Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Last updated January 15, 2024

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine is an American textbook of internal medicine.^[1] First published in 1950, it is in its 21st edition (published in 2022 by McGraw-Hill Professional ISBN 978-1264268504) and comes in two volumes. Although it is aimed at all members of the medical profession, it is mainly used by internists and junior doctors in this field, as well as medical students. It is widely regarded as one of the most authoritative books on internal medicine and has been described as the "most recognized book in all of medicine."^[2]

History

It was published in 1950 by Blakiston.^[3] Creator and editor Tinsley Harrison's quotation appeared on the first edition of this book in 1950:

No greater opportunity or obligation can fall the lot of a human being than to be a physician. In the care of suffering he needs technical skill, scientific knowledge and human understanding. He who uses these with courage, humility and wisdom will provide a unique service to his fellow man and will build an enduring edifice of character within himself. The physician should ask of his destiny no more than this and he should be content with no less.

Blakiston was acquired by McGraw-Hill in 1954.^[4]

The 17th edition of the textbook is dedicated to George W. Thorn, who was editor of the first seven editions of the book and editor in chief of the eighth edition. He died in 2004.

The 18th edition of the book ( ISBN 978-0071748896) was edited by Anthony Fauci, Dennis Kasper, Stephen Hauser, J. Larry Jameson and Joseph Loscalzo. New chapters added include "Systems Biology in Health and Disease," "The Human Microbiome," "The Biology of Aging," and "Neuropsychiatric Illnesses in War Veterans."

The 19th edition of the book was edited by Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson and Joseph Loscalzo.

AL.com in December 2014 wrote that it was still "a best-selling internal medicine text in the United States and around the world," and that it had been reprinted 16 times and translated into 14 languages.^[3]

The 20th edition of the book, edited by Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson and Joseph Loscalzo, was released on 17 August 2018.^[5]

The 21st edition of the book was released on 28 March 2022.^[6]

Chapter 1: The Practice of Medicine
Chapter 2: Promoting Good Health
Chapter 3: Decision-Making in Clinical Medicine
Chapter 4: Screening and Prevention of Disease
Chapter 5: Health Care Systems in Developed Countries
Chapter 6: The Safety and Quality of Health Care
Chapter 7: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
Chapter 8: Ethical Issues in Clinical Medicine
Chapter 9: Palliative and End-of-Life Care

Part 2: Cardinal Manifestations and Presentation of Diseases

Section 1: Pain

Chapter 10: Pain: Pathophysiology and Management
Chapter 11: Chest Discomfort
Chapter 12: Abdominal Pain
Chapter 13: Headache
Chapter 14: Back and Neck Pain

Section 2: Alterations in Body Temperature

Chapter 15: Fever
Chapter 16: Fever and Rash
Chapter 17: Fever of Unknown Origin

Section 3: Nervous System Dysfunction

Chapter 18: Syncope (medicine)
Chapter 19: Dizziness and Vertigo
Chapter 20: Fatigue
Chapter 21: Neurologic Causes of Weakness and Paralysis
Chapter 22: Numbness, Tingling, and Sensory Loss
Chapter 23: Gait Disorders, Imbalance, and Falls
Chapter 24: Confusion and Delirium
Chapter 25: Dementia
Chapter 26: Aphasia, Memory Loss, Hemispatial Neglect, Frontal Syndromes, and Other Cerebral Disorders
Chapter 27: Sleep Disorders

Section 4: Disorders of Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat

Chapter 28: Disorders of the Eye
Chapter 29: Disorders of Smell and Taste
Chapter 30: Disorders of Hearing
Chapter 31: Sore Throat, Earache, and Upper Respiratory Symptoms
Chapter 32: Oral Manifestations of Disease

Section 5: Alterations in Circulatory and Respiratory Functions

Chapter 33: Dyspnea
Chapter 34: Cough
Chapter 35: Hemoptysis
Chapter 36: Hypoxia and Cyanosis
Chapter 37: Edema
Chapter 38: Approach to the Patient with a Heart Murmur
Chapter 39: Palpitations

