Demoscene

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The demoscene is an international computer art subculture focused on producing demos: self-contained, sometimes extremely small, computer programs that produce audiovisual presentations. The purpose of a demo is to show off programming, visual art, and musical skills. Demos and other demoscene productions (graphics, music, videos, games) are shared, voted on and released online at festivals known as demoparties.

Contents

The scene started with the home computer revolution of the early 1980s, and the subsequent advent of software cracking. [1] Crackers altered the code of computer games to remove copy protection, claiming credit by adding introduction screens of their own ("cracktros"). They soon started competing for the best visual presentation of these additions. [2] Through the making of intros and stand-alone demos, a new community eventually evolved, independent of the gaming [3] :29–30 and software sharing scenes.

Demos are informally classified into several categories, mainly of size-restricted intros. The most typical competition categories for intros are the 64k intro and the 4K intro, where the size of the executable file is restricted to 65536 and 4096 bytes, respectively. In other competitions the choice of platform is restricted; only 8-bit computers like the Atari 800 or Commodore 64, or the 16-bit Amiga or Atari ST. Such restrictions provide a challenge for coders, musicians, and graphics artists, to make a device do more than was intended in its original design.

History

Second Reality is a demo by Future Crew. FC-SR-logo.jpg
Second Reality is a demo by Future Crew.

The earliest computer programs that have some resemblance to demos and demo effects can be found among the so-called display hacks. Display hacks predate the demoscene by several decades, with the earliest examples dating back to the early 1950s. [5]

Demos in the demoscene sense began as software crackers' "signatures", that is, crack screens and crack intros attached to software whose copy protection was removed. The first crack screens appeared on the Apple II in the early 1980s, and they were often nothing but plain text screens crediting the cracker or their group. Gradually, these static screens evolved into increasingly impressive-looking introductions containing animated effects and music. Eventually, many cracker groups started to release intro-like programs separately, without being attached to unlicensed software. [6] These programs were initially known by various names, such as letters or messages, but they later came to be known as demos.[ citation needed ]

In 1980, Atari, Inc. began using a looping demo with visual effects and music to show the features of the Atari 400/800 computers in stores. [7] At the 1985 Consumer Electronics Show, Atari showed a demoscene-style demo for its latest 8-bit computers that alternated between a 3D walking robot and a flying spaceship, each with its own music, and animating larger objects than typically seen on those systems; the two sections were separated by the Atari logo. [8] The program was released to the public. Also in 1985, a large, spinning, checkered ball—casting a translucent shadow—was the signature demo of what the hardware was capable of when Commodore's Amiga was announced.

Simple demo-like music collections were put together on the C64 in 1985 by Charles Deenen, inspired by crack intros, using music taken from games and adding some homemade color graphics.[ citation needed ] In the following year the movement now known as the demoscene was born. The Dutch groups 1001 Crew and The Judges, both Commodore 64-based, are often mentioned[ by whom? ] among the earliest demo groups. While competing with each other in 1986, they both produced pure demos with original graphics and music involving more than just casual work, and used extensive hardware trickery. At the same time demos from others, such as Antony Crowther, had started circulating on Compunet in the United Kingdom.

Culture

The demoscene is mainly a European phenomenon. [9] It is a competition-oriented subculture, with groups and individual artists competing against each other in technical and artistic excellence. Those who achieve excellence are dubbed "elite", while those who do not follow the demoscene's implicit rules are called "lamers"; such rules emphasize creativity over "ripping" (or else using with permission) the works of others, having good contacts within the scene, and showing effort rather than asking for help. [9] Both this competitiveness and the sense of cooperation among demosceners have led to comparisons with the earlier hacker culture in academic computing. [9] [10] :159 The demoscene is a closed subculture, which seeks and receives little mainstream public interest. [3] :4As of 2010, the size of the scene was estimated at some 10,000. [11]

In the early days, competition came in the form of setting records, like the number of "bobs" (blitter objects) on the screen per frame, or the number of DYCP (Different Y Character Position) scrollers on a C64.[ citation needed ] These days, there are organized competitions, or compos, held at demoparties, although there have been some online competitions. It has also been common for diskmags to have voting-based charts which provide ranking lists for the best coders, graphicians, musicians, demos and other things.

