being baptized nowä 'if not chrismated yet, receive the grace of the Holy Spirit now...' etc. This practice is presently widely used in atheistic countries, where frequently there are no reliable information about the baptism of a child. Equally, such a practice is acceptable, if the convert to Orthodoxy is not sure about the legality of his baptism or has any doubts.
- 1 2 Procter; Frere (1902). A New History of the Book of Common Prayer. London: MacMillan & Co. pp. 591-2.
- 1 2 Yrigoyen, Charles Jr. (25 September 2014). T&T Clark Companion to Methodism. A&C Black. p. 263. ISBN 9780567290779.
Methodists historically do not rebaptize unless the ecumenical formula was not used or another major impediment calls into question the adequacy of an earlier rite. When questions arise of a very grievous nature, there is the possibility of conditional baptism using the words 'If you are not already baptized, I baptize you in the name, etc.'
- ↑ "Can sacraments be repeated?". Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception – Springfield, IL. Archived from the original on 2021-01-19. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
However, even if somebody were to be "re-baptized" or "re-confirmed" in another church or religious group, we believe that nothing is taking place. It is simply a simulation of a sacrament that had already been received.
- 1 2 "Code of Canon Law - Book IV - Function of the Church (Cann. 834-878)". www.vatican.va. Archived from the original on 2019-06-16. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
Can. 845 §1 Because they imprint a character, the sacraments of baptism, confirmation and order cannot be repeated.
§2 If after diligent enquiry a prudent doubt remains as to whether the sacraments mentioned in §1 have been conferred at all, or conferred validly, they are to be conferred conditionally. - 1 2 "CCEO: text - IntraText CT". www.intratext.com. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
Canon 672
1. The sacraments of baptism, chrismation with holy myron and sacred ordination cannot be repeated. 2. If a prudent doubt exists as to whether they have been truly or validly celebrated, and the doubt remains after a serious investigation, they are to be administered conditionally. - 1 2 3 Feingold, Lawrence (2021-05-07). "Chapter Six: The Subject and the Minister of the Sacraments — 2. Necessary Conditions in the Recipient of the Sacraments – Living and Baptized; Conditional Administration". Touched by Christ: The Sacramental Economy. Emmaus Academic. ISBN 978-1-64585-098-4.
- ↑ Vignot, Bernard (2010). "Glossaire". Le phénomène des Eglises parallèles. Santier, Michel. Paris: Les éditions du Cerf. p. 114. ISBN 978-2-204-08801-5. OCLC 708360774.
Ordination sous condition : en latin, sub conditiones. Il s'agit d'une pratique très courante dans les Églises parallèles. Un évêque voulant accumuler sur sa tête un maximum de successions apostoliques d'origines diverses (romaine, vieille-catholique, orthodoxe, syrienne, copte...) se fera réordonner de multiples fois 'sous conditions'. On pense aussi que certains ecclésiastes d'Églises parallèles, doutant de la validité de leurs ordres et tenant à éviter toute contestation, se font réordonner pour plus de sûreté.
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