Timeline of Christianity

Last updated

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present. Question marks ('?') on dates indicate approximate dates.

Contents

The year one is the first year in the Christian calendar (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC.

Background historical timeline

Timeline of Jesus' ministry

Jesus began his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matthew 4:12–17 ). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry:

Prophecies

Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age.

Apostolic Age

Shortly after the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ (Nisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church was founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (Acts 1:15), followed by the events of


YearDateHistoryImage
37–41Crisis under Caligula is seen as the first clear conflict between Rome and the Jews [8]
Before 44 Epistle of James is written by James the Great, originally in Koine Greek.
Memorial to Lajos Fulep quoting James 3:17, "But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere." Fulep Lajos Baja.JPG
Memorial to Lajos Fülep quoting James 3:17, "But the wisdom that comes from heaven is first of all pure; then peace-loving, considerate, submissive, full of mercy and good fruit, impartial and sincere."
44?Death of Saint James the Great - According to a medieval tradition, on 2th of January of the year 40 AD, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on a pillar on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. Following that vision, St. James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44 AD during a Passover. Herod then proceeded to arrest St. Peter (Nisan 15) (Acts 12:1–3).
St. James the Apostle (1612-1613) Peter Paul Rubens - St James the Apostle - WGA20192.jpg
St. James the Apostle (1612-1613)
44The death of Herod Agrippa I(Last king of Judea) occurred when an angel of the Lord struck him down, resulting in him being eaten by worms and dying. [9] (Acts 12:20–23)
King Herod II Herod Agrippa medal.svg
King Herod II
44–46? Theudas was beheaded by Procurator Cuspius Fadus for saying he would part the Jordan River (like Moses with the Red Sea or Joshua with the Jordan). After him, Judas the Galilean rose up at the time of the census and gathered followers; he also perished, and all who followed him were scattered. [10] (Acts 5:36–37 places it before the Census of Quirinius)
45–49?Mission of Barnabas and Paul, (Acts 13:1–14:28) to Cyprus, Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe (there they were called "gods ... in human form"), then return to Syrian Antioch: Map1
47The Church of the East is created by Saint Thomas in the Persian Empire(Modern Day Iraq and Iran)
48Council of Jerusalem (Acts 15).

Gentile Christians accepted alongside those in the Jewish tradition.