In 2020, Finland added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. [12] It is the first digital subculture to be put on an intangible cultural heritage list. In 2021, Germany and Poland also added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage, [13] [14] followed by Netherlands in 2023. [15]

Groups

Interceptor by Black Maiden Demo PC BlackMaiden Interceptor.jpg
Interceptor by Black Maiden

Demosceners typically organize in small groups, centered around a coder (programmer), a musician, a graphician (graphics designer) and a swapper (who spreads their own and others' creations by mail).

Groups always have names, and similarly the individual members pick a handle by which they will be addressed in the large community. While the practice of using handles rather than real names is a borrowing from the cracker/warez culture, where it serves to hide the identity of the cracker from law enforcement, in the demoscene (oriented toward legal activities) it mostly serves as a manner of self-expression. Group members tend to self-identify with the group, often extending their handle with their group's name, following the patterns "Handle of Group" or "Handle/Group". [3] :31–32

Parties

Assembly 2004 - a combination of a demoparty and a LAN party Assembly2004-areena01.jpg
Assembly 2004 – a combination of a demoparty and a LAN party

A demoparty is an event where demosceners [16] and other computer enthusiasts gather to take part in competitions, nicknamed compos, [17] where they present demos (short audio-visual presentations of computer art) and other works such as digital art and music. A typical demoparty is a non-stop event spanning a weekend, providing the visitors a lot of time to socialize. The competing works, at least those in the most important competitions, are usually shown at night, using a video projector and loudspeakers. [18]

The most important competition is usually the demo compo. [19] The Assembly is the biggest demoscene party. [20] The Gathering became more of a players' party, the worlds largest computerparty. [21]

Concept

The visitors of a demoparty often bring their own computers to compete and show their works. To this end, most parties provide a large hall with tables, electricity and usually a local area network connected to the Internet. In this respect, many demoparties resemble LAN parties, and many of the largest events also gather gamers and other computer enthusiasts in addition to demosceners. A major difference between a real demoparty and a LAN party is that demosceners typically spend more time socializing (often outside the actual party hall) than in front of their computers. [22]