Section 6: Alterations in Gastrointestinal Function

Chapter 40: Dysphagia
Chapter 41: Nausea, Vomiting, and Indigestion
Chapter 42: Diarrhea and Constipation
Chapter 43: Unintentional Weight Loss
Chapter 44: Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Chapter 45: Jaundice
Chapter 46: Abdominal Swelling and Ascites

Section 7: Alterations in Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Chapter 47: Dysuria, Bladder Pain, and the Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Chapter 48: Azotemia and Urinary Abnormalities
Chapter 49: Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances
Chapter 50: Hypercalcemia and Hypocalcemia
Chapter 51: Acidosis and Alkalosis

Section 8: Alterations in the Skin

Chapter 52: Approach to the Patient with a Skin Disorder
Chapter 53: Eczema, Psoriasis, Cutaneous Infections, Acne, and Other Common Skin Disorders
Chapter 54: Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease
Chapter 55: Immunologically Mediated Skin Diseases
Chapter 56: Cutaneous Drug Reactions
Chapter 57: Photosensitivity and Other Reactions to Light

Section 9: Hematologic Alterations

Chapter 58: Interpreting Peripheral Blood Smears
Chapter 59: Anemia and Polycythemia
Chapter 60: Disorders of Granulocytes and Monocytes
Chapter 61: Bleeding and Thrombosis
Chapter 62: Enlargement of Lymph Nodes and Spleen

Part 3: Pharmacology

Chapter 63: Principles of Clinical Pharmacology
Chapter 64: Pharmacogenomics

Part 4: Oncology and Hematology

Section 1: Neoplastic Disorders

Chapter 65: Approach to the Patient with Cancer
Chapter 66: Prevention and Early Detection of Cancer
Chapter 67: Cancer Genetics
Chapter 68: Cancer Cell Biology
Chapter 69: Principles of Cancer Treatment
Chapter 70: Infections in Patients with Cancer
Chapter 71: Oncologic Emergencies
Chapter 72: Cancer of the Skin
Chapter 73: Head and Neck Cancer
Chapter 74: Neoplasms of the Lung
Chapter 75: Breast Cancer
Chapter 76: Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers
Chapter 77: Lower Gastrointestinal Cancers
Chapter 78: Tumors of the Liver and Biliary Tree
Chapter 79: Pancreatic Cancer
Chapter 80: Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Pancreas
Chapter 81: Renal Cell Carcinoma
Chapter 82: Cancer of the Bladder and Urinary Tract
Chapter 83: Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Prostate
Chapter 84: Testicular Cancer
Chapter 85: Gynecologic Malignancies
Chapter 86: Primary and Metastatic Tumors of the Nervous System
Chapter 87: Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcomas and Bone Metastases
Chapter 88: Carcinoma of Unknown Primary
Chapter 89: Paraneoplastic Syndromes: Endocrinologic/Hematologic
Chapter 90: Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes and Autoimmune Encephalitis
Chapter 91: Late Consequences of Cancer and Its Treatment

Section 2: Hematopoietic Disorders

Chapter 92: Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Chapter 93: Iron Deficiency and Other Hypoproliferative Anemias
Chapter 94: Disorders of Hemoglobin
Chapter 95: Megaloblastic Anemias
Chapter 96: Hemolytic Anemias
Chapter 97: Anemia Due to Acute Blood Loss
Chapter 98: Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Including Aplastic Anemia and Myelodysplasia
Chapter 99: Polycythemia Vera and Other Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Chapter 100: Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Chapter 101: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Chapter 102: Acute Lymphoid Leukemia
Chapter 103: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chapter 104: Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Chapter 105: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Chapter 106: Less Common Hematologic Malignancies
Chapter 107: Plasma Cell Disorders
Chapter 108: Amyloidosis
Chapter 109: Transfusion Biology and Therapy
Chapter 110: Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Section 3: Disorders of Hemostasis

