List of political disinformation website campaigns

Last updated

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following is a list of websites, separated by country and sub-categorized by region or disinformation campaign, that have both been considered by journalists and researchers as distributing false news - or otherwise participating in disinformation - and have been designated by journalists and researchers as likely being linked to political actors.

Contents

List

Algeria

The following websites are linked to an Algerian marketing/public relations firm, Ayam Agency. They are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior, which was part of a campaign that Graphika described as "a multi-year cross-platform effort to advance the interests of Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune". [1]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
All About Algeriaallaboutalgeria.com [1]
La Gazette d'Algérielagazettedalgerie.com [1]

Argentina

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
La Derecha Diarioderechadiario.com.arA 2022 analysis by Graphika found that the site had spread climate change denialism and had a wide geographical distribution of content on Spanish-speaking communities on Twitter. Owned by Fernando Cerimedo, the digital communications chief of Javier Milei, who had also worked on the campaign of Jair Bolsonaro. [2] [3] [4] [5]

Austria

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Report24report24.newsLinked to the Freedom Party of Austria. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and falsely claimed that over 1,000 cities planned to enforce bans on meat to combat climate change. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. Alongside Wochenblick, was accused by Correctiv of attempting to interfere in the 2021 German federal election. [6] [7] [8] [9]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
ATV atvbl.rsAccused by the United States Department of the Treasury of being closely linked to Milorad Dodik. Spread Bosnian genocide denial, unproven cures for COVID-19 and false claims about NATO troop deployment in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. [6]

Brazil

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Ceticismo Políticoceticismopolitico.orgAssociated with MBL. [10]
Diário Nacionalodiarionacional.comImposter news portal site in Brazil that is associated with MBL. [11] [12] [13]
odiarionacional.org
Jornal do País [11]
Jornalivrejornalivre.comAssociated with MBL. Banned from Facebook in 2018 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, "sowing division and spreading misinformation". [14] Accused of harassing journalists in Brazil who contradict their claims, as well as the electoral prosecutor José Carlos Bonilha. Contained a script used for cryptocurrency mining. [14] [15] [16] [17] [12] [13]
jornalivre.org

Canada

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
LifeSiteNews lifesitenews.comFounded by the Canadian political lobbyist organization Campaign Life Coalition. [18] [19] [20] [21]

Central African Republic

The following websites are related to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. They are linked to a pseudonymous individual that is suspected of being sponsored by the government of Faustin-Archange Touadéra and/or advisors from Russia. [22]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Le Potentiel d'Afriquelepotentieldafrique.net [23] [22]
lafrique.infolafrique.info [22]
Alternanceafricaine.orgAlternanceafricaine.org [22]
ong-lcdaf.orgong-lcdaf.org [22]
paixetstabilite.orgpaixetstabilite.org [22]
afriqueengagee.comafriqueengagee.com [22]
afriqueactualite.infoafriqueactualite.info [22]
Lepanafricanisme.infoLepanafricanisme.info [22]
miroirdafrique.infomiroirdafrique.info [22]
lemondeactualite.infolemondeactualite.info [22]
leuropeafrique.infoleuropeafrique.info [22]
loccident.infoloccident.info [22]
lavoixdafrique.infolavoixdafrique.info [22]
lanouvelleduconti-nent.infolanouvelleduconti-nent.info [22]
lemondeenvrai.netlemondeenvrai.net [22]
lereveilafricain.infolereveilafricain.info [22]

Denmark

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
24NYT24nyt.dkFounded by Jeppe Juhl, a candidate for the New Right party. Banned from Facebook in 2019 due to what Facebook stated to be coordinated inauthentic behavior, reportedly likely referring to purchasing social media interactions (likes) on its Facebook page. Such practices are potentially illegal under the Danish Marketing Practices Act. Academics have accused the site of misleading framing, unsourced claims, and presenting opinion as news. [24] [25]

Ecuador

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
La Vozlavoz.coRelated to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. [26]
Latam Postlatampost.onlineRelated to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Semanario La Region. Missing domain registration name. [26]
Semanario la Regiónelsemanario.onlineRelated to a network of Facebook pages and accounts removed in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Estraterra, a Canadian-based Ecuadorian marketing firm that was co-founded by a former government employee of Rafael Correa's government. Published the same content as Latam Post. Missing domain registration name. [26]

Egypt

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Alyamania Newsalyamanianews.comSpreads "anti-Turkish content". [27] Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. [27] [28]
freeiranrevolution.comfreeiranrevolution.comSpreads "anti-[Iranian]-regime content". [27] Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Linked to one or more digital marketing firms based in Egypt: DotDev and/or NewWaves. Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. [27] [28]
Killed In Turkeykilledinturkey.comPosted the same content as Turkey Leaks. Copied its content from Biten Hayatlar, including the group's name and logo in its social media posts. Anonymously registered website whose construction appeared to be unfinished. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns". [29] [30] [29]
Masr Timesmasrtimes.comPart of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns". [29] [30] [29]
Turkey Leaksturkeyleaks.comPosted the same content as Killed in Turkey. Part of a network of social media posts and accounts that was removed by Facebook in 2021 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Linked to Egyptian marketing firm Bee Interactive, which Graphika described as "[illustrating] the role commercial marketing firms play in political influence campaigns". [29] [30] [29]

France

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Contre-Infocontre-info.comSpread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Affiliated with the group French Renewal. [31] [32]
coupsfrancs.comcoupsfrancs.comDescribed by Graphika as "a conspiracy-minded website". [33] Part of an influence operation attributed to individuals in the French military that battled a Russian-influence operation for the Central African Republic. Both networks were taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [33]

Germany

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Freie Weltfreiewelt.netRun by the husband of Beatrix von Storch. Spread false claims about vaccines and a wheat shortage in Ukraine. A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found advertisements that had been placed by Google. [6]

Guinea

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
224Minutes224minutes.netLinked to the Rally of the Guinean People. [34]