List of demoparties

Party nameLocationYearsDescription
7DX Party Istanbul, Turkey 2002–20157DX was an annual demoparty that has been held since 2002 in Turkey. It is Turkey's first demo party that consists of demo-oriented competitions.
Abstract Gliwice, Poland 2001–2005A demo party organized annually with lots of demos, intros, chiptune music.
Alternative Party Helsinki, Finland 1998–2013An alternative party visited mostly by demo scene veterans.
Arok Party Ajka, Hungary 1999–8-bit party, held each summer.
Art Engine São Paulo, Brazil 2012The second Brazilian demoparty ever organized.
Assembly Helsinki, Finland 1992–One of the longest-running demo parties in the world. Associated with Boozembly.
@party (Atparty) Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA2010–Annual demo party in Massachusetts.
BIRDIE Uppsala, Sweden 1993–Oldest LAN Party of Sweden with a Demoscene
Bizarre Etten-Leur, Netherlands 1994–2000First PC demo party in The Netherlands. The first edition was held in Nijmegen, all others in Etten-Leur.
Blockparty / PixelJam Cleveland, Ohio, USA2007–2010, 2011–2012Both parties held in conjunction with Notacon.
BCN Party Barcelona 2000–2007The only demoscene party in Barcelona.
Breakpoint Bingen, Germany 2003–2010Formerly the world's largest "scene-only" demoparty, successor of the Mekka & Symposium party series. Followed by Revision.
CAFePARTY Kazan, Russia 1999–Main oldschool party in Russia.
Chaos Constructions Saint Petersburg, Russia 1999–The largest demoparty in ex-Soviet countries, successor of the Enlight parties.
Cookie Paris, France 2016–The demoparty in Paris succeeding to DemoJS, but leaving out the focus on web technologies.
Coven Adelaide, Australia 1995–2001Started at Adelaide Uni then later changed venues to Ngapartji Multimedia Centre. Organised by local groups POP and FTS.
Datastorm Gothenburg, Sweden 2010–2019 Amiga/C64 copy party.
Deadline Berlin, Germany 2014–Annual demoparty/computer arts festival in Berlin, organized by Computerkunst e.V.
Demobit Bratislava, Slovakia 1995–The biggest multiplatform party in Slovakia. Resurrected after 20 years in 2017.
DemoJS Paris, France 2011–2014The only demoparty strictly focused on open web technologies. Followed by Cookie.
Demosplash Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA2011–Hosted by the Carnegie Mellon University Computer Club.
DiHalt  [ ru ] Nizhny Novgorod, Russia 1999–Second largest demoparty in Russia (after Chaos Constructions).
DreamHack Jönköping, Sweden 1994–World's largest LAN-party, which later became more of Gaming party / E-Sports event.
Equinox [23] France1988–2007Atari ST and PC
Euskal Encounter Basque Country, Spain1994–Originated as a pure Amiga Demo Party, now is a Lan and Demo Party
Evoke Köln, Germany1997–Demoparty organized by Digitale Kultur
Flashback Sydney, Australia 2011–2015, 2019–
Flashparty Buenos Aires, Argentina 1998–2001, 2003–2005, 2007, 2018–First Demoparty in Latin America
Forever Horná Súča, Slovakia 2000–8-bit party, C64, Spectrum and Atari
Function Budapest, Hungary2003–
Gardening Patras, Greece1995–1997First demoparty in Greece.
The Gathering Hamar, Norway 1992–Norway's largest demoparty, which later became more of a LAN/game-party.
Gubbdata Lund, Sweden 2012–2022 Amiga/C64 demo party. Organized by Genesis Project.
Hackerence Härnösand, Sweden 1989–2000Organized by the youth club ComUn (Computer Union).
Horde Udine, Italy2007A result of a split from the computer event Codex Alpe Adria to focus on demo scene only.
Icons Artparty Helsinki, Finland 2007, 2008, 2012–Demoparty and a festival of electronic art.
Inércia Demoparty Portugal 2001–2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2018–2022Oldest running Portuguese demoparty.
Kindergarden Haga, Norway 1994–2014Used to be the oldest pure demoparty in the world, hasn't been held since 2014.
Last Party Opalenica, Poland 1997–2003, 2017Winter Atari copy party.
Lato Ludzików Opalenica, Poland 1999–2002Summer Atari copy party.
LayerOne Demoparty Pasadena, California 2014–Newish demoparty held every year at the LayerOne Security Conference
Lost Party Licheń Stary, Poland 2019–Summer 8-bit demo party.
Lovebyte Netherlands 2021–Demoparty dedicated to sizecoding
Mekka & Symposium Fallingbostel, Germany1996–2002One of the most respected demoparties. Part of the organizing staff went on to create Breakpoint.
Movement Ashkelon, Israel1995–1998The yearly demo party of the demoscene in Israel.
NAID Longueuil, Quebec, Canada1995–1996The first, and to date, largest demoparty in North America.
Nordlicht Bremen, Germany2012–First pure demoscene party in Bremen since the Siliconvention in 1997.
NOVA Exeter, UK2017–
Nullarbor Perth, Australia2006–2008 [24] [25] [26]
NVScene San Jose, California, USA2008, 2014, 2015Held in conjunction with Nvision (an nVidia conference) in 2008.
Optimise Johannesburg, South Africa2000–The primary SA demo party.
Outline Ommen, Netherlands2004–Atari and all other platforms.
The Party Aars, Denmark 1991–2002One of the oldest and largest parties. [27] [28] [29] [30]
Pilgrimage Salt Lake City, Utah, USA2003–2005 [31] [32]
QBParty Sülysáp, Hungary2015–On the first weekend after 10 May in each year.
Revision Saarbrücken, Germany2011–The world's largest "scene-only" demoparty, successor of the Breakpoint party series.
Rewired Maaseik, Belgium
Hasselt, Belgium
2008–2014 [33] [34] [35]
Riverwash Katowice, Poland2007–2018
Saturne PartyParis, France1993–1997
Silly Venture Gdańsk, Poland2000, 2010–2014, 2016–2019, 2021Originally exclusively for the Atari scene, since the 2020+1 Summer it has become multiplatform
SolskogenFlateby, Norway2002–Started in Ås, Norway, but moved to Flateby in 2013. Close to 200 participants.
Somewhere in Holland Nijmegen, Netherlands1993, 1995Demoparty in The Netherlands.
Sundown Exeter, UK2005–2016The first UK-based party since 1999.
Syntax Party Melbourne, Australia2007–Melbourne's biggest and (currently) only demoparty.
Takeover Eindhoven, The Netherlands1997–2001The first instalment was named X'97 Takeover, as it was held together with the X party.
The Ultimate Meeting Griesheim, Germany 1999–One of the biggest German demoparties, initially thought as a warm-up meeting for The Party. It finally moved to the same date as The Party when it was clear that The Party became obsolete.
VIP Lyon, France1999–2002, 2008–Organized by PoPsY TeAm, this is the oldest pure demoscene party still ongoing in France.
Wired Mons, Belgium1994–1998 [36] [37] [38]
X Someren, Netherlands1995– Commodore 64 party, currently held about every second year. Last one was on June 2–4, 2023. In 1995 and 1996 also a PC demo party, in 1997 combined with Takeover. [39]
Xenium Katowice, Poland1999, 2019–Successor of Riverwash event.