48–100 Herod Agrippa II appointed King of the Jews by Claudius, seventh and last of the Herodians
Herod Agrippa II Herod Agrippa II medal.svg
Herod Agrippa II
49 Claudius expelled the Jews from Rome, stating, "the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus." [11] (referenced in Acts 18:2) [12]
Sculpture of Claudius Claudius crop.jpg
Sculpture of Claudius
50 Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20,000–30,000 killed [13] [14]
50? Council of Jerusalem and the "Apostolic Decree" of Acts 15:1–35, same as Galatians 2:1–10?, which is followed by the Incident at Antioch [15] at which Paul publicly accuses Peter of "Judaizing" (2:11–21); see also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
50–53?St. Paul's 2nd mission (Acts 15:36–18:22), split with Barnabas, to Phrygia, Galatia, Macedonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, "he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken", then return to Antioch; 1 Thessalonians, Galatians written? Map2. Lydia of Thyatira, a seller of purple, becomes the first European Christian convert [16] (Acts 16:11-15)
51–52 or 52–53Proconsulship of Gallio according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul [17]
52November 21 St. Thomas the Apostle lands in India. [18] [19] [20] Establishes churches at Kodungalloor, Palayoor, Paraur, Kottakkav, Kokkamangalam, Nilakkal, Niranam and Kollam
St. Thomas the Apostle Rubens apostel thomas.jpg
St. Thomas the Apostle
53–57?St. Paul's 3rd mission, (Acts 18:23–22:30), to Galatia, Phrygia, Corinth, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece, and Jerusalem where James the Just challenges him about rumor of teaching antinomianism (21:21); he addresses a crowd in their language (most likely Aramaic); Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philippians written? Map3
55?"Egyptian Prophet" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reenactment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix, [21] [22] Acts 21:38)
58?St. Paul arrested, accused of being a revolutionary, "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", teaching resurrection of the dead, imprisoned in Caesarea (Acts 23–26)
59?After St. Paul was shipwrecked on Malta, he was called a god. (Acts 28:6)
60?St. Paul in Rome was greeted by many "brothers". Three days later, he called together the Jewish leaders, who had not received any word from Judea about him but were curious about "this sect," which was spoken against everywhere. He tried to convince them from the "law and prophets", with partial success. He said the Gentiles would listen and spent two years proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching "the Lord Jesus Christ"(Acts 28:15–31 ); Epistle to Philemon written?
60–65The early date for the writing of the First Epistle of Peter is debated among scholars, but it is generally believed to have been written around this date. (written by Peter)
62 James the Just is stoned to death for law transgression by High Priest Ananus ben Artanus. Popular opinion against this act resulted in Ananus being deposed by the new procurator Lucceius Albinus [23]
St. James the Just Saint James the Just.jpg
St. James the Just
63–107? Simeon, 2nd Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified under Trajan
Simeon the Apostle SymeonTheApostle.jpg
Simeon the Apostle
64–68after July 18 Great Fire of Rome; Nero blames and persecutes the Christians (or Chrestians [24] ), possibly the earliest mention of Christians by that name, in Rome; see also Tacitus on Jesus; Paul beheaded? (Col 1:24,Eph 3:13,2 Tim 4:6–8,1Clem 5:5-7), Peter crucified upside-down? (Jn 21:18,1 Pet 5:13,Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics chapter XXXVI,Eusebius' Church History Book III chapter I), "...a vast multitude, were convicted, not so much of the crime of incendiarism as of hatred of the human race. And in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport; for they were wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights." (Annals (Tacitus) XV.44)