India

Indian Chronicles

Indian Chronicles, dubbed by the EU Disinfo Lab, is an influence operation initiated by Srivastava Group starting in 2005 and enabled by Asian News International in order to promote Indian interests and disparage Pakistan and China. The operation created a network of at least 500 fake news websites and had targeted 116 countries. Srivastava Group had co-sponsored a trip of 27 Members of European Parliament to visit Kashmir and meet with Narendra Modi in 2019. [35] [36]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
EP Todayeptoday.com [35] [36]
EP Todayeptoday.eu [35] [36]
EP Todayeptoday.org [35] [36]
EP Todayeuropeanparliamenttoday.com [35] [36]
EU ChronicleEUChronicle.com [35] [36]
EUOutlookEUOutlook.com [35] [36]
EUOutlookEUOutlook.net [35] [36]
EUOutlookEUOutlook.org [35] [36]
EUreports.comEUreports.com [35] [36]
Europeinnews.comEuropeinnews.com [35] [36]
EUFreeNews.comEUFreeNews.com [35] [36]
SouthAsiaRevealed.comSouthAsiaRevealed.com [35] [36]
SouthAsiaDiary.comSouthAsiaDiary.com [35] [36]
SANews.caSANews.ca [35] [36]
PerspectiveSouthAsia.comPerspectiveSouthAsia.com [35] [36]
SouthAsianAffairs.caSouthAsianAffairs.ca [35] [36]
gilgitnews.netgilgitnews.net [35] [36]
gilgitpost.netgilgitpost.net [35] [36]
gilgittimes.comgilgittimes.com [35] [36]
khalistan.eukhalistan.eu [35] [36]
khalistanfm.netkhalistanfm.net [35] [36]
radiokhalistan.netradiokhalistan.net [35] [36]
balochnews.combalochnews.com [35] [36]
balochistantoday.orgbalochistantoday.org [35] [36]
balochistantoday.netbalochistantoday.net [35] [36]
European Union News Networkeunewsagency.com [35] [36]
PrNewsDistribution.comPrNewsDistribution.com [35] [36]
Four News AgencyFourNewsAgency.com [35] [36]
Times of Genevatimesofgeneva.com [37]
4 News Agency4newsagency.com [37]
New Delhi Timesnewdelhitimes.com [37]
Times of Portugaltimesofportugal.com [37] [38]
TimesofabuDhabi.comTimesofabuDhabi.com [37]
Mapplenews.comMapplenews.com [37]
foreignaffairstoday.comforeignaffairstoday.comSpoof of Foreign Affairs. [37]
24hourscalgary.com24hourscalgary.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [38]
24hoursedmonton.com24hoursedmonton.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [38]
24hoursottawa.com24hoursottawa.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [38]
aberystwythtimes.comaberystwythtimes.comSpoof of Aberystwyth Times, a defunct newspaper. [38]
acadianrecorder.comacadianrecorder.comSpoof of Acadian Recorder, a defunct newspaper. [38]
accionobrera.comaccionobrera.comSpoof of Acción obrera, a defunct newspaper. [38]
al-insaniyyah.comal-insaniyyah.comSpoof of Al-Insaniyyah, a defunct newspaper. [38]
al-jamahir.comal-jamahir.comSpoof of Al-Jamahir, a defunct newspaper. [38]
al-mabda.comal-mabda.comSpoof of Al-Mabda', a defunct newspaper. [38]
al-malayin.comal-malayin.comSpoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper. [38]
al-mukafih.comal-mukafih.comSpoof of Al-Mukafih, a defunct newspaper. [38]
al-qaidah.comal-qaidah.comSpoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper. [38]
al-watandaily.comal-watandaily.comSpoof of Al-Watan Daily, a defunct newspaper. [38]
almalayin.comalmalayin.comSpoof of Al-Malayin, a defunct newspaper. [38]
almustaqilla.comalmustaqilla.comSpoof of Al Mustaqilla, a defunct newspaper. [38]
alqaidah.comalqaidah.comSpoof of Al-Qaidah, a defunct newspaper. [38]
badischesvolksecho.combadischesvolksecho.comSpoof of Badisches Volksecho, a defunct newspaper. [38]
baltimoreeveningherald.combaltimoreeveningherald.comSpoof of Baltimore Evening Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38]
baltimoremorningherald.combaltimoremorningherald.comSpoof of Baltimore Morning Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38]
barladul.combarladul.comSpoof of Bârladul, a defunct newspaper. [38]
birminghamgazette.co.ukbirminghamgazette.co.ukSpoof of Birmingham Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [38]
brightonherald.combrightonherald.comSpoof of Brighton Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38]
bucharestbusinessweek.combucharestbusinessweek.comSpoof of Bucharest Business Week, a defunct newspaper. [38]
buffaloenquirer.combuffaloenquirer.comSpoof of The Buffalo Enquirer, a defunct newspaper. [39] [38]
calcutta-gazette.comcalcutta-gazette.comSpoof of Calcutta Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [38]
cambridgeintelligencer.comcambridgeintelligencer.comSpoof of Cambridge Intelligencer, a defunct newspaper. [38]
canadianillustratednews.comcanadianillustratednews.comSpoof of Canadian Illustrated News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
ceylondailymirror.comceylondailymirror.comSpoof of Ceylon Daily Mirror, a defunct newspaper. [38]
comcast-network.comcomcast-network.comSpoof of Comcast Network, a defunct cable TV network. [38]
congregationalherald.comcongregationalherald.comSpoof of Congregational Herald, a defunct newspaper. [40] [38]
courrierdethiopie.comcourrierdethiopie.comSpoof of Courrier d'Ethiopie, a defunct newspaper. [38]
dailycitizen.eudailycitizen.euSpoof of Daily Citizen, a defunct newspaper. [38]
derdeutschecorrespondent.comderdeutschecorrespondent.comSpoof of Der Deutsche Correspondent, a defunct newspaper. [38]
derkampf.comderkampf.comSpoof of Der Kampf, a defunct newspaper. [38]
dernord-westen.comdernord-westen.comSpoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper. [38]
dernordstern.comdernordstern.comSpoof of Der Nordstern, a defunct newspaper. [38]
dernordwesten.comdernordwesten.comSpoof of Der Nord-Westen, a defunct newspaper. [38]
derostasiatischelloyd.comderostasiatischelloyd.comSpoof of Der Ostasiatische Lloyd, a defunct newspaper. [38]
detroitsundayjournal.comdetroitsundayjournal.comSpoof of Detroit Sunday Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
deutscheshanghaizeitung.comdeutscheshanghaizeitung.comSpoof of Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung, a defunct newspaper. [38]
diariodemanila.comdiariodemanila.comSpoof of Diario de Manila, a defunct newspaper. [38]
die-einigkeit.comdie-einigkeit.comSpoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper. [38]
dieeinigkeit.comdieeinigkeit.comSpoof of Die Einigkeit, a defunct newspaper. [38]
easternmorningnews.comeasternmorningnews.comSpoof of Eastern Morning News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
echodelasambre.comechodelasambre.comSpoof of Écho de la Sambre, a defunct newspaper. [38]
eestiaeg.comeestiaeg.comSpoof of Eesti Aeg, a defunct newspaper. [38]
elbiendelobrero.comelbiendelobrero.comSpoof of El Bien del Obrero, a defunct newspaper. [38]
essexgazette.comessexgazette.comSpoof of The Essex Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [38]
falceemartello.comfalceemartello.comSpoof of Falce e Martello, a defunct newspaper. [38]
finnmarkfremtid.comfinnmarkfremtid.comSpoof of Finnmark Fremtid, a defunct newspaper. [38]
foxfootychannel.comfoxfootychannel.comSpoof of Fox Footy Channel, a defunct TV channel. [38]
frontulplugarilor.comfrontulplugarilor.comSpoof of Frontul Plugarilor, a defunct newspaper. [38]
garydailytribune.comgarydailytribune.comSpoof of Gary Daily Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [41] [38]
gazetteandsentinel.comgazetteandsentinel.comSpoof of Gazette and Sentinel, a defunct newspaper. [42] [38]
goldcoastmail.comgoldcoastmail.comSpoof of Gold Coast Mail, a defunct newspaper. [38]
golostruda.comgolostruda.comSpoof of Golos Truda, a defunct newspaper. [38]
greateastlandtelevision.comgreateastlandtelevision.comSpoof of Great Eastland Television, a defunct TV station network. [38]
hamevasser.comhamevasser.comSpoof of Hamevasser, a defunct newspaper. [38]
hardangerarbeiderblad.comhardangerarbeiderblad.comSpoof of Hardanger Arbeiderblad, a defunct newspaper. [38]
hartfordcitycourier.comhartfordcitycourier.comSpoof of Hartford City Courier, a defunct newspaper. [38]
hartfordcitydemocrat.comhartfordcitydemocrat.comSpoof of Hartford City Democrat, a defunct newspaper. [38]
hayatechchaab.comhayatechchaab.comSpoof of Hayat ech Chaab, a defunct newspaper. [38]
heiminshimbun.comheiminshimbun.comSpoof of Heimin Shimbun, a defunct newspaper. [38]
huashangdaily.comhuashangdaily.comSpoof of Hua Shang Daily, a defunct newspaper. [38]
indianapolisdailyherald.comindianapolisdailyherald.comSpoof of Indianapolis Daily Herald, a defunct newspaper. [43] [38]
israelshtime.comisraelshtime.comSpoof of Israel Shtime, a defunct newspaper. [38]
kansascityjournalpost.comkansascityjournalpost.comSpoof of Kansas City Journal-Post, a defunct newspaper. [38]
karjalanmaa.comkarjalanmaa.comSpoof of Karjalan Maa, a defunct newspaper. [38]
kentuckyirishamerican.comkentuckyirishamerican.comSpoof of Kentucky Irish American, a defunct newspaper. [38]
khalsa-akhbar-lahore.comkhalsa-akhbar-lahore.comSpoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper. [38]
khalsaakhbarlahore.comkhalsaakhbarlahore.comSpoof of Khalsa Akhbar Lahore, a defunct newspaper. [38]
labanderaroja.comlabanderaroja.comSpoof of La Bandera Roja, a defunct newspaper. [38]
ladomenicadelcorriere.comladomenicadelcorriere.comSpoof of La Domenica del Corriere, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lailustracionfilipina.comlailustracionfilipina.comSpoof of La Ilustración Filipina, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lajeunebelgique.comlajeunebelgique.comSpoof of La Jeune Belgique, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lanouvelleinternationale.comlanouvelleinternationale.comSpoof of La Nouvelle Internationale, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lecanadien.calecanadien.caSpoof of Le Canadien, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lechodukatanga.comlechodukatanga.comSpoof of L'Écho du Katanga, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lecommuniste.comlecommuniste.comSpoof of Le Communiste, a defunct newspaper. [38]
leedstimes.co.ukleedstimes.co.ukSpoof of Leeds Times, a defunct newspaper. [38]
legrutleen.comlegrutleen.comSpoof of Le Grutléen, a defunct newspaper. [38]
leninshilzhas.comleninshilzhas.comSpoof of Leninshil Zhas, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lepaysdefrance.comlepaysdefrance.comSpoof of Le Pays de France, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lereveildutadla.comlereveildutadla.comSpoof of Le Réveil du Tadla, a defunct newspaper. [38]
lereveiljuif.comlereveiljuif.comSpoof of Le Réveil juif, a defunct newspaper. [38]
liverpoolcourier.comliverpoolcourier.comSpoof of Liverpool Courier, a defunct newspaper. [38]
manchesterexaminer.commanchesterexaminer.comSpoof of Manchester Examiner, a defunct newspaper. [38]
manchestertimes.co.ukmanchestertimes.co.ukSpoof of Manchester Times, a defunct newspaper. [38]
metroeastjournal.commetroeastjournal.comSpoof of Metro-East Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
miamivalleychannel.commiamivalleychannel.comSpoof of Miami Valley Channel, a defunct cable TV channel. [38]
minneapoliseveningjournal.comminneapoliseveningjournal.comSpoof of Minneapolis Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
mirat-ul-akhbar.commirat-ul-akhbar.comSpoof of Mirat-ul-Akhbar, a defunct newspaper. [38]
montrealdailynews.commontrealdailynews.comSpoof of Montreal Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
moskovskykorrespondent.commoskovskykorrespondent.comSpoof of Moskovsky Korrespondent, a defunct newspaper. [38]
msnbc.ukmsnbc.ukSpoof of MSNBC. [38]
nasisten.comnasisten.comSpoof of Nasisten, a defunct newspaper. [38]
neweveningpost.comneweveningpost.comSpoof of New Evening Post, a defunct newspaper. [38]
newyorkcourierandenquirer.comnewyorkcourierandenquirer.comSpoof of New York Courier and Enquirer, a defunct newspaper. [38]
newyorkeveningjournal.comnewyorkeveningjournal.comSpoof of New York Evening Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
newyorkjournalamerican.comnewyorkjournalamerican.comSpoof of New York Journal-American, a defunct newspaper. [38]
newyorkmorningtelegraph.comnewyorkmorningtelegraph.comSpoof of The Morning Telegraph, a defunct newspaper. [38]
newyorksundaynews.comnewyorksundaynews.comSpoof of New York Sunday News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
niagaranewstv.comniagaranewstv.comSpoof of Niagara News TV, a defunct TV channel. [38]
northchinadailynews.comnorthchinadailynews.comSpoof of North China Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
northotagotimes.comnorthotagotimes.comSpoof of North Otago Times, a defunct newspaper. [38]
northwestradio.canorthwestradio.caSpoof of North West Radio, a defunct radio station. [38]
oransocialiste.comoransocialiste.comSpoof of Oran socialiste, a defunct newspaper. [38]
pekinggazette.compekinggazette.comSpoof of Peking Gazette, a defunct government bulletin. [38]
philippinesdailyexpress.comphilippinesdailyexpress.comSpoof of Philippines Daily Express, a defunct newspaper. [38]
portlandeveningjournal.comportlandeveningjournal.comSpoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
protitisaigialeias.comprotitisaigialeias.comSpoof of Proti tis Aigialeias. [38]
russkoyeznamya.comrusskoyeznamya.comSpoof of Russkoye Znamya, a defunct newspaper. [38]
saltlaketelegram.comsaltlaketelegram.comSpoof of Salt Lake Telegram, a defunct newspaper. [38]
schweizamsonntag.comschweizamsonntag.comSpoof of Schweiz am Sonntag, a defunct newspaper. [38]
shanghaieveningpostandmercury.comshanghaieveningpostandmercury.comSpoof of Shanghai Evening Post & Mercury, a defunct newspaper. [38]
shanghaijewishchronicle.comshanghaijewishchronicle.comSpoof of Shanghai Jewish Chronicle, a defunct newspaper. [38]
singainesan.comsingainesan.comSpoof of Singai Nesan, a defunct newspaper. [38]
socialistweekly.comsocialistweekly.comSpoof of Socialist Weekly, a defunct newspaper. [38]
sovietweekly.comsovietweekly.comSpoof of Soviet Weekly, a defunct newspaper. [38]
spoknippet.comspoknippet.comSpoof of Spöknippet, a defunct newspaper. [38]
srilankadeepa.comsrilankadeepa.comSpoof of Sri Lankadeepa, a defunct newspaper. [38]
swatantranepali.comswatantranepali.comSpoof of Swatantra Nepali, a defunct newspaper. [38]
sydney-gazette.comsydney-gazette.comSpoof of Sydney Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theadaircountynews.comtheadaircountynews.comSpoof of Adair County News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theamericanweekly.comtheamericanweekly.comSpoof of The American Weekly, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theaustraliancommunist.comtheaustraliancommunist.comSpoof of The Australian Communist, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thebangkokrecorder.comthebangkokrecorder.comSpoof of The Bangkok Recorder, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thebaptisttimes.comthebaptisttimes.comSpoof of The Baptist Times. [38]
thebombaychronicle.comthebombaychronicle.comSpoof of The Bombay Chronicle, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theceylonherald.comtheceylonherald.comSpoof of The Ceylon Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thecharlottesvilletribune.comthecharlottesvilletribune.comSpoof of The Charlottesville Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theclevelandgazette.comtheclevelandgazette.comSpoof of The Cleveland Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thecolombojournal.comthecolombojournal.comSpoof of The Colombo Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thedearbornindependent.comthedearbornindependent.comSpoof of The Dearborn Independent, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thedublingazette.comthedublingazette.comSpoof of The Dublin Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thehoovergazette.comthehoovergazette.comSpoof of The Hoover Gazette, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thejewishtribune.comthejewishtribune.comSpoof of The Jewish Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thekamloopsdailynews.comthekamloopsdailynews.comSpoof of The Kamloops Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thekungsheungdailynews.comthekungsheungdailynews.comSpoof of The Kung Sheung Daily News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theliverpoolherald.comtheliverpoolherald.comSpoof of The Liverpool Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theliverpoolnews.comtheliverpoolnews.comSpoof of The Liverpool News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thelouisvilleheraldpost.comthelouisvilleheraldpost.comSpoof of Louisville Herald-Post, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thelouisvilletimes.comthelouisvilletimes.comSpoof of The Louisville Times, a defunct newspaper. [38]
themadrastimes.comthemadrastimes.comSpoof of The Madras Times, a defunct newspaper. [38]
themirrorofaustralia.comthemirrorofaustralia.comSpoof of The Mirror of Australia, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thenevadajournal.comthenevadajournal.comSpoof of The Nevada Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thenewzealandtablet.comthenewzealandtablet.comSpoof of The New Zealand Tablet, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thenorfolkweeklynews.comthenorfolkweeklynews.comSpoof of The Norfolk Weekly News, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theoregonjournal.comtheoregonjournal.comSpoof of The Oregon Journal, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thequebectelegraph.comthequebectelegraph.comSpoof of Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thesandbornherald.comthesandbornherald.comSpoof of The Sandborn Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38]
theseattlestar.comtheseattlestar.comSpoof of The Seattle Star, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thetimesofceylon.comthetimesofceylon.comSpoof of The Times of Ceylon, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thetorontomail.comthetorontomail.comSpoof of The Toronto Mail, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thetulsatribune.comthetulsatribune.comSpoof of Tulsa Tribune, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thewellingtonindependent.comthewellingtonindependent.comSpoof of The Wellington Independent, a defunct newspaper. [38]
thewhitesvilleindependentpress.comthewhitesvilleindependentpress.comSpoof of The Whitesville Independent Press, a defunct newspaper. [38]
timesofcyprus.comtimesofcyprus.comSpoof of Times of Cyprus, a defunct newspaper. [38]
tokyonichinichishimbun.comtokyonichinichishimbun.comSpoof of Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, a defunct newspaper. [38]
topekastatejournal.comtopekastatejournal.comSpoof of The Topeka Capital-Journal. [38]
torontotelegram.comtorontotelegram.comSpoof of Toronto Telegram, a defunct newspaper. [38]
worldeconomicherald.comworldeconomicherald.comSpoof of World Economic Herald, a defunct newspaper. [38]
24hoursmanitoba.com24hoursmanitoba.com [38]
3newsagency.com3newsagency.com [38]
akhbarulusbua.comakhbarulusbua.com [38]
eveningpost.eueveningpost.eu [38]
houstoneveningjournal.comhoustoneveningjournal.com [38]
houstonmorningchronicle.comhoustonmorningchronicle.com [38]
ludhiana-times.comludhiana-times.com [38]
lyonsherald.comlyonsherald.com [38]
memphismorningnews.commemphismorningnews.com [38]
newyorknationaldemocrat.comnewyorknationaldemocrat.com [38]
newyorkpressagency.comnewyorkpressagency.com [38]
plymouthtribune.complymouthtribune.com [38]
quebecherald.comquebecherald.com [38]
rochesterdailyamerican.comrochesterdailyamerican.com [38]
rockportjournal.comrockportjournal.com [38]
rockvilletimes.comrockvilletimes.com [38]
russkyinvalid.comrusskyinvalid.com [38]
sindhgazette.comsindhgazette.com [38]
thecanadianspectator.comthecanadianspectator.com [38]
thehazletonnews.comthehazletonnews.com [38]
thelivenews.co.ukthelivenews.co.uk [38]
thesenator.euthesenator.eu [38]
thestatesman.euthestatesman.eu [38]
threemediagroup.comthreemediagroup.com [38]
threenewsagency.comthreenewsagency.com [38]
timesofalaska.comtimesofalaska.com [38]
timesofambala.comtimesofambala.com [38]
timesofamsterdam.comtimesofamsterdam.com [38]
timesofargentina.comtimesofargentina.com [38]
timesofaustria.comtimesofaustria.com [38]
timesofazadkashmir.comtimesofazadkashmir.com [38]
timesofbali.comtimesofbali.com [38]
timesofbelgium.comtimesofbelgium.com [38]
timesofbern.comtimesofbern.com [38]
timesofbhutan.comtimesofbhutan.com [38]
timesofbonn.comtimesofbonn.com [38]
timesofbulgaria.comtimesofbulgaria.com [38]
timesofcanberra.comtimesofcanberra.com [38]
timesofcebu.comtimesofcebu.com [38]
timesofchiangmai.comtimesofchiangmai.com [38]
timesofchile.comtimesofchile.com [38]
timesofcostarica.comtimesofcostarica.com [38]
timesofcroatia.comtimesofcroatia.com [38]
timesofdefence.comtimesofdefence.com [38]
timesofeqypt.comtimesofeqypt.com [38]
timesofestonia.comtimesofestonia.com [38]
timesofgeneva.comtimesofgeneva.com [38]
timesofhonduras.comtimesofhonduras.com [38]
timesofhungary.comtimesofhungary.com [38]
timesofjakarta.comtimesofjakarta.com [38]
timesofjeddah.comtimesofjeddah.com [38]
timesofkazakhstan.comtimesofkazakhstan.com [38]
timesoflatvia.comtimesoflatvia.com [38]
timesoflibya.comtimesoflibya.com [38]
timesofluxembourg.comtimesofluxembourg.com [38]
timesofmacau.comtimesofmacau.com [38]
timesofmadinah.comtimesofmadinah.com [38]
timesofmadrid.comtimesofmadrid.com [38]
timesofmanitoba.comtimesofmanitoba.com [38]
timesofmecca.comtimesofmecca.com [38]
timesofmedina.comtimesofmedina.com [38]
timesofmorocco.comtimesofmorocco.com [38]
timesofnaples.comtimesofnaples.com [38]
timesofnetherlands.comtimesofnetherlands.com [38]
timesofnewbrunswick.comtimesofnewbrunswick.com [38]
timesofnorthkorea.comtimesofnorthkorea.com [38]
timesofpalau.comtimesofpalau.com [38]
timesofperu.comtimesofperu.com [38]
timesofpyongyang.comtimesofpyongyang.com [38]
timesofriyadh.comtimesofriyadh.com [38]
timesofromania.comtimesofromania.com [38]
timesofsaotome.comtimesofsaotome.com [38]
timesofseattle.comtimesofseattle.com [38]
timesofseoul.comtimesofseoul.com [38]
timesofsouthchinasea.comtimesofsouthchinasea.com [38]
timesofsouthkorea.comtimesofsouthkorea.com [38]
timesofspain.comtimesofspain.com [38]
timesoftokyo.comtimesoftokyo.com [38]
timesofvatican.comtimesofvatican.com [38]
timesofvenezuela.comtimesofvenezuela.com [38]
weeklylouisianian.comweeklylouisianian.com [38]
thr.threemediagroup.comthr.threemediagroup.com [38]
24hoursmontreal.com24hoursmontreal.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [38]
24hoursvancouver.com24hoursvancouver.comSpoof of 24 Hours, a defunct newspaper group. [38]
albanydailydemocrat.comalbanydailydemocrat.comSpoof of Albany Democrat-Herald. [38]
baltimoreeveningsun.combaltimoreeveningsun.comSpoof of The Baltimore Sun. [38]
brownsvilletimes.combrownsvilletimes.comSpoof of The Times (Brownsville). [38]
cbs-cable.comcbs-cable.comSpoof of CBS Cable. [38]
dailystatesentinel.comdailystatesentinel.comSpoof of The Daily Sentinel (Texas). [38]
timesoflosangeles.comtimesoflosangeles.comSpoof of Los Angeles Times. [38]
timesofmoscow.comtimesofmoscow.comSpoof of The Moscow Times. [38]
Big News NetworkBignewsnetwork.net [35] [36]
Big News Networkbignewsnetwork.com [35] [36]
FijiNews.netFijiNews.net [35] [36]
NorthKoreaTimes.comNorthKoreaTimes.com [35] [36]
VancouverStar.comVancouverStar.com [35] [36]
PhoenixHerald.comPhoenixHerald.com [35] [36]
RussiaHerald.comRussiaHerald.com [35] [36]
CambodianTimes.comCambodianTimes.com [35] [36]
indiasnews.netindiasnews.net [35] [36]
zimbabwenews.netzimbabwenews.net [35] [36]
sierraleonetimes.comsierraleonetimes.com [35] [36]
World News Networkworldnewsnetwork.net [35] [36]
Los Angeles Evening Despatch [35] [36]
British News Network [35] [36]
Washington DC Despatch [35] [36]
Wisconsin Journal [35] [36]
Sri Lanka Island News [35] [36]
Westminister Times [35] [36]
Japan Times Todayjapantimestoday.comSpoof of The Japan Times. [35] [36]
South China Heraldsouthchinaherald.newsSpoof of the South China Morning Post. [35] [36]
Wall Street Sentinelwallstreetsentinel.newsSpoof of The Wall Street Journal. [35] [36]
New York Despatch [35] [36]
Toronto Sun Times [35] [36]
UAE Times [35] [36]