64K intro

A 64K intro is a demo with an executable file size limit of 64 kibibytes, or 65,536 bytes. This is a traditional limit inherited from the maximum size of a COM file. Demos traditionally were limited by RAM size, or later by storage size. By the early 1990s, demo sizes grew, so categories were created for limited sizes that forced developers to not simply stream data from storage.

To reduce the file size, 64K intros often use executable compression and procedural generation, such as sound synthesis, mesh generation, procedural textures, and procedural animation. [40] [41]

fr-08, a 64k PC demo by Farbrausch released at The Party 2000 in Aars has since been claimed [42] to mark a watershed moment in the popularity of the category. Others include Chaos Theory by Conspiracy (2006), Gaia Machina by Approximate (2012), [43] F — Felix's Workshop by Ctrl-Alt-Test (2012) [44] Fermi paradox by Mercury (2016), [45] [46] and Darkness Lay Your Eyes Upon Me by Conspiracy (2016). [46]

Awards

Every year, awards in the demoscene celebrate the creativity, technical prowess, and artistic vision of demoscene groups and individuals:

Influence

Although demos are a rather obscure form of art, even in traditionally active demoscene countries, the scene has influenced areas such as computer games industry and new media art. [47] [48] [49]

Many European game programmers, artists, and musicians have come from the demoscene, often cultivating the learned techniques, practices and philosophies in their work. For example, the Finnish company Remedy Entertainment, known for the Max Payne series of games, was founded by the PC group Future Crew, and most of its employees are former or active Finnish demosceners. [50] [51] Sometimes demos even provide direct influence even to game developers that have no demoscene affiliation: for instance, Will Wright names demoscene as a major influence on the Maxis game Spore, which is largely based on procedural content generation. [52] Similarly, at QuakeCon in 2011, John Carmack noted that he "thinks highly" of people who do 64k intros, as an example of artificial limitations encouraging creative programming. [53] Jerry Holkins from Penny Arcade claimed to have an "abiding love" for the demoscene, and noted that it is "stuff worth knowing". [54]

