Fake news in the Philippines

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Fake news in the Philippines refers to the general and widespread misinformation or disinformation in the country by various actors. It has been problematic in the Philippines where social media and alike plays a key role in influencing topics and information ranging from politics, health, belief, religion, current events, aid, lifestyle, elections and others. Recently, it has evolved to be a rampant issue against the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines and the 2022 Philippine general election.

Contents

Following the 2016 Philippine election, Senator Francis Pangilinan filed a proposal to hold an inquiry regarding the conduct of social media platforms that allowed for the spreading of fake news. [1] Pangilinan called for penalties for social media companies that allow disinformation to spread on their platforms. [2]

History

According to media analysts, developing countries such as the Philippines, with generally new access to social media and democracy, feel the problem of fake news to a larger extent. [3] Facebook is one of the largest platforms being an open website, that works as a booster to sway the opinion of the public due to manufactured stories. While Facebook provides free media sources, it does not provide its users with the access to fact checking websites. [4] Because of this, government authorities call for a tool that will filter out "fake news" to secure the integrity of cyberspace in the Philippines. [1] Rappler, a social news network in the Philippines, investigated online networks of Rodrigo Duterte supporters and discovered that they include fake news, fake accounts, bots, and trolls, which Rappler thinks are being used to silence dissent. The creation of fake news, and fake news accounts on social media has been a danger to the political health of the country. According to Kate Lamble and Megha Mohan of BBC news, "What we're seeing on social media again is manufactured reality ... They also create a very real chilling effect against normal people, against journalists (who) are the first targets, and they attack in very personal ways with death threats and rape threats." Journalists are often risking their lives in publishing articles that contest fake news in the Philippines. [5]

The 2016 Filipino election was influenced, in large part, by false information propagated by fake news outlets. By New York Times contributor Miguel Syjuco's account, President Rodrigo Duterte benefited from a disproportionate amount of complimentary fake news compared to his opponents. The pro-Duterte propaganda spread across Filipino social media include fake endorsements from prominent public figures like Pope Francis and Angela Merkel. [6] Duterte's own campaign was responsible for a portion of the misinformation spread during the election; according to a study from Oxford University's Computational Propaganda Research Program, Duterte's campaign paid an estimated $200,000 for dedicated trolls to undermine dissenters and disseminate misinformation in 2016. [7]

In one incident, Justice Secretary Vitaliano Aguirre II tagged opposition senators and other people as masterminds of the 2017 Marawi Crisis attack, based on a photo shared on social media and blog sites that produce fake news. [8] Another government official, Communications Assistant Secretary Margaux "Mocha" Uson has also been accused of spreading fake news. [9] [10]

The prevalence of fake news in the Philippines has pushed lawmakers to file laws to combat it, like criminalizing its dissemination. [11] [12] The Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines strongly opposes the spread of fake news as a sin, and published a list of fake news websites. [13] [14]

Structure and hierarchy

In 2018, Dr. Jason Cabañes of the University of Leeds School of Media and Communication and Dr. Jonathan Corpus Ong of the University of Massachusetts Amherst released a study of organized disinformation efforts in the Philippines, titled "Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines." [15] [16] [17] Based on participant observation in Facebook community groups and Twitter accounts, as well as key informant interviews with twenty "disinformation architects," conducted from December 2016 to December 2017, the study described a "professionalized and hierarchized group of political operators who design disinformation campaigns, mobilize click armies, and execute innovative “digital black ops” and “signal scrambling” techniques for any interested political client." [18] This network had “ad and PR strategists at the top.” [15]

As a tool of historical denialism

Ong and Cabañes' 2018 study revealed that techniques of "personal branding" and such tools as YouTube videos were used to "tell a revisionist account of the 20-year Marcos regime as 'the golden age of the Philippines' in a bid to restore the political luster of the Marcos family." [18]

The study also revealed the existence of an "Ilibing Na" ("Bury now") campaign designed to create public support for a hero’s burial for Ferdinand Marcos using "diversionary tactics to elude allegations of human rights violations and corruption during the term of Ferdinand Marcos" [18] and launching "digital black ops that targeted prominent critics” of the Marcoses, particularly vice president Leni Robredo. [18]

List of fake news websites

This list includes URLs for sites that are now down or defunct for historical purposes and to aid disinformation researchers. The following are included after investigation conducted by various Philippine news agencies as well as government policies against fake news.