Other campaigns

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
The Disinfo Labthedisinfolab.orgOwned by an officer of India's foreign intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing. [44] [45]

Iran

Endless Mayfly

Endless Mayfly, dubbed by Citizen Lab, is an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign of inauthentic social media accounts and fake news websites that, according to Citizen Lab, "spreads falsehoods and amplifies narratives critical of Saudi Arabia, the United States, and Israel." [46] It is notable for using a technique that Citizen Lab described as "ephemeral disinformation": When an article from the campaign received significant engagement on social media, it was deleted and URLs were linked to the website that the article was falsely portraying. [46]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
addustuor.comaddustuor.comSpoof of Addustour. [46]
xn--aljaeera-4t0d.netxn--aljaeera-4t0d.netSpoofing of Al Jazeera. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [46] [47]
al-jazirah.orgal-jazirah.orgSpoof of Al Jazeera. [46]
al-shargh.comal-shargh.comSpoof of Al Sharq. [46]
al-watan.coal-watan.coSpoof of Al-Watan. [46]
alarabyia.orgalarabyia.orgSpoof of Al Arabiya. [46]
alettehad.netalettehad.netSpoof of Al-Ittihad. [46]
aliraq-news.comaliraq-news.com [46]
aljlazeera.comaljlazeera.comSpoof of Al Jazeera. [46]
xn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.comxn--alnaaregypt-cm8e.comSpoof of Al-Nahar. [46]
alryiadh.comalryiadh.comSpoof of Al Riyadh. [46]
alwatannewspaper.netalwatannewspaper.netSpoof of Al-Watan. [46]
xn--arab21-6va.comxn--arab21-6va.comSpoof of Arabi21. [46]
theatlatnic.comtheatlatnic.comSpoofing of The Atlantic. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [46] [47]
bbc-Arabic.combbc-Arabic.comSpoof of BBC Arabic. [46]
belfercenter.netbelfercenter.netSpoof of Belfer Center. Falsely claims that Avigdor Lieberman was fired by Benjamin Netanyahu in 2018 for being a Russian agent. [46]
bloomberq.combloomberq.comSpoof of Bloomberg.com. [46]
braekingisraelnews.combraekingisraelnews.comSpoof of Breaking Israel News. [46]
breakingisraelnews.netbreakingisraelnews.netSpoof of Breaking Israel News. [46]
brusslestimes.combrusslestimes.comSpoof of The Brussels Times. [46]
budapestbaecon.combudapestbaecon.comSpoof of The Budapest Beacon. [46]
bundesergierung.debundesergierung.deSpoof of the official Bundesregierung website. [46]
xn--c-wpma.comxn--c-wpma.comSpoof of CNN. [46]
com-news-world.sitecom-news-world.siteSpoof of the BBC. [46]
com-users.infocom-users.info [46]
dawalhaq.comdawalhaq.com [46]
daylisabah.comdaylisabah.comSpoof of the Daily Sabah. [46]
democraticcoalition.netdemocraticcoalition.net [46]
xn--etik-k54a.comxn--etik-k54a.comSpoof of Detik. [46]
elwataannews.comelwataannews.comSpoof of El Watan News. [46]
xn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.comxn--emaraalyoum-1b9e.comSpoof of Emarat Al Youm. [46]
emaratallyoum.comemaratallyoum.comSpoof of Emarat Al Youm. [46]
emaratalyuom.comemaratalyuom.comSpoof of Emarat Al Youm. [46]
foreignpoilcy.comforeignpoilcy.comSpoof of Foreign Policy. [46]
foriegnpolicy.netforiegnpolicy.netSpoof of Foreign Policy. [46]
xn--frace24-mkb.comxn--frace24-mkb.comSpoof of France 24. [46]
theglobeandmail.orgtheglobeandmail.orgSpoof of The Globe and Mail. [46]
thaguardian.comthaguardian.comSpoof of The Guardian. [46]
theguaradian.comtheguaradian.comSpoof of The Guardian. [46]
xn--theguardan-4ub.comxn--theguardan-4ub.comSpoofing of The Guardian that uses an IDN homograph attack in which the "i" in the "guardian" is replaced by the Turkish character "ı". Contains fabricated quotes from John Scarlett that suggest CIA and MI6 involvement in the Rose Revolution to weaken Russia. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [46] [47]
xn--theguardia-dq2e.comxn--theguardia-dq2e.comSpoof of The Guardian. [46]
haaaretz.comhaaaretz.comSpoof of Haaretz. [46]
xn--haarez-m17b.comxn--haarez-m17b.comSpoofing of Haaretz. Likely part of an active measures campaign by the Russian government in 2017. Also part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. [46] [47]
theheraldscotland.comtheheraldscotland.comSpoof of The Herald Scotland. [46]
xn--huffngtonpost-69b.comxn--huffngtonpost-69b.comSpoof of the Huffington Post that uses an IDN homograph attack, replacing "i" with "ı". [46]
xn--ndependent-77a.comxn--ndependent-77a.comSpoof of The Independent. [46]
indepnedent.coindepnedent.co Typosquatting spoof of The Independent. [46]
israelhayom.netisraelhayom.netSpoof of Israel Hayom. [46]
xn--sraelinarabic-29b.comxn--sraelinarabic-29b.comSpoof of Israel in Arabic. [46]
xn--israelinarabi-ugb.comxn--israelinarabi-ugb.comSpoof of Israel in Arabic. [46]
israellinarabic.comisraellinarabic.comSpoof of Israel in Arabic. [46]
israelnationalnews.coisraelnationalnews.coSpoof of Israel National News. [46]
israelnationalnews.netisraelnationalnews.netSpoof of Israel National News. [46]
jerusaleimonline.comjerusaleimonline.comSpoof of Jerusalem Online. [46]
thejerusalempost.orgthejerusalempost.orgSpoof of The Jerusalem Post. [46]
lesoir.infolesoir.infoSpoof of Le Soir. Part of Endless Mayfly, an Iran-affiliated disinformation campaign. Also used to spread a false claim about Emmanuel Macron's campaign being funded by Saudi Arabia during the 2017 French Presidential Election. [46] [48]
xn--telocal-xt3c.comxn--telocal-xt3c.comSpoof of The Local. [46]
mesralarabiya.commesralarabiya.comSpoof of MasrAlarabia . [46]
mintpressnevvs.commintpressnevvs.comSpoof of MintPress News. [46]
nationalepost.comnationalepost.comSpoof of National Post. [46]
xn--nationmaser-5b9e.comxn--nationmaser-5b9e.comSpoof of NationMaster. [46]
policito.compolicito.comSpoof of Politico. [46]
xn--plitico-d5b.comxn--plitico-d5b.comSpoof of Politico. [46]
xn--r-2rm.comxn--r-2rm.comSpoof of RT. [46]
sharjah24.cosharjah24.coSpoof of Sharjah24. [46]
shoruknews.comshoruknews.comSpoof of Al-Shorouk. [46]
speigel.netspeigel.netSpoof of Der Spiegel. [46]
timesoffisrael.comtimesoffisrael.comSpoof of The Times of Israel. [46]
timesofisraeil.comtimesofisraeil.comSpoof of The Times of Israel. [46]
xn--wa-exs.comxn--wa-exs.comSpoof of Emirates News Agency. [46]
waradena.comwaradena.comSpoof of Waradana. [46]
washnigtonexaminer.comwashnigtonexaminer.comSpoof of The Washington Examiner. [46]