Certain forms of computer art have a strong affiliation with the demoscene. Tracker music, for example, originated in the Amiga game industry but was soon heavily dominated by demoscene musicians; producer Adam Fielding [55] claims to have tracker/demoscene roots. Currently, there is a major tracking scene separate from the actual demoscene. A form of static computer graphics where demosceners have traditionally excelled is pixel art; see artscene for more information on the related subculture.[ citation needed ] Origins of creative coding tools like Shadertoy and Three.js can be directly traced back to the scene. [56]

Over the years, desktop computer hardware capabilities have improved by orders of magnitude, and so for most programmers, tight hardware restrictions are no longer a common issue. Nevertheless, demosceners continue to study and experiment with creating impressive effects on limited hardware. Since handheld consoles and cellular phones have comparable processing power or capabilities to the desktop platforms of old (such as low resolution screens which require pixel art, or very limited storage and memory for music replay), many demosceners have been able to apply their niche skills to develop games for these platforms, and earn a living doing so.[ citation needed ] One particular example is Angry Birds , whose lead designer Jaakko Iisalo was an active and well-known demoscener in the 1990s. [57] Unity Technologies is another notable example; its technical leads on iPhone, Android and Nintendo Switch platforms Renaldas Zioma and Erik Hemming [58] [59] are authors of Suicide Barbie [60] demo for the Playstation Portable console, which was released in 2007.

Some attempts have been made to increase the familiarity of demos as an art form. For example, there have been demo shows, demo galleries and demoscene-related books, sometimes even TV programs introducing the subculture and its works. [61] [ original research? ]

The museum IT-ceum in Linköping, Sweden, has an exhibition about the demoscene. [62]

Video game industry

4players.de reported that "numerous" demo and intro programmers, artists, and musicians were employed in the games industry by 2007. Video game companies with demoscene members on staff included Digital Illusions, Starbreeze, Ascaron, [63] 49Games, Remedy, Techland, Lionhead Studios, [64] Bugbear, Digital Reality, Guerrilla Games, and Akella. [65]

The tracker music which is part of demoscene culture could be found in many video games of the late 1980s to early 2000s, such as Lemmings , Jazz Jackrabbit , One Must Fall: 2097 , Crusader: No Remorse , the Unreal series, Deus Ex , Bejeweled , and Uplink . [66]

See also

Platforms

Software

Websites

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amiga demos</span> Set of demos for the Amiga home computer

Amiga demos are demos created for the Amiga home computer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crack intro</span> Credit sequence added to cracked software

A crack intro, also known as a cracktro, loader, or just intro, is a small introduction sequence added to cracked software. It aims to inform the user which "cracking crew" or individual cracker removed the software's copy protection and distributed the crack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demogroup</span> Group of demoscene creators

Demogroups are teams of demosceners, who make computer based audio-visual works of art known as demos. Demogroups form a subculture collectively known as the demoscene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Future Crew</span> Former Finnish demogroup

Future Crew was a Finnish demogroup that created PC demos and software, active mostly between 1987 and 1994.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assembly (demoparty)</span> Finnish demoscene and gaming event

The Assembly demoparty is an annual demoscene and gaming event in Finland. It is the biggest and the longest standing demoscene party. The Summer event takes place every year at Messukeskus in Helsinki, between late July and early August, and lasts three to four days. The 2020 edition was held online.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commodore 64 demos</span>

The Commodore 64 (C64) demos are demonstrations of what can be done to push the limits of the Commodore 64 computer, made by programmers, musicians and artists.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LAN party</span> Temporary gathering of people with computers or game consoles

A LAN party is a social gathering of participants with personal computers or compatible game consoles, where a local area network (LAN) connection is established between the devices using a router or switch, primarily for the purpose of playing multiplayer video games together. LAN party events differ significantly from LAN gaming centers and Internet cafes in that LAN parties generally require participants to bring your own computer (BYOC) and are not permanent installations, often taking place in general-use venues or residences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Gathering (LAN party)</span>