64/67(?)–76/79(?) Pope Linus succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)
64The Epistle to the Hebrews written by an Unknown Author
65The Q document, a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in the writing of Matthew and Luke
66–73 First Jewish–Roman War: destruction of Herod's Temple and end of Judaism according to Supersessionism; Qumran community (site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947) destroyed
70(+/–10)? Gospel of Mark, written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), The original ending of the gospel is believed to be lost, and additional endings were added around c. 400(Mark 16)
The end of Mark 15 (excluding verse 47 Mark 16 first lines, Codex Sinaiticus.png
The end of Mark 15 (excluding verse 47
70?The Signs Gospel written, hypothetical Greek text used in the Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah
Saint John the Evangelist, Domenichino Zampieri St John Evangelist.jpg
Saint John the Evangelist, Domenichino
70–100?Additional Pauline Epistles(??)
70-132The Epistle of Barnabas (Apostolic Fathers)
70–200?The Gospel of Thomas, the Jewish-Christian Gospels: the Gospel of the Ebionites, the Gospel of the Hebrews, the Gospel of the Nazarenes Will come back to edit this
Gospel of Thomas and The Secret Book of John El Evangelio de Tomas-Gospel of Thomas- Codex II Manuscritos de Nag Hammadi-The Nag Hammadi manuscripts.png
Gospel of Thomas and The Secret Book of John
72July 3Martyrdom of St. Thomas the Apostle at Chinnamala, Mylapore, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
76/79(?)–88 Pope Anacletus: first Greek Pope, who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)
Pope Anacletus Interior of Chiesa dei Gesuiti (Venice) - sacristy - Papa Cleto - 1592-1593 - by Palma il Giovane.jpg
Pope Anacletus
80(+/-20)the Didache written in Koine Greek
80(+/-20)?The Gospel of Matthew, based on Mark and Q, most popular in Early Christianity
Gospel of Matthew POxy v0064 n4404 a 01 hires.jpg
Gospel of Matthew
80(+/-20)?The Gospel of Luke, based on Mark and Q, also Acts of the Apostles by same author
Gospel of Luke Luke 13.29-35 and 14.10 (CBL BP I, f.15r).jpg
Gospel of Luke
80(+/-20)?The Pastoral Epistles written (possible post-Pauline authorship)
88–101? Clement, fourth Bishop of Rome: wrote Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians (Apostolic Fathers)
90? Council of Jamnia of Judaism (disputed); Domitian applies the Fiscus Judaicus tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews" [25]
90(+/-10)?The late date for the writing of 1 Peter (associate of Peter as author)
94 Testimonium Flavianum, disputed section of Jewish Antiquities by Josephus in Aramaic, translated to Koine Greek
95(+/-30)?The Gospel of John and the Epistles of John
90The Book of Revelation written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his
96 Nerva modifies the Fiscus Judaicus, from then on, practicing Jews must pay taxes while Christians do not [26]
98–117? Ignatius, third Bishop of Antioch, fed to the lions in the Roman Colosseum, advocated the Bishop (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1,6:1,7:1,13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy 8:1,9:1), rejected Sabbath on Saturday in favor of "The Lord's Day" (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejected Judaizing (Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the term catholic (Smy 8:2).
100(+/-10)?The Epistle of Jude was likely written by Jude, a doubting relative of Jesus(Mark 6:3). It was rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to the apocryphal Book of Enoch.