International Union of Virtual Media (IUVM)

The International Union of Virtual Media is described by the Atlantic Council as "a cluster of ostensibly independent websites that aggressively repackaged and re-broadcast Iranian state media", [49] without citation. [50] The network has been taken down by Facebook, Twitter, and Google for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [50]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
iuvm.orgiuvm.orgSeized by the United States federal government in 2020. [51] [52]
IUVMApp [53] [49]
IUVM Archiveiuvmarchive.com [50]
iuvmdaily.comiuvmdaily.com [50]
iuvmonline.comiuvmonline.com [50]
IUVM Pixeliuvmpixel.com [50] [53]
IUVM Pressiuvmpress.comSeized by the United States federal government in 2020. [50] [52] [51] [53] [49]
IUVM TViuvmtv.comSeized by the United States federal government in 2020. [50] [52]

Storm-2035

Storm-2035, dubbed by Microsoft Threat Analysis Center in August 2024, is attributed by Microsoft researchers to "an Iranian network" and described by them as a collection of fake news websites that has been active since at least 2020 and has targeted both conservative and liberal audiences in the United States. [54] At least some of their content has been alleged by Microsoft to be created by generative artificial intelligence models to repost content from United States-based news outlets without attribution. [54] Such outlets include The Guardian, The Week, Newsweek, and the Los Angeles Times. [55] [56] An investigation from OpenAI found that the network used ChatGPT to generate articles and social media comments. [57] A network of social media accounts that promoted one of the sites was taken down in 2022 by Twitter for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [54]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
EvenPoliticsevenpolitics.com [54] [55] [56] [57]
Nio Thinkerniothinker.com [58] [54] [57]
Savannah Timesavannahtime.com [58] [54] [57]
Teoratorteorator.com [57]
Westland Sunwestlandsun.com [57]

Other campaigns

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
AWDNewsawdnews.com Khawaja Muhammad Asif, the Minister of Defence of Pakistan, warned Israel of nuclear retaliation on Twitter after a false story claiming that Avigdor Lieberman, the Israeli Ministry of Defense, said "If Pakistan send ground troops into Syria on any pretext, we will destroy this country with a nuclear attack." [59] [60]

Seized by the United States federal government in 2020.

 [59] [61] [53] [62]
The British Leftbritishleft.comMasquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet. [61] [63]
Critics Chroniclecriticschronicle.comMasquerades as a United Kingdom-based news outlet. [61] [63]
Instituto Manquehueinstitutomanquehue.orgMasquerades as a Latin America-based NGO. [61] [63]
Liberty Front Presslibertyfrontpress.comMasquerades as a United States-based news outlet. [61] [63]
Real Progressive Frontrpfront.comMasquerades as a United States-based news outlet and NGO. [61] [63]
US Journalusjournal.netMasquerades as a United States-based news outlet. [61] [63]

Israel

Zeno Zeno

Starting in October 2023, the Israeli government via the Ministry of Diaspora Affairs supported what the New York Times and Haaretz described as an "influence campaign" that primarily targeted Black lawmakers in the Democratic Party, as well as young left-leaning residents of the United States and Canada. [64] [65] The ministry hired Stoic, an Israeli political marketing firm, to conduct the operation, [64] [65] dubbed Zeno Zeno by OpenAI. [66] Social media accounts and pages linked to the campaign were taken down by Meta in 2024 for coordinated inauthentic behavior, [67] [64] including the use of profile pictures created by generative adversarial networks and possibly hijacked accounts. [68] Many social media posts from the campaign were created by ChatGPT. [64]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Arab Slave Tradearabslavetrade.wikiCopied from Wikipedia. Targeted Black Americans to spread the message of Arab involvement in the slave trade in Africa. [65] [67]
The Good Samaritanthe-good-samaritan.comPer Haaretz, a site that "mapped and ranked American universities according to the amount of alleged antisemitic incidents on their campuses and whether it was safe for Jews to study there." [65] Promoted by Non-Agenda. [65] [67]
The Moral Alliancemoral-alliance.comDescribed by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]". [67] Redirected to The Good Samaritan website. [67] [69] [70] [68]
moralalliance.co
Non-Agendanonagenda.comDescribed by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]". [67] [64] [67] [70] [68]
Serenity Now!serenitynow.todayPosed as an anarchist website. [65] [67]
The Human Fellowshipthehumanfellowship.coLinked to The Moral Alliance. [67]
Unfold Magazineufnews.ioDescribed by FakeReporter as a "fictitious online [platform]". [67] [64] [67] [70]
United Citizens for Canadauc4canada.comTargeting a Canadian audience, published content widely described as Islamophobic. [65] [67] [68]

Italy

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
ByoBlu byoblu.comSpread false claims about contact tracing applications used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Founded by former communication lead of the Five Star Movement.

Published deceptive information circulated on Twitter, spreading disinformation in the context of the 2019 European elections.

 [31] [71] [72]
Il Primato Nazionale ilprimatonazionale.itSpread false information about Italian government policy with respect to immigrants and COVID-19. Linked to CasaPound. [31] [73] [74]
La Cosala-cosa.itSetup by the Five Star Movement. [75]
La Fucinalafucina.itSetup by the Five Star Movement.

Falsely claimed that Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down by a Ukrainian pilot.

 [75] [76]
TzeTzetzetze.itSetup by the Five Star Movement. [75]

Mexico

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
elpoderdelsaber.comelpoderdelsaber.comAssociated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. Published death hoax about Carmen Aristegui. [77]
elviejosabio.comelviejosabio.comAssociated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. [77]
sevenaldia.comsevenaldia.comAssociated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. [77]
telodijeyo.comtelodijeyo.comAssociated with Ernesto Cordero Arroyo, Heriberto Félix Guerra, and Juan Ignacio Zavala of the National Action Party. [77]

Myanmar

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Tatmadaw Media Grouptatmadawmediagroup.comLinked to members of the Tatmadaw. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [78]

Nigeria

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Aso Villa Newsasovillanews.xyzOwned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. [79]
Exclusive103exclusive103.comPer Africa Check and DUBAWA. Owned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. [79] [80] [81] [82]
I Newsimocitytv.comOwned by activist of the Indigenous People of Biafra movement. [79]

Pakistan

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
CJ Postcjpost.co.ukLinked to AlphaPro, a Pakistani public relations firm, which also has ties to the Inter-Services Public Relations (ISPR) of the Pakistani military. Part of a network of social media accounts and pages that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. A separate network of accounts and pages that was alleged to be linked to the ISPR was taken down by Facebook in 2019. [83]

People's Republic of China

HaiEnergy

Shanghai Haixun Technology Co., Ltd (上海海讯社科技有限公司), a Chinese public relations firm, is linked to an influence campaign (titled "HaiEnergy" by Mandiant) to promote positive energy, which Mandiant defines as "messages positively portraying the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the Chinese Government, and its policies." [84] Mandiant alleged that the firm had possibly staged protests in Washington D.C. in 2022 involving religious freedom and the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act. [85]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
24 News24usnews.com [84]
Aisa Koreaaisakorea.com [84]
All City Timesallcitytimes.com [84]
Anna Timesannatimes.com [84]
Austria Weeklyaustriaweekly.com [84]
Charm Dailycharmdaily.com [84]
Czech Weeklyczechweekly.com [84]
Director Timesdirectortimes.com [84]
Donga Dailydongadaily.com [84]
Egypt Dailyegyptdaily.org [84]
Elec Dailyelecdaily.com [84]
Espana Dailyespanadaily.com [84]
Eur Timeseutimes.fr [84]
Exactly Newsexactlynews.com [84]
E.MPfinance.austriaweekly.com [84]
Finance.TZfinance.thaibizdaily.com [84]
Finland Weeklyfinlandweekly.com [84]
Focus on Russiaautomobile.trademarksdaily.com [84]
財富台灣caifutw.com [84]
FT Voicefinance.thewarsawvoice.com [84]
Hani Dailyhanidaily.com [84]
Hanna Presshannapress.com [84]
Health Latest Job Newshealth.latestjobnews.in [84]
香港日報hkdaily.net [84]
香港週報weeklyhongkong.com [84]
Huabei Dailyvn.huabeidaily.com [84]
Hurriyet Businesshurriyetbusiness.com [84]
Inspect Newsinspectnews.com [84]
Jakarta Globejakartaglobe.org [84]
Joins Damarkets.joinsdaily.com [84]
The Korea Timesthekoreatimes.org [84]
KR Economykreconomy.com [84]
KR Pop Starkrpopstar.com [84]
Latest Job Newslatestjobnews.in [84]
Lehua Timeslehuatimes.com [84]
Lori Timesloritimes.com [84]
Mecha Timesmechatimes.com [84]
Moscow TVmoscowtv.vip [84]
Nanyang Dailynanyangdaily.com [84]
Nets Baynetsbay.com [84]
New Delhi Newsnewdelhinews.club [84]
New York City Morning Postnycmorning.com [84]
NGR Dailynigeriacom.com [84]
NZL Dailynewzealandgazette.com [84]
Portugal Dailyportugaldaily.com [84]
Qatar Dailyqatardaily.org [84]
RAND Dailyranddaily.com [84]
RU Businessrubusiness.club [84]
RU Industrialruindustrial.com [84]
Russian Dailyrussiadaily.org [84]
Russian Dailytherussiadaily.com [84]
Sain Timessaintimes.com [84]
Saudi Weeklysaudiweekly.com [84]
Seoul Dailyseouldaily.org [84]
Startup India Magazinestartupindiamagazine.com [84]
Swiss Weeklyswissweekly.com [84]
Swiss Zeitungswisszeitung.com [84]
台灣焦點hotintaiwan.com [84]
TH Truththtruth.com [84]
The Thailandsthethailands.com [84]
TMK Dailytrademarksdaily.com [84]
Toyo Timestoyotimes.com [84]
Unsee Newsunseenews.com [84]
The Warsaw Voicethewarsawvoice.com [84]
Yarl Timesyarltimes.com [84]
Yasu Dailyyasudaily.com [84]
Times Newswiretimesnewswire.comLinked to both HaiEnergy and PAPERWALL influence operations. [85] [86]
World Newswirewdwire.com [85]
The Arizona Republicfinance.azcentral.com [85]
Pittsburgh Post-Gazettemarkets.post-gazette.com [85]
Starkville Daily Newsbusiness.starkvilledailynews.com [85]
The Kane Republicanbusiness.kanerepublican.com [85]
Sweetwater Reporterbusiness.sweetwaterreporter.com [85]
The Daily Pressbusiness.smdailypress.com [85]
Poteau Daily Newsbusiness.poteaudailynews.com [85]
The Callbusiness.woonsocketcall.com [85]
Mammoth Timesbusiness.mammothtimes.com [85]
The Evening Leaderbusiness.theeveningleader.com [85]
The Post and Mailbusiness.thepostandmail.com [85]
My Mother Lodemoney.mymotherlode.com [85]
The Inyo Registerbusiness.inyoregister.com [85]
The Punxsutawney Spiritbusiness.punxsutawneyspirit.com [85]
Borger New-Heraldbusiness.borgernewsherald.com [85]
The Timesbusiness.pawtuckettimes.com [85]
Statesman Examinerbusiness.statesmanexaminer.com [85]
Decatur Daily Democratbusiness.decaturdailydemocrat.com [85]
The Pilot Newsbusiness.thepilotnews.com [85]
The Newport Daily Expressbusiness.newportvermontdailyexpress.com [85]
Malvern Daily Recordbusiness.malvern-online.com [85]
Southern Rhode Island Newspapersbusiness.ricentral.com [85]
Wapakoneta Daily Newsbusiness.wapakdailynews.com [85]
Times Recordbusiness.times-online.com [85]
The Guymon Daily Heraldbusiness.guymondailyherald.com [85]
Daily Times Leaderbusiness.dailytimesleader.com [85]
The Ridgway Recordbusiness.ridgwayrecord.com [85]
Big Spring Heraldbusiness.bigspringherald.com [85]
The Observer News Enterprisebusiness.observernewsonline.com [85]
The Saline Courierbusiness.bentoncourier.com [85]
The Buffalo Newsmarkets.buffalonews.com [85]
The Community Postbusiness.minstercommunitypost.com [85]