Chapter 111: Disorders of Platelets and Vessel Wall
Chapter 112: Coagulation Disorders
Chapter 113: Arterial and Venous Thrombosis
Chapter 114: Antiplatelet, Anticoagulant, and Fibrinolytic Drugs

Part 5: Infectious Diseases

Section 1: Basic Considerations in Infectious Diseases

Chapter 115: Approach to the Patient with an Infectious Disease
Chapter 116: Molecular Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenesis
Chapter 117: Approach to the Acutely Ill Infected Febrile Patient
Chapter 118: Immunization Principles and Vaccine Use
Chapter 119: Health Recommendations for International Travel
Chapter 120: Climate Change and Infectious Disease

Section 2: Clinical Syndromes: Community-Acquired Infections

Chapter 121: Pneumonia
Chapter 122: Lung Abscess
Chapter 123: Infective Endocarditis
Chapter 124: Infections of the Skin, Muscles, and Soft Tissues
Chapter 125: Infectious Arthritis
Chapter 126: Osteomyelitis
Chapter 127: Intraabdominal Infections and Abscesses
Chapter 128: Acute Infectious Diarrheal Diseases and Bacterial Food Poisoning
Chapter 129: Clostridium difficile Infection, Including Pseudomembranous Colitis
Chapter 130: Urinary Tract Infections, Pyelonephritis, and Prostatitis
Chapter 131: Sexually Transmitted Infections: Overview and Clinical Approach
Chapter 132: Encephalitis
Chapter 133: Acute Meningitis
Chapter 134: Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis
Chapter 135: Brain Abscess and Empyema
Chapter 136: Infectious Complications of Bites

Section 3: Clinical Syndromes: Health Care-Associated Infections

Chapter 137: Infections Acquired in Health Care Facilities
Chapter 138: Infections in Transplant Recipients

Section 4: Therapy for Bacterial Diseases

Chapter 139: Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections
Chapter 140: Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents

Section 5: Diseases Caused by Gram-Positive Bacteria

Chapter 141: Pneumococcal Infections
Chapter 142: Staphylococcal Infections
Chapter 143: Streptococcal Infections
Chapter 144: Enterococcal Infections
Chapter 145: Diphtheria and Other Corynebacterial Infections
Chapter 146: Listeria monocytogenes Infections
Chapter 147: Tetanus
Chapter 148: Botulism
Chapter 149: Gas Gangrene and Other Clostridial Infections

Section 6: Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Bacteria

Chapter 150: Meningococcal Infections
Chapter 151: Gonococcal Infections
Chapter 152: Haemophilus and Moraxella Infections
Chapter 153: Infections Due to the HACEK Group and Miscellaneous Gram-Negative Bacteria
Chapter 154: Legionella Infections
Chapter 155: Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections
Chapter 156: Diseases Caused by Gram-Negative Enteric Bacilli
Chapter 157: Acinetobacter Infections
Chapter 158: Helicobacter pylori Infections
Chapter 159: Infections Due to Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas Species
Chapter 160: Salmonellosis
Chapter 161: Shigellosis
Chapter 162: Infections Due to Campylobacter and Related Organisms
Chapter 163: Cholera and Other Vibrioses
Chapter 164: Brucellosis
Chapter 165: Tularemia
Chapter 166: Plague and Other Yersinia Infections
Chapter 167: Bartonella Infections, Including Cat-Scratch Disease
Chapter 168: Donovanosis

Section 7: Miscellaneous Bacterial Infections

Chapter 169: Nocardiosis
Chapter 170: Actinomycosis
Chapter 171: Whipple’s Disease
Chapter 172: Infections Due to Mixed Anaerobic Organisms

Section 8: Mycobacterial Diseases

Chapter 173: Tuberculosis
Chapter 174: Leprosy
Chapter 175: Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Chapter 176: Antimycobacterial Agents

Section 9: Spirochetal Diseases

Chapter 177: Syphilis
Chapter 178: Endemic Treponematoses
Chapter 179: Leptospirosis
Chapter 180: Relapsing Fever
Chapter 181: Lyme Borreliosis