NameURLNotesSources
24Seven Daily News24sevendailynews.comCybersquatted. [19]
360 News Livewww.360news.liveDomain expired [20]
About Du30aboutdu30.infoCybersquatted. [21]
Adobo Chroniclesadobochronicles[.]comSatire [22]
Ako'y Pilipinoakoy-pilipino.blogspot.com [19]
Aksyon.tvaksyon.tvContains false information and clickbait headline. Imitates AksyonTV, now One Sports. Now down.
Al Jazeera News TValjazeeranews-tv.comMasquerades as Al Jazeera. Legitimate url is https://www.aljazeera.com [23]
All Things Pinoy (defunct)allthingspinoy.com"www.allthingspinoy.com does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information." Now down. [24] [25] [19]
Angat Pilipinoangatpilipino.info404 error [26]
Asian Policy Pressasianpolicy.press"...The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this website...". Down again with 404 error. [24] [19]
Asenso Pinoyasensopinoy.info404 error [27] [28]
Astig Tayo Pinoyastigtayopinoy.altervista.orgAccount suspended [29]
Bacolod.altervista.orgbacolod.altervista.orgAccount suspended [30]
Balita Onlinebalitaonline.xyzNow website empty [21]
Balitang Panglahatbalitangpanglahat.infoDomain parked/cybersquatted [31]
Balitang Pinoybalitangpinoy.ga404 error [32]
Blog di du30du30.altervista.org404 error [30]
Blog di pinoypoliticspinoypolitics.altervista.orgBiggest traffic generators on social media: Pinoy Republic, Pres. Rody Duterte News Global and Pilipinas Trending. Account suspended. [33]
Breaking Newslatestnewz.xyz404 Error [21]
Breaking BBCbreaking-bbc.co.ukMasquerades as BBC. Proper URL is https://www.bbc.com. Domain suspended. [26]
Breezy Networkbreezynetwork.info404 error [34]
Caster Phcasterph.xyz404 error [21]
Citizen Expresscitizenexpress.today [35]
Classified Trendsclassifiedtrends.netDomain expired. [24] [36] [19]
Cnn Channelcnn-channel.comMasquerades as CNN. Legitimate URLs are cnn.com, edition.cnn.com (for CNN International), and cnnphilippines.com. Down. [26]
Dailyartikulodailyartikulo.infoTraffic largely from The Filipino News, Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos and The News Wire social media accounts. Same blog template and theme as DailyInsights. [37]
Daily Filipinodailyfilipino.altervista.orgDown. [19]
Daily Filipinewsdailyfilipinews.blogspot.comDomain expired. [19]
DailyInsightsdailyinsights.todaySame blog template and theme as Dailyartikulo. Now Down. [38]
The Daily Sentrythedailysentry.netPublishes false and misleading news constantly.

Has disclaimer: "The Daily Sentry does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information."

 [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [37]
Daily Viral Hubdailyviralhub.altervista.orgBiggest traffic generators: Facebook pages Marcos Loyalist, Exclusive DDS Marcos the 3rd Force, and BongBong Marcos United. [45]
Dakila.infodakila.infoDown. [46]
DDS Filesddsfiles.xyzDown. [47] [48]
Dedma Langdedma.comFront page now empty. Domain still up. [30]
Definitely Filipinodefinitelyfilipino.com (down)

news.definitelyfilipino.net

balita.definitelyfilipino.com

buzz.definitelyfilipino.com (down)

buzz.definitelyfilipino.net

No About Us, no Contact Us. [24] [19]
Dugong Maharlikadugongmaharlika.comFront page blank, has JavaScript [25]
Du30 Govdu30gov.comBiggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Bongbong Marcos Loyalists Movement_Official Group and Marcos Loyalist. Down. [49]
Du30 Newsdu30newsinfo.comDomain expired. [30]
Du30 Todaydu30today.comCybersquatted [26]
Dutertardsdutertards.infoRedirects to 1.dutertards.info. Front page blank, [29]
Duterte Communitydu30community.infoBiggest social media traffic generators: President Duterte Worldwide Supporters, President Duterte Astig Supporters and Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos. Down. [50] [51]
Duterte Defenderdutertedefender.comCybersquatted [26]
Duterte Expressdu30express.siteDown [52]
Duterte Federaldutertefederal.infoBiggest traffic generators on social media: Silent No More PH, Duterte Worldwide Supporters and President RodyDuterte – Federal Movement International. Down. [53]
Duterte Newsdutertenews.com (domain expired)

du30news.com (domain expired)

du30news.net (down)

www.dutertenewswatch.com (down)

du3onews.info (down)