PAPERWALL

Shenzhen Haimaiyunxiang Media Co., Ltd., a Chinese public relations firm, is linked to an influence campaign (titled "PAPERWALL" by Citizen Lab) to "[disseminate] pro-Beijing disinformation and ad hominem attacks". [86] Citizen Lab concludes that their analysis "[confirms] the increasingly important role private firms play in the realm of digital influence operations and the propensity of the Chinese government to make use of them." [86]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
usa-aa.comusa-aa.com [86]
doloreshoy.codoloreshoy.co [86]
splinsider.comsplinsider.com [86]
garagumsowda.comgaragumsowda.com [86]
laplatapost.comlaplatapost.com [86]
lujanexpresar.comlujanexpresar.com [86]
wienbuzz.comwienbuzz.com [86]
boicpost.comboicpost.com [86]
brasilindustry.combrasilindustry.com [86]
brmingpao.combrmingpao.com [86]
financeiropost.comfinanceiropost.com [86]
goiasmine.comgoiasmine.com [86]
pauloexpressar.compauloexpressar.com [86]
pernambucostar.compernambucostar.com [86]
rioninepage.comrioninepage.com [86]
swisshubnews.comswisshubnews.com [86]
sanrafaelscoop.comsanrafaelscoop.com [86]
martapost.commartapost.com [86]
bohemiadaily.combohemiadaily.com [86]
frankfurtsta.comfrankfurtsta.com [86]
munichnp.communichnp.com [86]
dkindustry.codkindustry.co [86]
lguazu.comlguazu.com [86]
andregaceta.comandregaceta.com [86]
cordovapress.orgcordovapress.org [86]
Sevilla Timessevillatimes.com [86]
tarragonapost.comtarragonapost.com [86]
guellherald.comguellherald.com [86]
suomiexpress.comsuomiexpress.com [86]
frnewsfeed.comfrnewsfeed.com [86]
froneplus.comfroneplus.com [86]
friendlyparis.comfriendlyparis.com [86]
alpsbiz.comalpsbiz.com [86]
economyfr.comeconomyfr.com [86]
eiffelpost.comeiffelpost.com [86]
fftribune.comfftribune.com [86]
louispress.orglouispress.org [86]
provencedaily.comprovencedaily.com [86]
rmtcityfr.comrmtcityfr.com [86]
doyletimes.comdoyletimes.com [86]
Napoli Moneynapolimoney.com [86] [87]
Italia Finanziarieitaliafinanziarie.com [86] [87]
Milano Moda Weeklymilanomodaweekly.com [86] [87]
Roma Journalromajournal.org [86] [87]
Torino Humantorinohuman.com [86] [87]
Venezia Postveneziapost.com [86] [87]
dy-press.comdy-press.com [86]
Fujiyama Timesfujiyamatimes.com [86]
fukuitoday.comfukuitoday.com [86]
fukuoka-ken.comfukuoka-ken.com [86]
ginzadaily.comginzadaily.com [86]
hokkaidotr.comhokkaidotr.com [86]
kanagawa-ken.comkanagawa-ken.com [86]
meiji-mura.commeiji-mura.com [86]
nihondaily.comnihondaily.com [86]
nikkonews.comnikkonews.com [86]
saitama-ken.comsaitama-ken.com [86]
sendaishimbun.comsendaishimbun.com [86]
tokushima-ken.comtokushima-ken.com [86]
tokyobuilder.comtokyobuilder.com [86]
yamatocore.comyamatocore.com [86]
bucheontech.combucheontech.com [86]
busanonline.combusanonline.com [86]
cctimes.orgcctimes.org [86]
chungjutravel.comchungjutravel.com [86]
chungnamonline.comchungnamonline.com [86]
daegujournal.comdaegujournal.com [86]
daejeontraffic.comdaejeontraffic.com [86]
gangwonculture.comgangwonculture.com [86]
gwangjuedu.comgwangjuedu.com [86]
gyeonggidaily.comgyeonggidaily.com [86]
gyeongpe.comgyeongpe.com [86]
incheonfocus.comincheonfocus.com [86]
jejutr.comjejutr.com [86]
jeontoday.comjeontoday.com [86]
krectimes.comkrectimes.com [86]
seoulpr.comseoulpr.com [86]
ulsanindustry.comulsanindustry.com [86]
gauljournal.comgauljournal.com [86]
olmecpress.comolmecpress.com [86]
teotihuacaneco.comteotihuacaneco.com [86]
xochimilcolife.comxochimilcolife.com [86]
greaterdutch.comgreaterdutch.com [86]
nlpress.orgnlpress.org [86]
vikingun.orgvikingun.org [86]
bydgoszczdaily.combydgoszczdaily.com [86]
wawelexpress.comwawelexpress.com [86]
ptnavigat.comptnavigat.com [86]
baleadimineata.combaleadimineata.com [86]
rogazette.comrogazette.com [86]
aksaydaily.comaksaydaily.com [86]
ekaterintech.comekaterintech.com [86]
findmoscow.comfindmoscow.com [86]
gorodbusiness.comgorodbusiness.com [86]
kazanculture.comkazanculture.com [86]
rostovlife.comrostovlife.com [86]
samaraindustry.comsamaraindustry.com [86]
stptb.orgstptb.org [86]
tulunet.comtulunet.com [86]
volgogradpost.comvolgogradpost.com [86]
balasaguntimes.combalasaguntimes.com [86]
ismoili.comismoili.com [86]
buranadaily.comburanadaily.com [86]
wakhan.orgwakhan.org [86]
luddpress.comluddpress.com [86]
kopetbiz.comkopetbiz.com [86]
balasagunherald.combalasagunherald.com [86]
taurustimes.comtaurustimes.com [86]
anadoluha.comanadoluha.com [86]
araratdaily.comararatdaily.com [86]
cappadociapost.orgcappadociapost.org [86]
bmhtoday.combmhtoday.com [86]
benmorning.combenmorning.com [86]
britishft.combritishft.com [86]
conanfinance.comconanfinance.com [86]
deiniolnews.comdeiniolnews.com [86]
euleader.orgeuleader.org [86]
glasgowtr.comglasgowtr.com [86]
londonclup.comlondonclup.com [86]
ulstergrowth.comulstergrowth.com [86]
vtnay.orgvtnay.org [86]
wdpp.orgwdpp.org [86]
updatenews.infoupdatenews.info [86]

Happytify network (歡享網)

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Happytify / Huanxiangwanghappytify.ccA content farm network by a Chinese marketing firm, Wuwei Technologies (無為科技). Accused of plagiarism from major news outlets. Posted anti-Democratic Progressive Party articles that were described in a joint report by Graphika, Institute for the Future and the International Republican Institute as "sensational and false". [88] Seen by researchers as an example of "cognitive warfare" by the Chinese government. [89] [88] [90] [89]

Philippines

Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media. [91] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news [92] [93] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic. [94] [95] [96]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it. [97]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: Former President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and President Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages. [98] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte. [99] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration. [100] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs. [99]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls. [101] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero" [102] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Donald Trump nomination and the 2016 United States elections. [103]

Republic of China

Mission (密訊)

Mission is a content farm that has repeatedly published false information and republished or rephrased stories from other outlets, especially the China Times. [104] [105] It is connected to Lin Cheng-kuo (林正國), a former assistant for Wang Ping-chung (王炳忠), a spokesperson for the New Party. [88] [104] [105] The network uses "link wheeling" to manipulate search engine rankings by Google and Bing, and repeatedly switched domain names to get ahead of bans by Facebook (including the use of beeper.live, a content farm in Malaysia). Mission has promoted content from The Reacher (觸極者), a site also run by Lin, and both sites in turn promoted a China-Taiwan exchange program jointly managed by the Taiwan Affairs Office, several state-run media outlets in China (China Media Group, iTaiwan News Network (海峽飛虹中文網), Huaxia.net (華夏經緯網), Sichuan Daily New Media Centre (四川日報新媒體中心)), and a private media company based in Taiwan. [104] [105]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Mission (密訊)Mission.tw [88]
Mission (密訊)pplomo.com [88] [104] [105]
Mission (密訊)mission-tw.com [104] [105]
Mission (密訊)missiback.com [88] [104] [105]
Mission (密訊)mission-hosti.com [88] [104] [105]
Mission (密訊)tiksomo.com [88] [104] [105]
Mission (密訊)gufunnews.com [88]
Mission (密訊)new.mission-tw.com [88]
Mission (密訊)gaochuji.com [88]
Mission (密訊)mission-new.com [88]
Mission (密訊)tiksomo.com [88]
Mission (密訊)falotat.com [88]
Mission (密訊)osometalk.com [88]
Mission (密訊)itaiwan.mission-tw.com [88]

Russia

South Africa

Radical Economic Transformation media network

A network of websites, dubbed the Radical Economic Transformation media network by the African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting [106] and described by journalists as "disinformation" [107] and "propaganda" [107] [108] , promoted the concept of white monopoly capital and repeatedly and anonymously attacked Cyril Ramaphosa, journalists, opposition politicians and other critics of the Gupta family, Jacob Zuma and their associates. [107] The sites were registered by CNET Infosystem, an Indian reputation management firm that is linked to the Gupta family, who had close ties with Zuma. [107] As of 2017, they received nearly all of their web traffic from users in India, and were linked to pro-Gupta and pro-Zuma Twitter accounts whose posts were retweeted by bot accounts. [107] This network of websites and social media assets also included media outlets owned by the Gupta family: ANN7 and The New Age. [108] The overall social media strategy was analyzed by Bell Pottinger, who was contracted by the Gupta family. [108] The New York Times noted that, due to the disinformation campaign, "racial tensions [in South Africa] rose to levels that had not been felt since apartheid" and asserted that the campaign significantly damaged the cause of advancing economic equality for Black South Africans. [108]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
dodgysaministers.comdodgysaministers.com [107]
fakeguptaleaks.comfakeguptaleaks.com [107]
publicopinion.co.zapublicopinion.co.za [107]
southafricabuzz.co.zasouthafricabuzz.co.za [107]
whitemonopoly.comwhitemonopoly.com [107]
whitemonopolyafrica.comwhitemonopolyafrica.com [107]
whitemonopolycapital.comwhitemonopolycapital.com [107]
WMC Leakswmcleaks.comPer Africa Check, an IFCN signatory. [107] [109] [108] [110]
WMC Scamswmcscams.com [107] [108]
wmc-scams.comwmc-scams.com [107]

Spain

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Euskal Newseuskalnews.comConnected to Basque politician David Pasarin-Gegunde. Described by ProPublica as "a Google publishing partner that mixes anti-immigrant content and vaccine disinformation with warnings of an impending globalist and EU takeover." [6] A 2022 analysis by ProPublica found many advertisements that had been placed by Google, which were removed upon contact by ProPublica. [6]

Sweden

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Nya Dagbladet nyadagbladet.seIdentified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news". [73] Reportedly linked to Nationaldemokraterna. Accused of spreading anti-vaccine misinformation, Holocaust denial, and the white genocide conspiracy theory. Promoted a document falsely alleged to be from the RAND Corporation. [73] [111] [112]
Nyheter Idag nyheteridag.seIdentified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news". [73] Closely associated with the Sweden Democrats. Founded by Chang Frick, who is described as "a former Sweden Democrat official" [113] and has also worked for RT. Connected to Kent Ekeroth and Jeppe Juhl. Owned by Ilan Sadé. [73] [113] [114] [115]
Samnytt samnytt.seIdentified by researchers at the Oxford Internet Institute as a source of "junk news". [73] Works with AdStyle, which uses ads with fictitious celebrity endorsements. Closely associated with the Sweden Democrats, receiving donations from Kent Ekeroth. A writer for the site who used to work for the Sweden Democrats was denied parliamentary press accreditation after Swedish security police concluded that he was associated with Russian intelligence. [73] [114] [116] [117] [113] [115]

Tanzania

Between 2020 and 2021, a network of Twitter accounts was used by "[Tanzanian-]government aligned individuals" supportive of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party to harass activists, journalists, and Tanzanian opposition politicians. The campaign was possibly "partially outsourced to a Russian-speaking country", and involved false copyright campaigns: Twitter content that criticized the CCM party was added to blog sites (listed below) and back dated, and then the original content was reported to Twitter under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This network was suspended by Twitter in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [118]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
AfricaTopNewsafricatopnews.blogspot.com [118]
Covid Tanzaniacovidtanzania.wordpress.com [118]
NewsTzOlivianewstzolivia.wordpress.com [118]