Ante-Nicene period

First Seven Ecumenical Councils

Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarians such as Arius, Theonas, Secundus of Ptolemais, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Theognis of Nicaea who were excommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and passed 20 Canon laws such as Canon VII which granted special recognition to Jerusalem.

Middle Ages

Renaissance

Reformation

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ H. H. Ben-Sasson (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. p. 246. ISBN   0-674-39731-2. When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea.
  2. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XVIII (JA18), earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  3. ↑ John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew , v. 1, ch. 11; also H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN   0-674-39731-2, page 251: "But after the first agitation (which occurred in the wake of the first Roman census) had faded out, we no longer hear of bloodshed in Judea until the days of Pilate."
  4. ↑ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 36;
    • Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius: "The Jewish deputation which petitioned for the deposition of the royal house of the Idumeans was joined by 8,000 Jewish residents of Rome. Several Romans adopted Jewish customs, and some, as the rhetor Cilicius of Kalakte, a friend of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, even embraced Judaism (Müller, "Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum", iii. 331). The reign of Tiberius (until the removal of his minister Sejanus) was fraught with misfortune for the Jews. When the cult of Isis was driven out of Rome (19 CE.) the Jews also were expelled, because a Roman lady who inclined toward Judaism had been deceived by Jewish swindlers. The synagogues were closed, the vessels burned, and 4,000 Jewish youths were sent upon military service to Sardinia. After the death of Sejanus (31) the emperor allowed the Jews to return.";
    • Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (and Abraham Malamat contributor) A History of the Jewish People , Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN   978-0674397316, page 288 quote: "Explicit evidence of a systematic attempt to propagate the Jewish faith in the city of Rome is found as early as 139 BCE. With the increase of the Jewish population of Rome, the Jews intensified their efforts to make converts among the Romans. Although the activity of Jewish missionaries in Roman society caused Tiberius to expel them from that city in 19 CE, they soon returned, and Jewish religious propaganda was resumed and maintained even after the destruction of the Temple. Tacitus mentions it regretfully (Histories 5.5), and Juvenal, in his Fourteenth Satire (11. 96ff.), describes how Roman families 'degenerated' into Judaism: the fathers permitted themselves to adopt some of its customs and the sons became Jews in every respect." ... [last sentence of next paragraph:] "In addition, the Bible provided the apostles of Judaism with a literature unparalleled in any other religion."
  5. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XVIII (JA18) section 4.2, earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  6. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XVIII (JA18) section 5.2, earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  7. ↑ G. J. Goldberg. "John the Baptist and Josephus" . Retrieved 2006-08-16.
  8. ↑ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN   0-674-39731-2, The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula, pages 254-256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the Julio-Claudian empire. Until then — if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the census after Archelaus' banishment — there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."
  9. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XIX (JA19), section 8.2, earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  10. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX (JA20), section 5.1 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  11. ↑ A. J. MAAS (2003). Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ. Retrieved January 23, 2006. Walter Bauer's et al. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, 1979, under Christos notes: "as a personal name; the Gentiles must have understood Christos in this way to them it seemed very much like Chrestos [even in pronunciation ...], a name that is found in lit."
  12. ↑ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Claudius XXV.4; Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius: "... in 49–50, in consequence of dissensions among them regarding the advent of the Messiah, they were forbidden to hold religious services. The leaders in the controversy, and many others of the Jewish citizens, left the city."
  13. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX (JA20), section 5.3 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  14. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Early Jewish Writings- The Wars Of The Jews JW2.12.1 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  15. ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers see section titled: "THE INCIDENT AT ANTIOCH"
  16. ↑ Cumming, John (1998). Butler's Lives of the Saints. Collgeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. p. 24
  17. ↑ Pauline Chronology: His Life and Missionary Work, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
  18. ↑ "Thomas The Apostole". stthoma.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 2020-05-14.
  19. ↑ Staff Reporter (23 May 2013). "More studies needed at Pattanam". The Hindu. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  20. ↑ "About Thomas The Apostle". stthoma.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  21. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Early Jewish Writings- The Wars Of The Jews JW2.13.5 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  22. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX (JA20), section 8.6 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  23. ↑ Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews - Book XX (JA20), section 9.1 earlyjewishwritings.com, accessed 2024-11-13