Section 10: Diseases Caused by Rickettsiae, Mycoplasmas, and Chlamydiae

Chapter 182: Rickettsial Diseases
Chapter 183: Infections Due to Mycoplasmas
Chapter 184: Chlamydial Infections

Section 11: Viral Diseases: General Considerations

Chapter 185: Medical Virology
Chapter 186: Antiviral Chemotherapy, Excluding Antiretroviral Drugs

Section 12: Infections Due to DNA Viruses

Chapter 187: Herpes Simplex Virus Infections
Chapter 188: Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections
Chapter 189: Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Including Infectious Mononucleosis
Chapter 190: Cytomegalovirus and Human Herpesvirus Types 6, 7, and 8
Chapter 191: Molluscum Contagiosum, Monkeypox, and Other Poxvirus Infections
Chapter 192: Parvovirus Infections
Chapter 193: Human Papillomavirus Infections

Section 13: Infections Due to DNA and RNA Respiratory Viruses

Chapter 194: Common Viral Respiratory Infections
Chapter 195: Influenza

Section 14: Infections Due to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Other Human Retroviruses

Chapter 196: The Human Retroviruses
Chapter 197: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease: AIDS and Related Disorders

Section 15: Infections Due to RNA Viruses

Chapter 198: Viral Gastroenteritis
Chapter 199: Enterovirus, Parechovirus, and Reovirus Infections
Chapter 200: Measles (Rubeola)
Chapter 201: Rubella (German Measles)
Chapter 202: Mumps
Chapter 203: Rabies and Other Rhabdovirus Infections
Chapter 204: Arthropod-Borne and Rodent-Borne Virus Infections
Chapter 205: Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections

Section 16: Fungal Infections

Chapter 206: Diagnosis and Treatment of Fungal Infections
Chapter 207: Histoplasmosis
Chapter 208: Coccidioidomycosis
Chapter 209: Blastomycosis
Chapter 210: Cryptococcosis
Chapter 211: Candidiasis
Chapter 211 Digital Extra: Candida auris: An Emerging Multidrug-Resistant Candida Species
Chapter 212: Aspergillosis
Chapter 213: Mucormycosis
Chapter 214: Superficial Mycoses and Less Common Systemic Mycoses
Chapter 215: Pneumocystis Infections

Section 17: Protozoal and Helminthic Infections: General Considerations

Chapter 216: Introduction to Parasitic Infections
Chapter 217: Agents Used to Treat Parasitic Infections

Section 18: Protozoal Infections

Chapter 218: Amebiasis and Infection with Free-Living Amebae
Chapter 219: Malaria
Chapter 220: Babesiosis
Chapter 221: Leishmaniasis
Chapter 222: Chagas Disease and African Trypanosomiasis
Chapter 223: Toxoplasma Infections
Chapter 224: Protozoal Intestinal Infections and Trichomoniasis

Section 19: Helminthic Infections

Chapter 225: Introduction to Helminthic Infections
Chapter 226: Trichinellosis and Other Tissue Nematode Infections
Chapter 227: Intestinal Nematode Infections
Chapter 228: Filarial and Related Infections
Chapter 229: Schistosomiasis and Other Trematode Infections
Chapter 230: Cestode Infections

Part 6: Disorders of the Cardiovascular System

Section 1: Introduction to Cardiovascular Disorders

Chapter 231: Approach to the Patient with Possible Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter 232: Basic Biology of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 233: Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease

Section 2: Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Disorders

Chapter 234: Physical Examination of the Cardiovascular System
Chapter 235: Electrocardiography
Chapter 236: Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging: Echocardiography, Nuclear Cardiology, and Magnetic Resonance/Computed Tomography Imaging
Chapter 237: Diagnostic Cardiac Catheterization and Coronary Angiography