 [36] [21]
Duterte News Blogdu30newsblog.blogspot.com [36]
Duterte News Infodu30newsinfo.comContains fake articles and satirical news passed off as real news. Publishes fake articles about Rodrigo Duterte's critics. Cybersquatted. [36]
Duterte Trending Newsdutertetrendingnews.blogspot.com [19]
Dutertepilipinas.infodutertepilipinas.infoBiggest social media traffic generators: Inday Sara Duterte Supporters, President Rodrigo Duterte and Duterte Warriors. Down. [54]
Duterte Trenddutertetrend.infoDomain expired. [30]
Dutrendingdutrending.infoLargest traffic generators: Facebook pages DU30 Trending News, Duterte Worldwide Supporters and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International. redirects to 1.dutrending.info. Down. [29] [55]
DW-TV3dw-tv3.comImitates Deutsche Welle. Now cybersquatted. [56]
Dyaryowww.dyaryo.netDown. [36]
Media ni Dutertedutertedefender.com (cybersquatted)

lugto.com (domain expired)

 [36]
Earning Maniaearningmania.comMimics the design of the official ABS-CBN News website (news.abs-cbn.com), complete with the logo of ABS-CBN. It also contains false information to get Bitcoin cash. No about or contact information and domain is now suspended.
Eritas Timeseritastimes[.]com [22]
Federalism PHjazznews.topBiggest traffic generator from social media: Facebook page Philippine Trending News. Down. [57]
Extreme Readersextremereaders.comDomain Expired. [36]
FilipiNews PHfilipinewsph.net"FilipiNews PH does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information.". Now down and replaced as japanese website. [24] [36] [58] [19]
FilipiNewsfilipinews.info (down)

filipinews.com (expired)

Down. [19] [26]
France 24 TVFrance24-tv.comCybersquatted; imitates France 24 (france24.com) [30]
Global Newsglobalnews.favradio.fmReverted to favradio.fm hosting [30]
GMA TVgma-tv.comImitates GMA 7. Some false stories released by this fake news website included the alleged photos of a gunman captured by CCTV camera during the 2017 Resorts World Manila attack, supposed plan to establish a Nickelodeon theme park in Coron by the Department of Tourism, and the purported criticism of the National Super Alliance (NASA) by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission and Jubilee for threatening to boycott the August elections. [59] Now down. [60] [61] [62]
Go for Wingoforwin.info [29]
Good News Network Philippinesgoodnewsnetworkph.comExploits the name of GNN. Now down. Mocha Uson made a callout to follow its Facebook page as "a true alternative for the good news released by the Duterte Admin" in February 2018. [63] Biggest traffic generators: pro-Duterte Facebook page managed by Mocha Uson, Mocha Uson Blog, President Rody Duterte Facebook Army and Team Duterte for Federalism. [64] [65] [66] [67] [68] [69]
Good News Todaygoodnewstoday.d30.clubBiggest traffic generators from social media: Marcos Defenders Worldwide Unlimited and Rody R. Duterte Movement Universal. Down [70]
Gossip Diarygossipdiary.comBiggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International. Domain Expired. [71]
Healthnation Asiahealthnation-asia.comImitates ABS-CBN News Channel, down. [72]
Hot News Philippineshotnewsphil.blogspot.com [36]
I Am Pilipinowww.iampilipino.comError 403. [36]
International Latest Updatesinternationallatestupdates.blogspot.comRedirect from trendingnewsphfile.net. [36]
Kabalita Kakabalitaka.blogspot.comBiggest traffic generators on social media: Marcos Loyalist and President Rody Duterte Facebook Army. Now Down. [73]
Kalye Pinoykalyepinoy.comNow Down. [36] [58]
Kanto News PHkantonewsph.xyz (empty)

kantonewsph.info

Biggest traffic generators on social media: Facebook pages President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, President Duterte Worldwide Supporters and President Duterte Astig Supporters. [74] [21] [29]
Latest Duterte Newslatestdutertenews.altervista.orgAccount suspended [30]
Leak News PHwww.leaknewsph.comDown. [36]
Local Herolocalhero.altervista.orgAccount suspended [30]
Maharlika News