Tunisia

Operation Carthage

An influence operation, dubbed Operation Carthage by the Digital Forensics Research Lab, was conducted in an attempt to influence the 2019 Tunisian presidential election. The operation was conducted by UReputation, a Tunisian public relations firm linked to Lotfi Bel Hadj. The campaign had also attempted to influence politics in Comoros (2019 Comorian presidential election), Côte D'Ivoire (2020 Ivorian presidential election), and Togo (2020 Togolese presidential election). The company also had assets in Chad, Congo-Brazzaville, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Madagascar, Niger, and Senegal. Related social media accounts and pages were taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [119]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Actu FranceActu-France.comHas blank "About Page". [119]
Afrika Newsafrika-news.comJournalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Faure Gnassingbé. [119]
Afrikan Postafrikanpost.frHas similar website design as Revue de l'Afrique and Afrika News. Journalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. Copies content from other news websites. [119]
Eco Mageco-mag.comJournalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. [119]
Fake News Checkingfakenewschecking.comConnected to UReputation. Presented itself as a fact-checking outlet. [119]
Le Muslim Postlemuslimpost.comFunded by Lotfi Bel Hadj. [119]
Maghreb InfoMaghreb-Info.comHas similar website design as Revue de l’Afrique and Afrika News. Journalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Nabil Karoui. [119]
Revue de L'Afriquerevue-afrique.comJournalists listed have accounts that are suspended by Twitter, and otherwise have no identifiable digital footprint. Supportive of Faure Gnassingbé. [119]

Ukraine

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Begemot.comBegemot.comLinked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [23]
Begemot.mediaBegemot.mediaLinked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [23]
Begemot.newsBegemot.newsLinked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [23]
thickpolicy.mediathickpolicy.mediaLinked to Andrii Derkach, Petro Zhuravel, and political consultants tied to Volodymyr Groysman and Oleh Kulinich. Part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [23]

Luhansk

The following websites are part of a network that has been alleged to have links to NewsFront, Borotba, and individuals in Russian-occupied Luhansk. Related social media accounts were taken down by Facebook in 2021 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. [120]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
capitalnews.uscapitalnews.us [120]
Le Tarde RepublicanaTarde-republicana.es [120] [121]
esrepublica.esesrepublica.es [120]
tribuno-popolare.ittribuno-popolare.it [120]
bagimsizbasin.info.trbagimsizbasin.info.tr [120]
Szeged Hírekszegedhir.eu [120] [121]
incident24-7.ruincident24-7.ru [120]
massmedia24.commassmedia24.com [120]
9may.org9may.org [120]
hadashot-erev.infohadashot-erev.info [120]
Pravdorubpravdorub.md [120] [121]
Echo of Moldovaeho.md [120]
Echo of Moldovaehomd.info [120]
Kyrgyzstan Echoehokg.orgJournalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. [120]
Kyrgyzstan Echoehokg.infoJournalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. [120]
Kazakhstan Echoehonews.kzJournalists listed have no identifiable digital footprint. [120]
24-7 News24-7news.euCopied content from Euronews, NewsFront and The Epoch Times. Promoted a claim accusing Ukraine of environmental pollution, which Graphika described as a "trope of Russian propaganda, Ukraine as a nuclear disaster". [120] [120] [121]
britisherald.org.ukbritisherald.org.ukPromoted a claim accusing Ukraine of environmental pollution, which Graphika described as a "trope of Russian propaganda, Ukraine as a nuclear disaster". [120] [120]
European group of action 'Ecology and peace'ecoandpeace.eu [120]
Abendlich Hamburgabend-hamburg.deDefunct [120] [121]
The Capital Newscapital-news.org.ukAccused by Graphika of information laundering. [120] [121]
summurynews.comsummurynews.comAlleged by Die Welt and netzpolitik.org to be a "sister" site for NewsFront. [120] [121] [120] [121]
central.Asia-news.comcentral.Asia-news.com [120] [121]
Courrier Parisienparisien-courrier.fr [121]
Infoprofinfoprof.su [121]

United Arab Emirates

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
iraqonlinenews.comiraqonlinenews.comAccording to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. [27]
Somalianowsomalianow.comAccording to Digital Forensics Research Lab, linked to Newave, a public relations and marketing firm based in the United Arab Emirates. According to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. [27] [122]
mauritanialive.commauritanialive.comAccording to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. Includes an Emirati flag in its banner, which, according to the Stanford Internet Obsevrtory, suggests a connection to the United Arab Emirates. [27]
Palastine Alyoumpalestinealyoum.comAccording to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. [27]
moroccosnews.commoroccosnews.comAccording to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. [27]
Algeria Todayalgeriatodays.comAccording to the Stanford Internet Observatory, linked to digital marketing firms DotDev (based in Egypt and the United Arab Emirates) and Smatt (based in Saudi Arabia). Related social media posts and accounts were removed and shut down by Facebook and Twitter between 2019-2020 over coordinated inauthentic behavior. Part of a network of website domains shared on Twitter posts from a state-sponsored disinformation campaign from Egypt and the United Arab Emirates. [27]

United Kingdom

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
News-watchnews-watch.co.ukAssociated with Leave.EU, whose website is noted by DeSmog to solicit donations for News-watch. Publishes climate change denialism. [123]
Unity News Networkunitynewsnetwork.co.ukAccused by the Global Disinformation Index of publishing climate change disinformation. Run by a youth leader of Ukip. Described by The Guardian as a "conspiracy theory website" in an article noting their role in the 2024 United Kingdom riots. [124] [125] [126] [124]

United States

Prominent networks of sites by political campaigns in the United States include Courier, Local Report (connected to The American Independent), Metric Media (run by Brian Timpone), and Star News Digital Media (co-founded by Tea Party-affiliated activists.) [127] [128] [129] [130] [131] [132] [133]

Multinational

Qiqi News Network

Qiqi News Network is a content farm based in Malaysia, owned by Yee Kok Wai (余國威) and Evan Lee, that has been accused by researchers of publishing disinformation that favored the Chinese Communist Party prior to the 2020 Taiwanese general election, often spread over Line. [88] [134] [135] It spread a false story that COVID-19 originated in the United States. [88] The network was noted in a joint report by Graphika, Institute for the Future and the International Republican Institute to "[push] a worldview closely aligned with the CCP, frequently [use] mainland Chinese phrasings, and [recycle] articles from other news outlets, often Chinese state-owned media." [88] Several stories and website domains promoted by the network have been alleged, by Twitter and Audrey Tang of Taiwan's Ministry of Digital Affairs to be linked directly to the government of the People's Republic of China. [88] At least one member of the Chinese Unification Promotion Party, Chang Dong-nan (張東南), joined Yee's Facebook group, Global Chinese Alliance (全球華人聯盟), in 2014. [134] [135]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Qiqi News Networkqiqi.today [88]
Qiqi News Networkcnba.live [88]
Qiqi News Networkkikis.xyz [88]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.pub [88]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.one [88]
Qiqi News Networkqiqi77.online [88]
Qiqi News Networki77.today [88]
Qiqi News NetworkMybezza.live [88]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.host [88]
Qiqi News Networkorgs.press [88]
Qiqi News Networktwgreatdaily.live [88]
Qiqi News Networkreurl.cc [88]
Qiqi News Networkdefense.rocks [88]
Qiqi News Networkkikiz.xyz [88]
Qiqi News Networkititi.pro [88]
Qiqi News Networkiqiqi.pro [88]
Qiqi News Networkikiki.xyz [88]
Qiqi News Network (KanWatch)kanwatch.best [88] [134] [135]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.site [88]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.club [88]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.live [88]
Qiqi News Networkqiqis.net [88]
Qiqi News Networkiqiqis.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.me [88]
Qiqi News Networkyxfashao.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkptttube.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkallqiqi.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkqiqis.org [88]
Qiqi News Networknewqiqi.com [88]
Qiqi News NetworkMy-love.org [88]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.fun [88]
Qiqi News Networkilovestory.net [88]
Qiqi News Networklifehow.cc [88]
Qiqi News Networkqiqu.world [88]
Qiqi News Networkvivi81.com [88]
Qiqi News Network7qiqi7.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkiyiyi.online [88]
Qiqi News Networkixixi.pro [88]
Qiqi News Networkipipi.me [88]
Qiqi News Networkklkq.site [88]
Qiqi News Networkqiqis.xyz [88]
Qiqi News Network7qi.site [88]
Qiqi News Networklittlepet.cc [88]
Qiqi News Networkfunnytuu.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkgamefan.cc [88]
Qiqi News Networkdragontechs.live [88]
Qiqi News Networkkanwatch.press [88]
Qiqi News Networkqiqi.world [88] [134] [135]
Qiqi News Networklifeknowledge.com [88]
Qiqi News Networkskh.world [88]
Qiqi News Networkipipi.co [88]
Jintian Toutiao (今天頭條) [134] [135]
beeper.livebeeper.live [88] [134] [135]
Qiqu News (奇趣網) [134] [135]
Global Chinese Weather Union (全球華人風雲聯盟)globalcafyun.orgs.one [134] [135]
Global Chinese Taiwan Union (全球華人台灣聯盟)globalct.orgs.one [134] [135]
Huiqi Worldview (慧琪世界觀) [134] [135]
Qiqi Military (琦琦看軍事) [134] [135]
Qiqi Life (琪琪看生活) [134] [135]
Qiqi News (琦琦看新聞) [134] [135]
Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞)taiwan-madnews.com [135] [136]
Ghost Island Mad News (鬼島狂新聞)ghostislandmadnews.com [135] [136]

Unknown

Operation Red Card

Operation Red Card, dubbed by Graphika, is part of a network that was taken down by Facebook in 2020 for coordinated inauthentic behavior. It was attributed by Facebook to aRep Global, a digital marketing firm in India. The campaign was asserted by Graphika to be "a case of online influence for hire, conducted at the behest of a geopolitical actor with concerns in the [Persian Gulf]." [137]

NameDomainStatusNotesSources
Ask The TruthAskTruth24.com [137]
Manchester Weeklymanchesterweeklyuk.wordpress.com [137]
Mirror Heraldmirrorherald.com [137]
Raven Tribuneraventribune.com [137] [138]
True News Sourcetruenewssource.com [137]

Related Research Articles

Disinformation is false information deliberately spread to deceive people. Disinformation is an orchestrated adversarial activity in which actors employ strategic deceptions and media manipulation tactics to advance political, military, or commercial goals. Disinformation is implemented through attacks that "weaponize multiple rhetorical strategies and forms of knowing—including not only falsehoods but also truths, half-truths, and value judgements—to exploit and amplify culture wars and other identity-driven controversies."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">China News Service</span> News agency of the Chinese Communist Party

China News Service is the second largest state news agency in China, after Xinhua News Agency. China News Service was formerly run by the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, which was absorbed into the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 2018. Its operations have traditionally been directed at overseas Chinese worldwide and residents of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

<i>United Daily News</i> Taiwanese newspaper

United Daily News is a newspaper published in Taiwan. It is considered to support the pan-Blue Coalition in its editorials.

Informatized warfare of China is the implementation of information warfare (IW) within the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and other organizations affiliated or controlled by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Laid out in the Chinese Defence White Paper of 2008, informatized warfare includes the utilization of information-based weapons and forces, including battlefield management systems, precision-strike capabilities, and technology-assisted command and control (C4ISR). However, some media and analyst reports also uses the term to describe propaganda and influence operations efforts of the Chinese state.

State-sponsored Internet propaganda is Internet manipulation and propaganda that is sponsored by a state. States have used the Internet, particularly social media to influence elections, sow distrust in institutions, spread rumors, spread disinformation, typically using bots to create and spread contact. Propaganda is used internally to control populations, and externally to influence other societies.

Fake news websites are websites on the Internet that deliberately publish fake news—hoaxes, propaganda, and disinformation purporting to be real news—often using social media to drive web traffic and amplify their effect. Unlike news satire, fake news websites deliberately seek to be perceived as legitimate and taken at face value, often for financial or political gain. Such sites have promoted political falsehoods in India, Germany, Indonesia and the Philippines, Sweden, Mexico, Myanmar, and the United States. Many sites originate in, or are promoted by, Russia, or North Macedonia among others. Some media analysts have seen them as a threat to democracy. In 2016, the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs passed a resolution warning that the Russian government was using "pseudo-news agencies" and Internet trolls as disinformation propaganda to weaken confidence in democratic values.