  24. ↑ In the earliest extant manuscript containing Annales 15:44, the second Medicean, the e in "Chrestianos", Chrestians, has been changed into an i; cf. Gerd Theißen, Annette Merz, Der historische Jesus: ein Lehrbuch, 2001, p. 89. The reading Christianos, Christians, is therefore doubtful.
  25. ↑ Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Iudaicus, Suetonius's Domitian XII: "Besides other taxes, that on the Jews [A tax of two drachmas a head, imposed by Titus in return for free permission to practice their religion; see Josephus, Bell. Jud. 7.6.6] was levied with the utmost rigor, and those were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledging that faith, yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upon their people [These may have been Christians, whom the Romans commonly assumed were Jews]. I recall being present in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised."
  26. ↑ Wylen, Stephen M., The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, Paulist Press (1995), ISBN   0-8091-3610-4, pp. 190–192.; Dunn, James D.G., Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), ISBN   0-8028-4498-7, Pp 33-34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, The Romans: From Village to Empire, Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN   0-19-511875-8, p. 426.;
  27. ↑ Neill, p. 28
  28. ↑ Jewish Encyclopedia: Tarfon: "R. Ṭarfon was extremely bitter against those Jews who had been converted to the new faith; and he swore that he would burn every book of theirs which should fall into his hands (Shab. 116a), his feeling being so intense that he had no scruples against destroying the Gospels, although the name of God occurred frequently in them."
  29. ↑ "ANTITHESIS" . Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  30. 1 2 3 Barrett, p. 23
  31. ↑ Neill, p. 30
  32. ↑ Ingram, James. The Saxon chronicle with an English translation and notes, critical and explanatory, 1823, p. 10
  33. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Dionysius" . Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  34. ↑ Eusebius' EH 4 c.23 v.12
  35. ↑ Ante-Nicene Fathers, v.8
  36. ↑ Glover, 20
  37. ↑ Dickens, Mark. "Church of the East Timeline". www.oxuscomb. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
  38. ↑ Herbermann, p. 385
  39. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caius (3rd Century)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
  40. ↑ Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Ca... www.ccel.org
  41. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Caius (3rd Century)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  42. ↑ "ANF05. Fathers of the Third Century: Hippolytus, Cyprian, Caius, Novatian, Appendix". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  43. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Monarchians". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  44. ↑ Latourette, 1941, vol. I, 145
  45. ↑ Herbermann, p. 282
  46. ↑ Neill, p. 31
  47. ↑ "timeline". www.oxuscom.com.
  48. ↑ Herbermann, p. 481
  49. ↑ Richard McBrien The Church (New York: HarperOne, 2008) 390
  50. ↑ Latourette, 1941, vol. I, p. 89
  51. ↑ Walsh, Martin de Porres. The Ancient Black Christians, Julian Richardson Associates, 1969, p. 5
  52. ↑ Barrett, p. 24
  53. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Lapsi". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  54. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Eusebius". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  55. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Synods of Arles". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  56. ↑ "NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  57. ↑ The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, pages 414-415
  58. ↑ Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2007). "7 – Georgian Christianity". The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. p. 138. ISBN   978-1-4443-3361-9 . Retrieved 11 May 2012.
  59. ↑ "The Seventh Arian Confession". ecole.evansville.edu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  60. ↑ Theodosian Code XVI.1.2 Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions by Paul Halsall, June 1997, Fordham University, retrieved September 25, 2006; Theodosian Code XVI.1.2; Catholic Encyclopedia: Theodosius I: "In February, 380, he and Gratian published the famous edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the Bishops of Rome and Alexandria (Cod. Theod., XVI, I, 2; Sozomen, VII, 4)."
  61. ↑ "Evagrius Scholasticus, Ecclesiastical History (AD431-594), translated by E. Walford (1846). Introduction". www.ccel.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  62. ↑ Paul Moses, "Mission Improbable: St. Francis and the Sultan" Commonweal 25 September 2009, 16.
  63. ↑ "NOMBRE DE DIOS Mission in Spanish La Florida". flspmissions.tripod.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  64. ↑ "What think you, loving people, and how seem you affected, seeing that you now understand and know, that we acknowledge ourselves truly and sincerely to profess Christ, condemn the Pope, addict ourselves to the true Philosophy, lead a Christian life (...)".
  65. ↑ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Evangelical Church". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  66. ↑ "KOREA: FACING ANOTHER THREAT…". publicorthodoxy.org. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
  67. ↑ "Beauraing 1932". www.marypages.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  68. ↑ "The Lady of All Nations – Family of Mary". www.laudate.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  69. ↑ "Messages of Our Lady at Akita Japan". www.newjerusalem.com. Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  70. ↑ APPROVED APPARITIONS: Our Lady of Kibeho faithofthefathersapparitions.blogspot.com This was an ominious foreshadowing of the Rwanda Genocide of 1994.
  71. ↑ "Evangelicals and Catholics Together". www.leaderu.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  72. ↑ "Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals, Inc". www.alliancenet.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  73. ↑ Virgin Mary 'appears over Egyptian church', Independent Online – South Africa, August 31, 2000
  74. ↑ Holy Lights in Assiut: Apparition in Assiut: Eyewitness Account, Upper Egypt www.zeitun-eg.org March/April 2006, accessed 2024-11-13
  75. ↑ "Eyewitness: Baghdad church siege", 1 November 2010, www.bbc.com, accessed 2024-11-13