Netizens PH

www.maharlikanews.com [25]
Makibalitamakibalita.infoDown. [75]
Media Curiousmediacurious.comDown. [26]
Media Phmediaph.infoBiggest traffic generator: Facebook page Sara Duterte Solid Warriors. Now Down. [76]
Minda Nationmindanation.comOwned by Carlos Munda. 404 [77]
Mosquito Pressmosquitopress[.]net [22]
My News TVmynewstv.newsgenic.comExploits the name of GMA News TV (now GTV). Down [19]
My Prospermy-prosper.pressDown. [78]
Nagbabagang Balitanagbabagangbalita.infoRedirects to malware website. [79]
Napankamkumametbeewan.infonapankamkumametbeewan.infoDown. [75] [79]
Net Citizennetcitizen.coRedirects to malware website. [26]
News 8 Bureauglobalnews.favradio.fmDown. [19]
News Center Phnewscenterph.infoTraffic largely generated by Facebook pages President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist, BongBong Marcos United, The Filipino News, Pinas Citizen and News Wire PH. Redirects to malware website. [80] [42] [81]
newsevery7hours[.]blogspot[.]comnewsevery7hours[.]blogspot[.]com [82]
News Feed Societywww.newsfeedsociety.tkDown. [36]
News Globalnewsglobal.topDown. [38]
News Info Learnnewsinfolearn.com"...www.newsinfolearn.com does not make any warranties about the completeness, reliability and accuracy of this information...". Now down. [24] [19]
News Media PHnewsmediaph.comNo about Us. Down. [36]
Newspaper Phnewspaperph.comDomain parked/cybersquatted [30]
News Titansnewstitans.comDomain expired. [36]
News TVnewstv.tulfonews.comExploits the name of GMA News TV (now GTV). Down. [19]
News TV5newstv5.comMasquerades as the legitimate https://news.tv5.com.ph, domain expired [30]
Newz Flashnewzflash.info [29]
Newsbite.topnewsbite.topBiggest traffic generators on social media: President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International, Marcos Loyalist and We Support Duterte Administration. Down [83]
Online Balitaonelinebalita.xyzDown. [21]
The Philippine Chroniclethephilippinechronicle[.]com [22]
Philippine News Blogilikeyouquotes.blogspot.comDown. [36]
Philippine News Courierphilnewscourier.blogspot.comassociated with Facebook page "Philippine News Courier." [19] [30]
Philippine News Portalwww.philnewsportal.comDown. [36]
The Philippine Trendthephilippinetrend[.]com [22]
Philnewstrenddakilanglahi.infoDown. [26]
Philstar.i-telecast.comPhilstar.i-telecast.comImitates the website of The Philippine Star. Now down. [56]
PhnewspridePhnewspride.blogspot.comRedirects to Arabic Website with the same domain. [30]
Pilipinas Newsfullnewsph.xyzTranslated term was Balita sa Pilipinas. It is not to be confused with the namesake defunct news program of TV5 and Balita Pilipinas, a defunct news program of GMA News TV (now GTV). Now Down. [84]
Pilipinas Online Updateswww.pilipinasonlineupdates.comTakes some of its articles from Balitang Pinas. "Pilipinas Online Updates makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy, currency or completeness of the content contain (sic) onthis website or any sites linked to this site" Now Down. [58]
Pinoy Hopespinoyhopes.infoDown. [38]
Pinoy Newspinoynews.infoDown. [50] [29] [38]
Pinas News Portalpinasnewsportal.blogspot.comDown. [19]
Pinoy Freedom Wallpinoyfreedomwall.comDown. [36]
Pinoy News Bloggerpinoynewsblogger.blogspot.comDown. [36]
Pinoy Speakpinoyspeak.infoPosts satirical articles and passes them off as real news. now Error 502. [36]
Pinoy Viral Issuespinoyviralissues.netDown. [19]
Pinoy Worldpinoyworld.netDown. [19]
PRRD Newsphppoliticsnews.blogspot.comRedirects to Indonesian Language Website with the same domain. [36]
Pinoy Observerpinoyobserver.comFront page is blank, but full of JavaScript. Redirects to Scam Chinese Website. [30]
Pinoy Thinkingpinoythinking.infoDown. [26]
Pinoy Trendingpinoytrending.altervista.orgNo about us, contact info. [24] [58]
Pinoy Trending Newspinoytrendingnews.net