A troll farm or troll factory is an institutionalised group of internet trolls that seeks to interfere in political opinions and decision-making.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Propaganda through media</span> Use of media for propaganda

Propaganda is a form of persuasion that is often used in media to further some sort of agenda, such as a personal, political, or business agenda, by evoking an emotional or obligable response from the audience. It includes the deliberate sharing of realities, views, and philosophies intended to alter behavior and stimulate people to act.

Social media use in politics refers to the use of online social media platforms in political processes and activities. Political processes and activities include all activities that pertain to the governance of a country or area. This includes political organization, global politics, political corruption, political parties, and political values. The media's primary duty is to present us with information and alert us when events occur. This information may affect what we think and the actions we take. The media can also place pressure on the government to act by signaling a need for intervention or showing that citizens want change

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Usage of social media in the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</span>

The 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests happened as a result of the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill. Some observed that it is an extension to the 2014 Umbrella Movement, and there are other underlying issues that amounted to such explosive protest, which cover the economic, social and environmental aspects. With the Chinese Government's attempt in turning Hong Kong to a semi-authoritarian regime, it sparked Hong Kong people's dissent as the Chinese Government's intervention would threaten the Rule of Law in Hong Kong. Thus, people in Hong Kong shown their resistance through protesting, and planning through the use of social media have facilitated the social movements..

The Trusted News Initiative (TNI) is an international alliance of news media, social media and technology corporations which claim to be working to identify and combat purported disinformation about national elections, the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19 vaccines. TNI was founded by Jessica Cecil, a leadership figure at the BBC who also serves as the initiative's director.

Graphika is an American social network analysis company known for tracking online disinformation. It was established in 2013.