Section 3: Disorders of Rhythm

Chapter 238: Principles of Electrophysiology
Chapter 239: The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Sinoatrial Node
Chapter 240: The Bradyarrhythmias: Disorders of the Atrioventricular Node
Chapter 241: Approach to Supraventricular Tachyarrhythmias
Chapter 242: Physiologic and Nonphysiologic Sinus Tachycardia
Chapter 243: Focal Atrial Tachycardia
Chapter 244: Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardias
Chapter 245: Common Atrial Flutter, Macroreentrant, and Multifocal Atrial Tachycardias
Chapter 246: Atrial Fibrillation
Chapter 247: Approach to Ventricular Arrhythmias
Chapter 248: Premature Ventricular Beats, Non-Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia, and Idioventricular Rhythm
Chapter 249: Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia
Chapter 250: Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia and Ventricular Fibrillation
Chapter 251: Electrical Storm and Incessant VT

Section 4: Disorders of the Heart

Chapter 252: Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis
Chapter 253: Heart Failure: Management
Chapter 254: Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis
Chapter 255: Cardiac Transplantation and Prolonged Assisted Circulation
Chapter 256: Aortic Valve Disease
Chapter 257: Aortic Regurgitation
Chapter 258: Mitral Stenosis
Chapter 259: Mitral Regurgitation
Chapter 260: Mitral Valve Prolapse
Chapter 261: Tricuspid Valve Disease
Chapter 262: Pulmonic Valve Disease
Chapter 263: Multiple and Mixed Valvular Heart Disease
Chapter 264: Congenital Heart Disease in the Adult
Chapter 265: Pericardial Disease
Chapter 266: Atrial Myxoma and Other Cardiac Tumors

Section 5: Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease

Chapter 267: Ischemic Heart Disease
Chapter 268: Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina)
Chapter 269: ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Chapter 270: Percutaneous Coronary Interventions and Other Interventional Procedures
Chapter 271: Hypertensive Vascular Disease
Chapter 272: Renovascular Disease
Chapter 273: Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Thromboembolism
Chapter 274: Diseases of the Aorta
Chapter 275: Arterial Diseases of the Extremities
Chapter 276: Chronic Venous Disease and Lymphedema
Chapter 277: Pulmonary Hypertension

Part 7: Disorders of the Respiratory System

Section 1: Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders

Chapter 278: Approach to the Patient with Disease of the Respiratory System
Chapter 279: Disturbances of Respiratory Function
Chapter 280: Diagnostic Procedures in Respiratory Disease

Section 2: Diseases of the Respiratory System

Chapter 281: Asthma
Chapter 282: Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Pulmonary Infiltrates with Eosinophilia
Chapter 283: Occupational and Environmental Lung Disease
Chapter 284: Bronchiectasis
Chapter 285: Cystic Fibrosis
Chapter 286: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chapter 287: Interstitial Lung Disease
Chapter 288: Disorders of the Pleura
Chapter 289: Disorders of the Mediastinum
Chapter 290: Disorders of Ventilation
Chapter 291: Sleep Apnea
Chapter 292: Lung Transplantation

Part 8: Critical Care Medicine

Section 1: Respiratory Critical Care

Chapter 293: Approach to the Patient with Critical Illness
Chapter 294: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Chapter 295: Mechanical Ventilatory Support

Section 2: Shock and Cardiac Arrest

Chapter 296: Approach to the Patient with Shock
Chapter 297: Sepsis and Septic Shock
Chapter 298: Cardiogenic Shock and Pulmonary Edema
Chapter 299: Cardiovascular Collapse, Cardiac Arrest, and Sudden Cardiac Death

Section 3: Neurologic Critical Care

Chapter 300: Coma
Chapter 301: Severe Acute Encephalopathies and Critical Care Weakness
Chapter 302: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Part 9: Disorders of the Kidney and Urinary Tract

Chapter 303: Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Kidney
Chapter 304: Acute Kidney Injury
Chapter 305: Chronic Kidney Disease
Chapter 306: Dialysis in the Treatment of Renal Failure
Chapter 307: Transplantation in the Treatment of Renal Failure
Chapter 308: Glomerular Diseases
Chapter 309: Polycystic Kidney Disease and Other Inherited Disorders of Tubule Growth and Development
Chapter 310: Tubulointerstitial Diseases of the Kidney
Chapter 311: Vascular Injury to the Kidney
Chapter 312: Nephrolithiasis
Chapter 313: Urinary Tract Obstruction