pinoytrendingnewsph.blogspot.com pinoytrending.altervista.org

"...Information on this site may contain errors and inaccuracies..." [24] [58] [19]
Pinoy Viral Issuespinoyviralissues.netDown. [36]
The Professional Hecklerprofessionalheckler[.]wordpress[.]com [22]
PRRD News Tambayandds-tambayan.infoBiggest traffic generator: Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International social media page. Down [85]
Public Trendingpublictrending.net (down)

publictrending.news

pinoytrending.altervista.org

"...The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site or found by following any link on this site." [24] [19]
QWAZKqwazk.blogspot.comRedirects to Indonesian website with the same domain. [36]
So Whats Newssowhatsnews.wordpress.comSatirical news site. Private Site. [86]
Socialcastph.infosocialcastph.infoBiggest traffic generator pages from social media: President Rodrigo Duterte, Marcos Loyalist and Alan Peter Cayetano Supporters International. Down. [87]
Social News PHwww.socialnewsph.comConnected to the Facebook pages SNP – Social News Philippines and President Duterte Random Photos. "...does not give assurances as to the accuracy, completeness and currency of its content..." Now domain expired. [36]
Taho Newstahonews.com [36]
Tartey Viraltartey.comContains articles obtained from News Trend PH, which also publishes fake news. No About US, no Contact Us. "makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy or completeness of the content". Now down [36]
Telegraph TVtelegraph-tv.comImitates British newspaper The Telegraph (telegraph.co.uk). Now cybersquatted. [30]
Tatak Du30tatakdu30.infoDown. [29]
testhuby[.]blogspot[.]comtesthuby[.]blogspot[.]com [88] [82]
The News Feederthenewsfeeder.netDown. [19]
The Tlmesthetlmes[.]comImitation of British newspaper The Times. [89] [90] [91]
The Volatilianthevolatilian.comNow Redirected to scam chinese website. [36]
Thinker Vlogthinkervlog.topDown [51]
Today in Manilatodayinmanila.gaNo About Us, no Contact Us. Now down. [24] [19]
Today's Broadcasttodaysbroadcast.netDown. [19]
Todays Top Newstodaystopnews.xyzDown. [21]
Trending Balitatrendingbalita.infoNow Down/Under Construction. [36]
Trending News Portaltnp.ph (Malware)

trendingnewsportal.com (Malware)

trendingnewsportal.net (Malware)

trendingnewsportal.net.ph (404)

trendingnewsportal.blogspot.com (Down)

trendingnewsportal-ph.blogspot.com (Down)

tnp.today (Blank)

"Trending News Portal makes no representations, warranties, or assurances as to the accuracy, currency or completenesss of the content contain on this website or and sites linked to this site". Changed URLs multiple times. Frequently shared by Mocha Uson on her Facebook page Mocha Uson Blog. [92] Run by Twinmark Media Enterprises, whose entire network of pages was banned by Facebook in January 2019 for spammy practices and "coordinated inauthentic behavior". 220 Facebook pages, 73 Facebook accounts and 29 Instagram accounts were removed. [93] [94] [24] [36] [92]
Tomorrow Economywww.tomorrow-economy.comBlatantly imitates the Manila Times website. Same article as Earning Mania. Down
Trending Balitatrendingbalita.infoNow Down/Under Construction. [36]
Trending News Videotrendingnewsvideo.comDown. [19]
Trending Topicstrendingtopics.altervista.orgSuspended. [19]
Trending Viraltrendingviral.tk"The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site.... will not be liable for any errors or omissions in this information nor the availability of this information...". Now down. [24] [19]
TV CNNtv-cnn.comMasquerades as CNN. Legitimate URLs are cnn.com, edition.cnn.com (for CNN International), and cnnphilippines.com. Down [26]
Unang Hiritunanghirit.infoImitates the GMA Network morning news program of the same name. Down. [75]
Update.phupdate.ph [19]
Updated Tayoupdatetayo.infoDown. [95]
Verified Philippinesverifiedph.blogspot.com [19]
Viral Duterte Newsbalitangtotoo.xyzTraffic generated by Facebook groups President Rodrigo Duterte Facebook Army, Inday Sara Duterte Supporters and President Rody Duterte – Federal Movement International. Empty [96]
Viral Portalviralportal.mlDown. [19]
World Trendsworldstrends.infoDown. [31]
XOLXOLxolxol.ph [58]