Sources

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Primacy of Peter</span> Position of preeminence attributed to Peter

The primacy of Peter, also known as Petrine primacy, is the position of preeminence that is attributed to Peter among the Twelve Apostles.

Catholicity is a concept pertaining to beliefs and practices that are widely accepted by numerous Christian denominations, most notably by those Christian denominations that describe themselves as catholic in accordance with the Four Marks of the Church, as expressed in the Nicene Creed formulated at the First Council of Constantinople in 381: "[I believe] in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church." The English adjective catholic is derived from the Ancient Greek adjective καθολικός, meaning "general", "universal". Thus, "catholic" means that in the Church the wholeness of the Christian faith, full and complete, all-embracing, and with nothing lacking, is proclaimed to all people without excluding any part of the faith or any class or group of people. An early definition for what is "catholic" was summarized in what is known as the Vincentian Canon in the 5th century Commonitory: "what has been believed everywhere, always, and by all."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity in Botswana</span>

More than 70% of the population of Botswana is Christian. Most are members of the Anglican, United Congregational Church of Southern Africa, the Methodist Church of Southern Africa, and African independent churches. Anglicans are part of the Church of the Province of Central Africa. The Roman Catholic Church includes about 5% of the nation's population.

The doctrine of the Trinity, considered the core of Christian theology by Trinitarians, is the result of continuous exploration by the church of the biblical data, thrashed out in debate and treatises, eventually formulated at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 in a way they believe is consistent with the biblical witness, and further refined in later councils and writings. The most widely recognized Biblical foundations for the doctrine's formulation are in the Gospel of John, which possess ideas reflected in Platonism and Greek philosophy.

The Four Marks of the Church, also known as the Attributes of the Church, describes four distinctive adjectives of traditional Christian ecclesiology as expressed in the Nicene Creed completed at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381: "[We believe] in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">First seven ecumenical councils</span> Early Christian governance councils

In the history of Christianity, the first seven ecumenical councils include the following: the First Council of Nicaea in 325, the First Council of Constantinople in 381, the Council of Ephesus in 431, the Council of Chalcedon in 451, the Second Council of Constantinople in 553, the Third Council of Constantinople from 680 to 681 and finally, the Second Council of Nicaea in 787. All of the seven councils were convened in what is now the country of Turkey.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antichrist</span> Figure in the New Testament

In Christian eschatology, Antichrist refers to a kind of person prophesied by the Bible to oppose Jesus Christ and falsely substitute themselves as a savior in Christ's place before the Second Coming. The term Antichrist is found four times in the New Testament, solely in the First and Second Epistle of John. Antichrist is announced as one "who denies the Father and the Son."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity in the 4th century</span>

Christianity in the 4th century was dominated in its early stage by Constantine the Great and the First Council of Nicaea of 325, which was the beginning of the period of the First seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787), and in its late stage by the Edict of Thessalonica of 380, which made Nicene Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity in the 5th century</span>

In the 5th century in Christianity, there were many developments which led to further fracturing of the State church of the Roman Empire. Emperor Theodosius II called two synods in Ephesus, one in 431 and one in 449, that addressed the teachings of Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius and similar teachings. Nestorius had taught that Christ's divine and human nature were distinct persons, and hence Mary was the mother of Christ but not the mother of God. The Council rejected Nestorius' view causing many churches, centered on the School of Edessa, to a Nestorian break with the imperial church. Persecuted within the Roman Empire, many Nestorians fled to Persia and joined the Sassanid Church thereby making it a center of Nestorianism. By the end of the 5th century, the global Christian population was estimated at 10-11 million. In 451 the Council of Chalcedon was held to clarify the issue further. The council ultimately stated that Christ's divine and human nature were separate but both part of a single entity, a viewpoint rejected by many churches who called themselves miaphysites. The resulting schism created a communion of churches, including the Armenian, Syrian, and Egyptian churches, that is today known as Oriental Orthodoxy. In spite of these schisms, however, the imperial church still came to represent the majority of Christians within the Roman Empire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of Christianity</span> Overview of and topical guide to Christianity

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Christianity:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christianity in late antiquity</span>

Christianity in late antiquity traces Christianity during the Christian Roman Empire — the period from the rise of Christianity under Emperor Constantine, until the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The end-date of this period varies because the transition to the sub-Roman period occurred gradually and at different times in different areas. One may generally date late ancient Christianity as lasting to the late 6th century and the re-conquests under Justinian of the Byzantine Empire, though a more traditional end-date is 476, the year in which Odoacer deposed Romulus Augustus, traditionally considered the last western emperor.

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as interpreted in the Bible. It is the largest religion in the world, with 2.4 billion people, known as Christians, that adhere to the religion.

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