Gemella

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Gemella
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Kingdom:
Bacillati
Phylum:
Bacillota
Class:
Bacilli
Order:
Staphylococcales
Family:
Gemellaceae
Genus:
Gemella

Berger 1960 [1]
Type species
Gemella haemolysans
(Thjøtta & Bøe 1938) Berger 1960
Species [2]
Synonyms
  • GemelliphilaBello et al. 2024

Gemella is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria that thrive best at high partial pressure of CO2.

Contents

Description

A Gemella species was first described as Neisseria hemolysans in 1938. [3] It was reclassified as a new genus in 1960 when strains were found to be distinct enough from Neisseria to require a new genus. [4] The name was suggested based on the organism being a diplococcus and gemellus is the diminutive of geminus, which is Latin for twin.[ citation needed ] They are facultatively anaerobic and give negative reactions to both oxidase and catalase tests. They are obligately fermentative, producing either a mixture of acetic and lactic acids or an equimolar molar mixture of acetic acid and CO2. For example, G. haemolysans ferments glucose forming a mixture of acetic and lactic acids in the absence of oxygen, whereas when oxygen is present, it forms acetic acid and CO2. [5]

Clinical importance

Gemella bacteria are primarily found in the mucous membranes of humans and other animals, particularly in the oral cavity and upper digestive tract. Gemella haemolysans has been found to be involved in pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis patients. [6] As of the year 2000 it had been reported in 15 cases of human endocarditis, mainly in men with underlying valvular disease and/or poor dentition or dental manipulation. Most cases were treated with a combination of penicillin and gentamicin with a favorable outcome. [7] Additionally, Gemella asaccharolytica in bacterial vaginosis is associated with increase risk of HIV infection in unprotected sex.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) [1] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). [2]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024 [8] [9] [10] 120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220 [11] [12] [13]
Gemella

G. taiwanensisHung et al. 2014

G. haemolysans(Thjøtta & Bøe 1938) Berger 1960

G. parahaemolysansHung et al. 2014

G. sanguinis Collins et al. 1999

G. morbillorum (Prévot 1933) Kilpper-Bälz & Schleifer 1988

G. cuniculiHoyles et al. 2000

G. bergericorrig. Collins et al. 1998

G. massiliensisMbogning Fonkou et al. 2023

G. asaccharolyticUlger-Toprak et al. 2010

G. palaticanis Collins et al. 1999

Gemella

G. asaccharolytic

G. palaticanis

G. bergeri

G. massiliensis

G. cuniculi

Gemelliphila
Gemella s.s.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 A.C. Parte; et al. "Gemella". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  2. 1 2 C.L. Schoch; et al. "Gemella". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  3. ↑ Thjøtta, T; Bøe, J (1938). "Neisseria hemolysans. A Hemolytic Species of Neisseria trevisan". Acta Pathologica et Bacteriologica Scandinavica Supplement. 37: 527–531.
  4. ↑ BERGER, U. (1961-01-01). "A proposed new genus of gram-negative cocci: Gemella". International Bulletin of Bacteriological Nomenclature and Taxonomy. 11 (1): 17–19. doi: 10.1099/0096266x-11-1-17 .
  5. ↑ Stackebrandt, E.; B. Wittek; E. Seewaldt & K. H. Schleifer (1982). "Physiological, biochemical and phylogenetic studies on Gemella haemolysans". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 13 (4): 361–365. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1982.tb08288.x .
  6. ↑ Carmody, Lisa A.; Zhao, Jiangchao; Schloss, Patrick D.; Petrosino, Joseph F.; Murray, Susan; Young, Vincent B.; Li, Jun Z.; LiPuma, John J. (2013-06-01). "Changes in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiota at Pulmonary Exacerbation". Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 10 (3): 179–187. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201211-107OC. ISSN   2329-6933. PMC   3960905 . PMID   23802813.
  7. ↑ Mosquera, J.D.; Zabalza, M.; Laniero, M.; Blanco, J.R. (2000). "Endocarditis due to Gemella haemolysans in a patient with hemochromatosis". Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 6 (10): 566–568. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00136.x . PMID   11168056.
  8. ↑ "The LTP" . Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  9. ↑ "LTP_all tree in newick format" . Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  10. ↑ "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  11. ↑ "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  12. ↑ "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  13. ↑ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
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