Reactions

Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media. [97] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news [98] [11] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic. [99] [100] [101]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it. [102]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and politician and later president Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages. [23] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte. [50] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration. [103] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs. [50]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls. [104] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero" [105] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Trump nomination and the 2016 US Elections. [106]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Philippine presidential election</span> 20th presidential election in the Philippines

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Federalism and Rodrigo Duterte</span> The Philippine presidents views on government devolution

Federalism was one of the main campaign promises of Rodrigo Duterte when he ran for President of the Philippines in 2016. His administration pursued a proposal which would shift the Philippines from being under a unitary form of government to a federal one.

Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines consists of disinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic propagated by various sources.

This is a list of candidates in the 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections.

Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos is a political phenomenon in the Philippines. Ferdinand Marcos was the country's president between 1965 and 1986. Distortion, falsification, or whitewashing of the historical record regarding this period, sometimes referred to using the phrases "historical denialism", "historical negationism", or "historical revisionism" as a euphemism for negationism, is an academically documented phenomenon linked to the return of Marcos' immediate family and political allies to government positions, as well as the hero's burial of Marcos himself in 2016. It continues Marcos' own efforts to create a cult of personality for himself, which in itself involved various forms of historical distortion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leni Robredo 2022 presidential campaign</span>

The 2022 presidential campaign of Leni Robredo began on October 7, 2021, when she filed her candidacy for the 2022 Philippine presidential election. At the time of her filing, Leni Robredo was the incumbent vice president of the Philippines, to remain so until June 30, 2022. Robredo was also formerly a representative of Camarines Sur's 3rd congressional district, from 2013 to 2016.

Rigoberto "Bobi" Dikit Tiglao is a Filipino activist and opinion columnist.

References

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  2. ↑ Javier, Kristian. "LP: Social Media Being Used to Legitimize 'fake News'". philstar.com. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  3. ↑ Mozur, Paul; Scott, Mark (November 17, 2016). "Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That's Nothing New". The New York Times. Retrieved June 2, 2017.
  4. ↑ Mozur, Paul; Scott, Mark (November 17, 2016). "Fake News in U.S. Election? Elsewhere, That's Nothing New". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved June 29, 2017.
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  6. ↑ Syjuco, Miguel (October 2017). "Fake News Floods the Philippines". The New York Times.
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  9. ↑ Ayalin, Adrian (September 22, 2017). "Trillanes sues Uson for spreading 'news' on alleged bank accounts". ABS-CBN.
  10. ↑ "Asec Mocha Uson herself spreads fake news, says Nancy Binay". September 20, 2017.
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  13. ↑ Bajo, Anna Felicia (June 23, 2017). "CBCP calls on faithful to help stop the spread of fake news". GMA News . Retrieved June 28, 2017.
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  33. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Story claiming Marcos won poll case vs Robredo FAKE". Vera Files. April 27, 2018.
  34. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Bato Dela Rosa 'murder' at BuCor a HOAX". Vera Files. July 12, 2018.
  35. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Claim of media not reporting London anti-Robredo protest false". Vera Files. April 20, 2018.
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  38. 1 2 3 4 "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Kuwait DID NOT get on its knees to ask forgiveness from Duterte after diplomatic row". Vera Files. May 3, 2018.
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  41. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Report claiming US intel officer said Marcos lost 1.7M votes in 2016 FALSE". Vera Files. August 7, 2018.
  42. 1 2 "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Reports rehashing claims Robredo got 8,700 ghost votes in 2016 FALSE". Vera Files. August 8, 2018.
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  48. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Website recycles FALSE CLAIM on 'new MRT trains' under Duterte admin". Vera Files. August 16, 2018.
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  50. 1 2 "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Online post about Robredo urging EU to investigate Duterte MISLEADING". Vera Files. April 26, 2018.
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  54. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: Enrile DID NOT 'slap' Sotto for proposing De Lima 'release'". Vera Files. July 10, 2018.
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  69. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: ICC case vs Duterte NOT 'thrown out'". Vera Files. June 6, 2018.
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  73. ↑ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK: De Lima WILL NOT be transferred to Bilibid". Vera Files. May 25, 2018.
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