The Gathering is a computer party which is held annually in Vikingskipet Olympic Arena in Hamar, Norway, and lasts for five consecutive days. Each year, TG attracts more than 5200 people, with attendance increasing every year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pixel art</span> Form of digital art

Pixel art is a form of digital art drawn with graphical software where images are built using pixels as the only building block. It is widely associated with the low-resolution graphics from 8-bit and 16-bit era computers, arcade machines and video game consoles, in addition to other limited systems such as LED displays and graphing calculators, which have a limited number of pixels and colors available. The art form is still employed to this day by pixel artists and game studios, even though the technological limitations have since been surpassed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breakpoint (demoparty)</span> Former annual demoscene party

Breakpoint was an annual demoscene party held in Bingen, Germany during Easter from 2003 to 2010. The successor to Mekka & Symposium, an annual German demoscene party that had ended in 2002, Breakpoint grew to become the largest annual event focused solely on the demoscene. It attained over 1000 visitors at its height, attracting demosceners from Germany, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Spain, Australia, and Canada, among others. It was also the host of the Scene.org Awards ceremony from 2003 to 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Reality</span> PC demo by Future Crew

Second Reality is an IBM PC compatible demo created by the Finnish demogroup Future Crew. It debuted at the Assembly 1993 demoparty on July 30, 1993, where it was entered into the PC demo competition, and finished in first place with its demonstration of 2D and 3D computer graphics rendering. The demo was released to the public in October 1993. It is considered to be one of the best demos created during the early 1990s on the PC; in 1999 Slashdot voted it one of the "Top 10 Hacks of All Time". Its source code was released in a GitHub repository as public domain software using the Unlicense on the 20th anniversary of the release on 1 August 2013.

<i>Hugi</i> Demoscene disk magazine

Hugi is one of the longest lasting, frequently released demoscene and underground disk magazines (diskmag) for IBM-PC.

Triton (TRN) was a demogroup active in the PC demoscene from 1992 to about 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demo effect</span>

The demo effect is a name for computer-based real-time visual effects found in demos created by the demoscene.

The ZX Spectrum's software library was very diverse. While the majority of the software produced for the system was video games, others included programming language implementations, Sinclair BASIC extensions, databases, word processors, spread sheets, drawing and painting tools, and 3D modelling tools.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goto80</span> Swedish music artist and researcher

Goto80 is a Swedish music artist and researcher. He has been described as one of the key players between glitch and chipmusic, as well as an active demoscener. At the turn of the millennium he was one of the first to bring chipmusic to a wider audience, and was also an early adopter of live Game Boy music. He has an extensive back catalogue of free music – often open source – with a wide span of musical influences. He currently focuses on research and art, and maintains a number of blogs and labels such as Chipflip and the text-mode tumblr.

Phenomena (PHA) was a Swedish Demogroup making Amiga demos that was productive during the formative years of the Amiga Demoscene founded in 1987.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chaos Constructions</span>

Chaos Constructions is the oldest demoparty in Russia, previously known as ENLiGHT. Nowadays, it is considered to be an annual computer art festival and IT conference.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bad Apple!!</span> 1998 video game soundtrack

"Bad Apple!!" is the sixth track in the soundtrack of the 1998 bullet hell video game Lotus Land Story, the fourth entry in the Touhou Project series created by Team Shanghai Alice. The instrumental theme was originally designed to be played during the third stage of the game, as chiptune on the Japanese NEC PC-9800 computer platform, at 161 beats per minute using a frequency modulation synthesis chip. The Lotus Land Story version that has more than 1.4 million views on YouTube is a remake of the song from an official Touhou album named Akyu's Untouched Score Volume 1 and was released on the 21st of May, 2006.

Juan Irming, also known as Amplitude Problem, is a Swedish-American musician and producer currently based in Los Angeles. While the former hacker has had a long career in music beginning in the underground demoscene in Europe, he is best known for his chiptune, synthwave, and nerdcore tracks.

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Further reading