Part 10: Disorders of the Gastrointestinal System

Section 1: Disorders of the Alimentary Tract

Chapter 314: Approach to the Patient with Gastrointestinal Disease
Chapter 315: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Chapter 316: Diseases of the Esophagus
Chapter 317: Peptic Ulcer Disease and Related Disorders
Chapter 318: Disorders of Absorption
Chapter 319: Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chapter 320: Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Chapter 321: Diverticular Disease and Common Anorectal Disorders
Chapter 322: Mesenteric Vascular Insufficiency
Chapter 323: Acute Intestinal Obstruction
Chapter 324: Acute Appendicitis and Peritonitis

Section 2: Nutrition

Chapter 325: Nutrient Requirements and Dietary Assessment
Chapter 326: Vitamin and Trace Mineral Deficiency and Excess
Chapter 327: Malnutrition and Nutritional Assessment
Chapter 328: Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition

Section 3: Liver and Biliary Tract Disease

Chapter 329: Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease
Chapter 330: Evaluation of Liver Function
Chapter 331: The Hyperbilirubinemias
Chapter 332: Acute Viral Hepatitis
Chapter 333: Toxic and Drug-Induced Hepatitis
Chapter 334: Chronic Hepatitis
Chapter 335: Alcoholic Liver Disease
Chapter 336: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Chapter 337: Cirrhosis and Its Complications
Chapter 338: Liver Transplantation
Chapter 339: Diseases of the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts

Section 4: Disorders of the Pancreas

Chapter 340: Approach to the Patient with Pancreatic Disease
Chapter 341: Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

Part 11: Immune-Mediated, Inflammatory, and Rheumatologic Disorders

Section 1: The Immune System in Health and Disease

Chapter 342: Introduction to the Immune System
Chapter 343: The Major Histocompatibility Complex
Chapter 344: Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases

Section 2: Disorders of Immune-Mediated Injury

Chapter 345: Urticaria, Angioedema, and Allergic Rhinitis
Chapter 346: Anaphylaxis
Chapter 347: Mastocytosis
Chapter 348: Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Diseases
Chapter 349: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Chapter 350: Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Chapter 351: Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chapter 358: Inflammatory Myopathies
Chapter 352: Acute Rheumatic Fever
Chapter 353: Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) and Related Disorders
Chapter 354: Sjögren’s Syndrome
Chapter 355: The Spondyloarthritides
Chapter 356: The Vasculitis Syndromes
Chapter 357: Behçet’s Syndrome
Chapter 359: Relapsing Polychondritis
Chapter 360: Sarcoidosis
Chapter 361: IgG4-Related Disease
Chapter 362: Familial Mediterranean Fever and Other Hereditary Autoinflammatory Diseases

Section 3: Disorders of the Joints and Adjacent Tissues

Chapter 363: Approach to Articular and Musculoskeletal Disorders
Chapter 364: Osteoarthritis
Chapter 365: Gout and Other Crystal-Associated Arthropathies
Chapter 367: Arthritis Associated with Systemic Disease, and Other Arthritides
Chapter 366: Fibromyalgia
Chapter 368: Periarticular Disorders of the Extremities

Part 12: Endocrinology and Metabolism

Section 1: Endocrinology

Chapter 369: Approach to the Patient with Endocrine Disorders
Chapter 370: Mechanisms of Hormone Action
Chapter 371: Physiology of Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Chapter 372: Hypopituitarism
Chapter 373: Pituitary Tumor Syndromes
Chapter 374: Disorders of the Neurohypophysis
Chapter 375: Thyroid Gland Physiology and Testing
Chapter 376: Hypothyroidism
Chapter 377: Hyperthyroidism
Chapter 378: Thyroid Nodular Disease and Thyroid Cancer
Chapter 379: Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex
Chapter 380: Pheochromocytoma
Chapter 381: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Chapter 382: Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes

Section 2: Sex- and Gender-Based Medicine

Chapter 383: Disorders of Sex Development
Chapter 384: Disorders of the Testes and Male Reproductive System
Chapter 385: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Chapter 386: Menstrual Disorders and Pelvic Pain
Chapter 387: Hirsutism
Chapter 388: Menopause and Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
Chapter 389: Infertility and Contraception
Chapter 390: Sexual Dysfunction
Chapter 391: Women’s Health
Chapter 392: Men’s Health
Chapter 393: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) Health

Section 3: Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Metabolic Syndrome

Chapter 394: Pathobiology of Obesity
Chapter 395: Evaluation and Management of Obesity
Chapter 396: Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis, Classification, and Pathophysiology
Chapter 397: Diabetes Mellitus: Management and Therapies
Chapter 398: Diabetes Mellitus: Complications
Chapter 399: Hypoglycemia
Chapter 400: Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism
Chapter 401: The Metabolic Syndrome

Section 4: Disorders of Bone and Mineral Metabolism

Chapter 402: Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Health and Disease
Chapter 403: Disorders of the Parathyroid Gland and Calcium Homeostasis
Chapter 404: Osteoporosis
Chapter 405: Paget’s Disease and Other Dysplasias of Bone

Section 5: Disorders of Intermediary Metabolism

Chapter 406: Heritable Disorders of Connective Tissue
Chapter 407: Hemochromatosis
Chapter 408: Wilson’s Disease
Chapter 409: The Porphyrias
Chapter 410: Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
Chapter 411: Lysosomal Storage Diseases
Chapter 412: Glycogen Storage Diseases and Other Inherited Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chapter 413: Inherited Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism in Adults
Chapter 414: Inherited Defects of Membrane Transport

Part 13: Neurologic Disorders

Section 1: Diagnosis of Neurologic Disorders

Chapter 415: Approach to the Patient with Neurologic Disease
Chapter 416: Neuroimaging in Neurologic Disorders
Chapter 417: Pathobiology of Neurologic Diseases

Section 2: Diseases of the Central Nervous System

Chapter 418: Seizures and Epilepsy
Chapter 419: Cerebrovascular Diseases
Chapter 420: Ischemic Stroke
Chapter 421: Intracranial Hemorrhage
Chapter 422: Migraine and Other Primary Headache Disorders
Chapter 429: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Diseases
Chapter 423: Alzheimer’s Disease
Chapter 424: Frontotemporal Dementia
Chapter 425: Vascular Dementia
Chapter 426: Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Chapter 427: Parkinson’s Disease
Chapter 428: Tremor, Chorea, and Other Movement Disorders
Chapter 430: Prion Diseases
Chapter 431: Ataxic Disorders
Chapter 432: Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 433: Trigeminal Neuralgia, Bell’s Palsy, and Other Cranial Nerve Disorders
Chapter 434: Diseases of the Spinal Cord
Chapter 435: Concussion and Other Traumatic Brain Injuries
Chapter 436: Multiple Sclerosis
Chapter 437: Neuromyelitis Optica

Section 3: Nerve and Muscle Disorders

Chapter 438: Peripheral Neuropathy
Chapter 439: Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Other Immune-Mediated Neuropathies
Chapter 440: Myasthenia Gravis and Other Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction
Chapter 441: Muscular Dystrophies and Other Muscle Diseases

Section 4: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Chapter 442: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Section 5: Psychiatric and Addiction Disorders

Chapter 443: Biology of Psychiatric Disorders
Chapter 444: Psychiatric Disorders
Chapter 445: Alcohol and Alcohol Use Disorders
Chapter 446: Opioid-Related Disorders
Chapter 447: Cocaine and Other Commonly Used Drugs
Chapter 448: Nicotine Addiction

Part 14: Poisoning, Drug Overdose, and Envenomation

Chapter 449: Heavy Metal Poisoning
Chapter 450: Poisoning and Drug Overdose
Chapter 451: Disorders Caused by Venomous Snakebites and Marine Animal Exposures
Chapter 452: Ectoparasite Infestations and Arthropod Injuries

