Indiewood

Last updated

Indiewood (also known as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", or "quality") [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] films are made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking system yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure. [8]

Contents

Background

The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s, [9] [10] [11] was previously associated with b movies, exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema [12] ), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement") [19] [20] [4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred. [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [4]

Divisions

Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein [26] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins, [27] [28] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine, at Focus Features. [29]

Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors

Sources

[30] [2] [31] [19] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Differences from Hollywood

The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films [38] [39] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987's satire Hollywood Shuffle and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards [11] ) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation, the polar opposite to the conformist, gray-flannel conformity of 1950s America. [40] [16]

Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration [41] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man ). [42]

List of selected Indiewood/Pre-Indiewood filmmakers

[36] [61] [7] [47]

[9] [46] [16] [36] [63] [61] [47] [69]

[125] [35] [81] [68] [57] [66] [16] [61] [43]

[45] [66] [16] [36]

[70] [35] [81] [45] [66] [9] [46] [63] [61]

[45] [46] [16] [61] [7] [47]

[66] [46] [76] [47]

[47] [149] [150]

[36] [62] [47]

[66] [86] [128] [69]

[35] [68] [165] [66] [72] [46] [36] [61]

[81] [68] [57] [66] [46] [16] [36] [47] [43]

[153] [68] [66] [61] [128]

[138] [36] [63] [61] [47]

[20] [144] [81] [68] [165] [45] [66] [52] [168] [16] [36]

[20] [79] [5] [136] [57] [66] [16] [36] [61]

[46] [47]

List of selected notable and important Pre-Indiewood films

Pre-1950s

1950s

1960s

1970s

[36] [189] [61] [47] [132]

List of notable and important Indiewood films

1980s

[66] [80] [91] [46] [16] [36] [63]

[45] [66] [14] [80] [91] [46] [36]

[91] [14] [46] [63] [61] [132]

[14]

[70] [35] [81] [68] [165] [45] [66] [80] [61] [69] [91] [168] [14] [152] [46] [16] [36] [47] [132]

1990s

[6] [57] [66] [80] [61] [47]

[47] [220] [72] [16] [36] [61]

[6] [57] [225] [66] [36] [61]

[81] [68] [6] [57] [161] [146] [61] [220]

[225] [66] [80] [91] [72] [36]

[4] [224] [135] [33] [6] [80] [16] [36]

[66] [91] [36] [61] [159] [220]

[6] [161] [146] [36] [159] [220]

[187] [80] [146] [36] [61] [47]

2000s

[68] [80] [91] [72] [36] [61]

[73] [225] [66] [237] [80] [72] [146] [36] [61]

2010s

2020s

Notes

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
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  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
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  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Indie Reframed - Google Books
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  37. New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
  40. 1 2 3 4 Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  41. 1 2 3 In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
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  51. 1 2 Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
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  54. 1 2 The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
  55. 1 2 3 Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 The best A24 films to date|EW.com
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  58. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
  59. 1 2 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
  60. 1 2 Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
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  67. Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
  69. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
  70. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
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  74. 1 2 A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
  75. 1 2 Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
  77. 1 2 Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
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  91. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
  92. 1 2 3 4 5 Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
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  103. 1 2 The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
  104. 1 2 3 Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
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  107. 1 2 Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
  109. 1 2 Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
  111. 1 2 Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
  112. 1 2 The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
  113. 1 2 Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
  114. Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
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  116. 1 2 Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
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  120. 1 2 Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
  121. 1 2 3 4 Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  122. 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  123. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Inside Indiewood|The Nation
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  125. 1 2 3 Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  126. 1 2 John Waters|Underground Film Journal
  127. 1 2 Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
  128. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
  129. 1 2 Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
  130. Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
  131. 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
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  133. 1 2 The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
  134. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
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  140. 1 2 Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
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  148. Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
  149. 1 2 The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
  150. 1 2 3 4 BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
  151. 1 2 Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
  152. 1 2 Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
  153. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
  154. 1 2 3 Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
  155. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
  156. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
  157. Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
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  159. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
  160. 1 2 3 4 Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
  161. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
  162. 1 2 3 The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
  163. 1 2 3 4 The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
  164. Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
  165. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
  166. 1 2 3 4 5 6 On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
  167. Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  168. 1 2 3 The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
  169. 1 2 3 Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
  170. 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times
  171. Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
  172. 1 2 3 4 5 6 THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
  173. "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  174. 1 2 Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
  175. REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
  176. BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
  177. Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
  178. Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
  179. INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
  180. How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
  181. 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
  182. Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
  183. "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  184. 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
  185. The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
  186. 1 2 The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
  187. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
  188. 1 2 "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". cartoonresearch.com.
  189. 1 2 The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
  190. Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
  191. 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
  192. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
  193. 1 2 To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
  194. Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
  195. Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
  196. MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
  197. Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
  198. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orpahn Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
  199. 1 2 America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
  200. Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
  201. "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
  202. ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
  203. Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
  204. AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
  205. The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
  206. 1 2 3 4 5 The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
  207. The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
  208. "BAM|Les Blank Program". Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
  209. Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
  210. Repo Man|Quad Cinema
  211. 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
  212. Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
  213. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
  214. The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
  215. THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
  216. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
  217. Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
  218. 1 2 3 Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
  219. 1 2 3 4 5 The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
  220. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
  221. Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
  222. 1 2 Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
  223. The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
  224. 1 2 3 4 Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  225. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
  226. Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
  227. For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
  228. 1 2 3 4 Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
  229. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
  230. Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
  231. Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
  232. What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
  233. 1 2 3 4 5 Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
  234. 1 2 The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
  235. CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
  236. Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
  237. 1 2 3 4 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  238. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  239. 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
  240. 1 2 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
  241. 1 2 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
  242. 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
  243. 1 2 3 The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
  244. 1 2 3 Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
  245. Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
  246. Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
  247. Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
  248. 1 2 Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
  249. 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
  250. 1 2 3 4 5 Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
  251. Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
  252. Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
  253. Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
  254. Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
  255. It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
  256. 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
  257. 1 2 Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
  258. Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
  259. Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
  260. The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
  261. Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
  262. It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
  263. 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
  264. 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
  265. 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
  266. LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
  267. 1 2 3 4 5 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
  268. 1 2 Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
  269. Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
  270. Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
  271. 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
  272. Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
  273. How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
  274. Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
  275. Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
  276. 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
  277. A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
  278. 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
  279. Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
  280. A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
  281. Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
  282. A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
  283. 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube

Bibliography