Spamouflage, Dragonbridge, Spamouflage Dragon, or Storm 1376 is an online propaganda and disinformation operation that uses a network of social media accounts to make posts in favor of the Chinese government and harass dissidents and journalists overseas since 2017. Beginning in the early 2020s, Spamouflage accounts also began making posts about American and Taiwanese politics. It is widely believed that the Chinese government is behind the network. Spamouflage has increasingly used generative artificial intelligence for influence operations. The campaign has largely failed to receive views from real users, although the evolution of its tactics has allowed some Spamouflage accounts to see some success in receiving organic engagement.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Hammering Hirak - Exposing a Multi-Year Effort to Manipulate Algeria's Online Political Discourse and Suppress Dissident Voices" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  2. ↑ "Los Eco-Ilógicos: A look inside the sprawling online network that spreads climate misinformation to Spanish-speaking communities around the world" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  3. ↑ "La opaca historia de Fernando Cerimedo, el consejero de la derecha trumpista sudamericana". Chequeado (in Spanish). 2023-07-31. Archived from the original on 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  4. ↑ Phillips, Tom; Goñi, Uki; Iglesia, Facundo (2023-10-19). "Argentina's far-right frontrunner reopens wounds of dictatorship". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  5. ↑ Phillips, Tom; Iglesia, Facundo (2023-10-14). "'He acts like Wolverine': who is Javier Milei, Argentina's presidential frontrunner?". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on 2024-02-17. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Silverman, Craig; Talbot, Ruth; Kao, Jeff; Klühspies, Anna (2022-10-29). "How Google's Ad Business Funds Disinformation Around the World". ProPublica . Archived from the original on 2024-01-27. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  7. ↑ "Fact check: No, these cities don't want to ban meat – DW – 09/02/2023". Deutsche Welle . 2023-09-02. Archived from the original on 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  8. ↑ "How the falsehood of athletes dying from covid vaccines spread". Washington Post . 2022-02-01. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  9. ↑ Röttger, Tania (2021-09-23). "Wie österreichische Medien in den deutschen Wahlkampf eingreifen". Correctiv (in German). Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  10. ↑ "E-mail reforça elo do MBL com site que amplificou 'fake news' contra Marielle". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-03-23. Archived from the original on 2022-01-29. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  11. 1 2 Dourado, Tatiana; Salgado, Susana (2021-10-02). "Disinformation in the Brazilian pre-election context: probing the content, spread and implications of fake news about Lula da Silva". The Communication Review. 24 (4): 297–319. doi: 10.1080/10714421.2021.1981705 . hdl: 10451/49827 . ISSN   1071-4421.
  12. 1 2 Rodrigues de Freitas Filho, Alberto; Ferrari Teixeira, Pollyana (2018-10-31). "Guerra da pós-verdade: a batalha político-midiática do Movimento Brasil Livre". Scripta. 22 (45): 163–178. doi: 10.5752/P.2358-3428.2018v22n45p163-178 . ISSN   2358-3428.
  13. 1 2 "EXCLUSIVO: Blogueiro que rompeu com MBL e com o bolsonarismo conta em livro como funcionam as fake news". Diário do Centro do Mundo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2021-04-06. Archived from the original on 2021-04-06. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  14. 1 2 "Facebook removes pages of Brazil activist network before elections". Reuters . 2018-07-25. Archived from the original on 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  15. ↑ "Facebook derruba rede de fake news usada pelo MBL". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-07-25. Archived from the original on 2023-11-14. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  16. ↑ "Pelo jeito a relação entre o MBL e o site Jornalivre é um pouco mais do que "amigável"". Vice (in Portuguese). 2017-10-23. Archived from the original on 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  17. ↑ Silva, Marta (2017-10-10). "O site Jornalivre está explorando seu computador sem você saber". Vice (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2020-12-19. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  18. ↑ Carrasco-Farré, Carlos (2022-05-09). "The fingerprints of misinformation: how deceptive content differs from reliable sources in terms of cognitive effort and appeal to emotions". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 9 (1): 1–18. doi: 10.1057/s41599-022-01174-9 . ISSN   2662-9992.
  19. ↑ "The Rise of the Parapolitical Sites as the Leading False-Content Producers". German Marshall Fund . Archived from the original on 2023-04-30. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  20. ↑ "The biggest Canadian far-right news site you probably haven't heard of". Canadaland . 2021-02-22. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  21. ↑ "We Need To Talk About The Christian Anti-LGBTQ Movement In Canada". Canadian Anti-Hate Network . 2020-11-27. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "One Face, Many Names: An Investigation into Fake NGOs and Media Outlets Linked to Harouna Douamba on and off Facebook" (PDF). Stanford Internet Observatory . 2021-05-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-27. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 "April 2021 Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior Report" (PDF). Facebook . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  24. ↑ "Facebook smider den alternative netavis 24nyt på porten". DR (in Danish). 2019-04-10. Archived from the original on 2023-01-27. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  25. ↑ Jensen, Henrik; Jessen, Chris Kjær (2019-03-29). "Sådan svarer 24NYT på kritik af fake news – vil ikke lade sig diktere af »såkaldte medieeksperter«". Berlingske (in Danish). Archived from the original on 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  26. 1 2 3 "Facebook takes down inauthentic assets targeting multiple Latin American elections". Digital Forensic Research Lab . 2020-07-08. Archived from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Blame it on Iran, Qatar, and Turkey: An analysis of a Twitter and Facebook operation linked to Egypt, the UAE, and Saudi Arabia" (PDF). Stanford Internet Observatory . 2020-04-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  28. 1 2 "Facebook shuts down Egyptian disinformation network, bans two marketing companies". Digital Forensic Research Lab . 2020-03-03. Archived from the original on 2024-03-22. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Coordinated Inauthentic Bee-havior" (PDF). Graphika . 2021-04-06. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-16. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  30. 1 2 3 Fisher, Max (2021-07-25). "Disinformation for Hire, a Shadow Industry, Is Quietly Booming". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  31. 1 2 3 "Special Report: COVID-19 Myths". NewsGuard . Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  32. ↑ "Les familles de l'extrême droite sur le Net". Le Monde (in French). 2011-07-04. Archived from the original on 2023-11-20. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  33. 1 2 "More-Troll Kombat - French and Russian Influence Operations Go Head to Head Targeting Audiences in Africa" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-11-25. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  34. ↑ "Who Are the President of Guinea's Facebook Trolls? The Blurry Line Between Modern Campaigning and Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior". Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies . 2020-09-21. Archived from the original on 2023-12-04. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 "The dead professor and the vast pro-India disinformation campaign". BBC . 2020-12-10. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Machado, Gary; Alaphilippe, Alexandre; Adamczyk, Roman; Grégoire, Antoine (2020-12-09). "Indian Chronicles: deep dive into a 15-year operation targeting the EU and UN to serve Indian interests" (PDF). EU DisinfoLab. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Alaphilippe, Alexandre; Machado, Gary; Adamczyk, Roman; Grégoire, Antoine (2019-11-26). "Influencing Policymakers with Fake Media Outlets - An investigation into a pro-Indian influence network" (PDF). EU DisinfoLab. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-07-18. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 Alaphilippe, Alexandre; Machado, Gary; Adamczyk, Roman; Grégoire, Antoine (2019-11-26). "Uncovered: 265 coordinated fake local media outlets serving Indian interests". EU DisinfoLab. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  39. ↑ "About The Buffalo enquirer. [volume] (Buffalo, N.Y.) 1891-1925". Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  40. ↑ "About Congregational herald. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1853-1861". Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  41. ↑ "About Gary daily tribune. [volume] (Gary, Ind.) 1908-1914". Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 2022-05-17. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  42. ↑ "About Gazette and sentinel. [volume] (Plaquemine, Parish of Iberville, La.) 1858-1864". Library of Congress . ISSN   2166-7713. Archived from the original on 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  43. ↑ "About The Indianapolis daily herald. [volume] (Indianapolis, Ind.) 1865-1868". Library of Congress . ISSN   2332-0923. Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  44. ↑ Shih, Gerry; Ence Morse, Clara; Verma, Pranshu (2023-12-11). "Covert Indian operation seeks to discredit Modi's critics in the U.S." The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  45. ↑ Werleman, CJ (9 February 2022). "Disinfo Lab: An Online Hindu Nationalist Disinformation Campaign". Byline Times . Retrieved December 30, 2023.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 Lim, Gabrielle; Maynier, Etienne; Scott-Railton, John; Fittarelli, Alberto; Moran, Ned; Deibert, Ron (2019-05-14). Burned After Reading: Endless Mayfly's Ephemeral Disinformation Campaign (Report). University of Toronto.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Silverman, Craig; Lytvynenko, Jane (2017-08-15). "How A Hoax Made To Look Like A Guardian Article Made Its Way To Russian Media". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-02.
  48. ↑ Mauban Nivol, Juliette; Darmanin, Jules (2017-04-20). "13 Times Misinformation Spread During The French Presidential Campaign". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  49. 1 2 3 Demchuk, Kait (2020-02-12). "Iranian Digital Influence Efforts: Guerrilla Broadcasting for the Twenty-First Century". Atlantic Council . Archived from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Iran's IUVM Turns To Coronavirus" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-01-12. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  51. 1 2 "Exclusive: Iran-based political influence operation - bigger, persistent, global". Reuters . 2018-08-29. Archived from the original on 2024-03-11. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  52. 1 2 3 "United States Seizes Domain Names Used by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps". United States Department of Justice . 2020-10-07. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  53. 1 2 3 4 "How Iran Spreads Disinformation Around the World". Haaretz. 2018-11-30. Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Iran steps into US election 2024 with cyber-enabled influence operations" (PDF). Microsoft Threat Analysis Center . 2024-08-09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-08-09. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  55. 1 2 "What to Expect When You're Electing: Preparing for Cyber Threats to the 2022 U.S. Midterm Elections". Mandiant . 2022-09-08. Archived from the original on 2024-08-09. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  56. 1 2 "Assessing Inauthentic Networks Commenting on the US Midterms". Election Integrity Partnership . 2022-11-01. Archived from the original on 2024-05-29. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Disrupting a covert Iranian influence operation". OpenAI . 2024-08-16. Archived from the original on 2024-09-10. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  58. 1 2 "Microsoft detects fake news sites linked to Iran aimed at meddling in U.S. election". NPR . 2024-08-09. Archived from the original on 2024-08-10. Retrieved 2024-08-12.
  59. 1 2 Goldman, Russell (2016-12-24). "Reading Fake News, Pakistani Minister Directs Nuclear Threat at Israel". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  60. ↑ Politi, Daniel (2016-12-26). "A Fake News Story Leads Pakistani Minister to Issue Nuclear Threat Against Israel". Slate. ISSN   1091-2339. Archived from the original on 2023-04-13. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Leprince-Ringuet, Daphne. "Iran has its own fake news farms, but they're complete amateurs". Wired . ISSN   1357-0978. Archived from the original on 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  62. ↑ "United States Seizes 27 Additional Domain Names Used by Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps to Further a Global, Covert Influence Campaign". United States Department of Justice . 2020-11-04. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Suspected Iranian Influence Operation: Leveraging Inauthentic News Sites and Social Media Aimed at U.S., U.K., Other Audiences" (PDF). Mandiant. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-16. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frenkel, Sheera (2024-06-05). "Israel Secretly Targets U.S. Lawmakers With Influence Campaign on Gaza War". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-06-07. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Israel Secretly Targeted American Lawmakers With Gaza War Influence Campaign". Haaretz . 2024-06-05. Archived from the original on 2024-06-07. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  66. ↑ Metz, Cade (2024-05-30). "OpenAI Says Russia and China Used Its A.I. in Covert Campaigns". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-06-07. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Pro-Israeli Influence Network - New Findings" (PDF). FakeReporter. 2024-06-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-06-06. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  68. 1 2 3 4 "Inauthentic campaign amplifying Islamophobic content targeting Canadians". Digital Forensic Research Lab . 2024-03-28. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  69. ↑ "Pro-Israeli Influence Network" (PDF). FakeReporter (via Haaretz). 2024-03-19. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-30. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  70. 1 2 3 "Israeli Influence Operation Targets U.S. Lawmakers on Hamas-UNRWA". Haaretz . 2024-03-19. Archived from the original on 2024-06-06. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  71. ↑ "Dal piano Kalergi al Covid come influenza, la controinformazione secondo Messora: "Sentire pareri diversi fa bene"". la Repubblica (in Italian). 2020-06-05. Archived from the original on 2022-11-19. Retrieved 2024-05-11.
  72. ↑ Pierri, Francesco; Artoni, Alessandro; Ceri, Stefano (2020-01-17). "Investigating Italian disinformation spreading on Twitter in the context of 2019 European elections". PLOS ONE. 15 (1): e0227821. arXiv: 1907.08170 . Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1527821P. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227821 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   6968875 . PMID   31951628.
  73. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Marchal, Nahema; Kollanyi, Bence; Neudert, Lisa-Maria; Howard, Philip (2019-05-21). "Junk News During the EU Parliamentary Elections: Lessons from a Seven-Language Study of Twitter and Facebook" (PDF). Oxford Internet Institute . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-23. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  74. ↑ "Pro-right Italian media target African immigrants over coronavirus". Digital Forensic Research Lab . 2020-03-19. Archived from the original on 2023-11-12. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  75. 1 2 3 Nardelli, Alberto; Silverman, Craig (2016-11-29). "Italy's Most Popular Political Party Is Leading Europe In Fake News And Kremlin Propaganda". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
  76. ↑ Puente, David (2024-03-25). "Nicolai Lilin e le bufale sulla strage di Mosca. Chi è il candidato di Michele Santoro alle Europee 2024". Open (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2024-03-26. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
  77. 1 2 3 4 "Colaboradores de Cordero y Zavala, detrás del rumor sobre la muerte de Aristegui: Lydia Cacho". Proceso (in Spanish). 2017-03-13. Archived from the original on 2020-11-12. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  78. ↑ "Myanmar Military Network - Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior Traced to Members of Myanmar Military Before Elections" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  79. 1 2 3 "Unmasking 'Exclusive Admin'". Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies . 2020-07-02. Archived from the original on 2023-12-23. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  80. ↑ "Chinese medical experts sent to Nigeria tested positive for Covid-19? No, headline false". Africa Check. 2020-04-15. Archived from the original on 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  81. ↑ Alawode, Ibraheem (2019-04-02). "Post-Election Factchecking Analysis #1: Identifying Fake News Propagators". Dubawa. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  82. ↑ Valverde, Miriam (2018-05-04). "PolitiFact - Fake news claims thousands killed by nuclear bomb in Syria". Politifact . Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  83. ↑ "Lights, Camera, Coordinated Action! - A Network of Fake Media Outlets Paid Actors and Journalists to Spread Political Narratives Supporting Pakistan's Government and Military" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  84. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Serabian, Ryan; Kapellmann Zafra, Daniel. "Pro-PRC "HaiEnergy" Information Operations Campaign Leverages Infrastructure from Public Relations Firm to Disseminate Content on Inauthentic News Sites". Mandiant . Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  85. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 "Pro-PRC HaiEnergy Campaign Exploits U.S. News Outlets via Newswire Services to Target U.S. Audiences; Evidence of Commissioned Protests in Washington, D.C." Mandiant . Archived from the original on 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  86. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 Fittarelli, Alberto (2024-02-07). PAPERWALL: Chinese Websites Posing as Local News Outlets Target Global Audiences with Pro-Beijing Content (Report). Citizen Lab, University of Toronto. Archived from the original on 2024-02-07.
  87. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "La fabbrica dei contenuti pro Cina". Il Foglio (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2024-02-07. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
  88. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 "Detecting Digital Fingerprints: Tracing Chinese Disinformation in Taiwan" (PDF). Graphika . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  89. 1 2 Hung, Tzu-Chieh; Hung, Tzu-Wei (2022-07-19). "How China's Cognitive Warfare Works: A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan's Anti-Disinformation Wars". Journal of Global Security Studies. 7 (4). doi:10.1093/jogss/ogac016. ISSN   2057-3170. Archived from the original on 2024-01-11.
  90. ↑ 龔雋幃 (2018-04-13). "歡享網揭密》只靠1萬人民幣起家 日流量今號稱破千萬 - 今周刊". www.businesstoday.com.tw (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2024-02-16. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  91. ↑ Bacungan, VJ (June 23, 2017). "CBCP to public: Fight 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  92. ↑ Ager, Maila (January 19, 2017). "Pangilinan seeks penalty vs social media for spread of fake news". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  93. ↑ Santos, Eimor (June 22, 2017). "Bill filed vs. fake news: Up to ₱10M fine, 10-year jail time for erring public officials". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 25, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  94. ↑ "Senate tackles spread of 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. October 4, 2017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  95. ↑ Bacungan, VJ (January 30, 2018). "Senate holds 2nd hearing on fake news". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  96. ↑ "LIVE: Senate hearing on fake news online". Rappler. March 15, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  97. ↑ "Stop sharing fake news, Filipino bishops implore". Crux. Catholic News Agency. June 24, 2017. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  98. ↑ "VERA FILES YEARENDER: Who benefited most from fake news, and other questions, answered in three charts". Vera Files. December 22, 2017. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  99. 1 2 "VERA FILES FACT CHECK YEARENDER: Ads reveal links between websites producing fake news". Vera Files. December 30, 2018. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  100. ↑ Soriano, Jake (December 19, 2018). "Duterte, allies reap the most benefits from disinformation". Vera Files. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  101. ↑ Ong, Jonathan Corpus (August 30, 2018). "Trolls for Sale in the World's Social Media Capital". AsiaGlobal Online. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  102. ↑ "360/OS: Facebook's Katie Harbath on protecting election integrity". Rappler. June 23, 2018. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  103. ↑ Stevenson, Alexandra (October 9, 2018). "Soldiers in Facebook's War on Fake News Are Feeling Overrun". The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  104. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Uncovering the money and China factor behind "Mission" – Taiwan's most controversial content farm". The Taiwan Gazette. 2020-07-24. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  105. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "打不死的內容農場──揭開「密訊」背後操盤手和中國因素 - 報導者 The Reporter". www.twreporter.org (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 2019-12-25. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  106. ↑ "Manufacturing Divides". African Network of Centers for Investigative Reporting. Archived from the original on 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  107. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cronjé, Jan (2017-07-26). "EXCLUSIVE: Indian IT guru linked to fake WMC sites". News24. Archived from the original on 2024-09-01. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  108. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Segal, David (2018-02-05). "How Bell Pottinger, P.R. Firm for Despots and Rogues, Met Its End in South Africa". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-03-02. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  109. ↑ "GUIDE: How to verify a website and the people behind it". Africa Check. 2018-02-14. Archived from the original on 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  110. ↑ "This is the fake news campaign that tried to divide South Africa". CNET . 2018-04-02. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  111. ↑ "Fact Check: 'Newly Leaked Report' From RAND Corp. Does NOT Reveal 'True Motives Behind European Destabilization & The Russia/Ukraine War' -- It Is Fake". Lead Stories. 2022-09-19. Archived from the original on 2024-07-28. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  112. ↑ "Double Check: Nya Dagbladet publishes fake RAND document about Ukraine". Logically . 2022-09-22. Archived from the original on 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  113. 1 2 3 Becker, Jo (2019-08-10). "The Global Machine Behind the Rise of Far-Right Nationalism". The New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-08-10. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  114. 1 2 Meaker, Morgan (2018-09-09). "Inside the online disinformation war trying to tear Sweden apart". Wired . ISSN   1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  115. 1 2 "Smearing Sweden: International Influence Campaigns in the 2018 Swedish Election" (PDF). London School of Economics . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-07-09. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  116. ↑ "Exclusive: Right-wing sites swamp Sweden with 'junk news' in tight election race". Reuters . 2018-09-06. Archived from the original on 2018-09-06. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  117. ↑ Silverman, Craig (2023-07-10). "Right-Wing Websites Connected to Former Trump Lawyer Are Scamming Loyal Followers With Phony Celebrity Pitches". ProPublica . Archived from the original on 2024-01-27. Retrieved 2024-08-29.
  118. 1 2 3 4 Grossman, Shelby; Giles, Chris; N. M, Cynthia; McCain, Miles; Reed, Blair (2021). "The New Copyright Trolls: How a Twitter Network Used Copyright Complaints to Harass Tanzanian Activists". Stanford Digital Repository. doi:10.25740/bt877dz8024. Archived from the original on 2023-12-27.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  119. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Operation Carthage: How a Tunisian company conducted influence operations in African presidential elections" (PDF). Atlantic Council . 2020-06-05. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  120. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Nimmo, Ben; Ronzaud, Léa; Eib, C. Shawn. "Echoes of Fake News - Facebook Downs Assets Linked to Deceptive Websites Run from Separatist-Held Ukraine, First Reported by Die Welt and Netzpolitik" (PDF). Graphika. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  121. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Laufer, Daniel (2020-12-09). "Russian disinformation: The network of fake foreign media". Netzpolitik.org (in German). Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  122. ↑ "Facebook Disabled Assets Linked to Egypt and UAE-Based Firms". Digital Forensic Research Lab . 2019-08-14. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
  123. ↑ "News-watch". DeSmog . Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  124. 1 2 Quinn, Ben; Milmo, Dan (2024-08-02). "How TikTok bots and AI have powered a resurgence in UK far-right violence". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-08-05. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  125. ↑ "Ad-funded Climate Change Disinformation: Money, Brands and Ad Tech" (PDF). Global Disinformation Index . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-02-26. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  126. ↑ Halliday, Josh; Walker, Peter (2019-03-03). "Ukip 2.0: young, angry, digital and extreme". The Guardian . ISSN   0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  127. ↑ Thompson, Alex (2020-07-14). "Newsroom or PAC? Liberal group muddies online information wars". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 2023-09-25. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  128. ↑ Markay, Lachlan; Wheatley, Thomas (2022-10-06). "Democrats' swing-state local news ploy". Axios. Archived from the original on 2023-08-16. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  129. ↑ Arvanitis, Lorenzo; Sadeghi, McKenzie (2022-09-20). "Just in time for the midterms: New Entry Joins "Pink Slime" Pseudo-News Sweepstakes". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-09-17. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  130. ↑ Alba, Davey; Nicas, Jack (2020-10-20). "Here Are the Hundreds of Sites in a Pay-to-Play Local News Network". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  131. ↑ Bengani, Priyanjana (2021-10-14). "The Metric Media network runs more than 1,200 local news sites. Here are some of the non-profits funding them". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 2023-07-30. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  132. ↑ Schwartz, Jason (2018-04-30). "Baby Breitbarts to pop up across the country?". POLITICO. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  133. ↑ Palma, Bethania; Kasprak, Alex (2019-03-04). "Hiding in Plain Sight: PAC-Connected Activists Set Up 'Local News' Outlets". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  134. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "How a content farm in Malaysia turned fake news directed at Taiwan into a moneymaker". The Taiwan Gazette. 2020-03-12. Archived from the original on 2023-04-12. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  135. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "LINE群組的假訊息從哪來？跨國調查，追出內容農場「直銷」產業鏈 - 報導者 The Reporter". Taiwan Reporter (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived from the original on 2023-10-01. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  136. 1 2 "Meet Boss Evan －the man behind Taiwan's zombie content farms". The Taiwan Gazette. 2020-03-16. Archived from the original on 2023-06-05. Retrieved 2024-05-08.
  137. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Operation Red Card" (PDF). Graphika . 2020-03-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  138. ↑ "February 2020 Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior Report" (PDF). Facebook . 2020-03-02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.