Part 15: Disorders Associated with Environmental Exposures

Chapter 453: Altitude Illness
Chapter 454: Hypothermia and Peripheral Cold Injuries
Chapter 455: Heat-Related Illnesses

Part 16: Genes, the Environment, and Disease

Chapter 456: Principles of Human Genetics
Chapter 457: The Practice of Genetics in Clinical Medicine
Chapter 458: Gene and Cell Based Therapy in Clinical Medicine
Chapter 459: The Human Microbiome

Part 17: Global Medicine

Chapter 460: Global Issues in Medicine
Chapter 461: Worldwide Changes in Patterns of Infectious Disease
Chapter 462: Primary Care and Global Health

Part 18: Aging

Chapter 463: The Biology of Aging
Chapter 464: Clinical Problems Associated with the Aging Process

Part 19: Consultative Medicine

Chapter 465: Approach to Medical Consultation
Chapter 466: Medical Disorders During Pregnancy
Chapter 467: Medical Evaluation of the Surgical Patient

Part 20: Frontiers

Chapter 468: Behavioral Economics and Health
Chapter 469: Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Health Approaches
Chapter 470: Telomere Disease
Chapter 471: The Role of Epigenetics in Disease and Treatment
Chapter 472: Mitochondrial DNA and Heritable Traits and Diseases
Chapter 473: Applications of Stem Cell Biology in Clinical Medicine
Chapter 474: Microbial Genomics and Infectious Disease
Chapter 475: The Role of Circadian Biology in Health and Disease
Chapter 476: Network Medicine: Systems Biology in Health and Disease
Chapter 477: Emerging Neurotherapeutic Technologies

Part 21: Video Collection

Chapter V1: Video Library of Gait Disorders
Chapter V2: Primary Progressive Aphasia, Memory Loss, and Other Focal Cerebral Disorders
Chapter V3: Video Library of Neuro-Ophthalmology
Chapter V4: Examination of the Comatose Patient
Chapter V5: Video Atlas of Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Lesions
Chapter V6: The Neurologic Screening Exam
Chapter V7: Video Atlas of the Detailed Neurologic Examination

Part 22: Supplementary Topics

Chapter S1: Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances and Acid-Base Disturbances: Case Examples
Chapter S2: Microbial Bioterrorism
Chapter S3: Chemical Terrorism
Chapter S4: Radiation Terrorism
Chapter S5: Infections in War Veterans
Chapter S6: Health Care for Military Veterans
Chapter S7: Primary Immunodeficiencies Associated with (or Secondary to) Other Diseases
Chapter S8: Cardiac Trauma
Chapter S9: Technique of Lumbar Puncture
Chapter S10: Classification of the Spinocerebellar Ataxias
Chapter S11: Hyperbaric and Diving Medicine
Chapter S12: The Clinical Laboratory in Modern Health Care
Chapter S13: Laboratory Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Chapter S14: Laboratory Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections

Part 23: Atlases

Chapter A1: Atlas of Rashes Associated with Fever
Chapter A2: Atlas of Oral Manifestations of Disease
Chapter A3: Atlas of Urinary Sediments and Renal Biopsies
Chapter A4: Atlas of Skin Manifestations of Internal Disease
Chapter A5: Atlas of Hematology
Chapter A6: Atlas of Blood Smears of Malaria and Babesiosis
Chapter A7: Atlas of Electrocardiography
Chapter A8: Atlas of Noninvasive Imaging
Chapter A9: Atlas of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Chapter A10: Atlas of Atherosclerosis
Chapter A11: Atlas of Percutaneous Revascularization
Chapter A12: Atlas of Chest Imaging
Chapter A13: Atlas of Liver Biopsies
Chapter A14: Atlas of the Vasculitic Syndromes
Chapter A15: Atlas of Clinical Manifestations of Metabolic Diseases
Chapter A16: Atlas of Neuroimaging

Part 24: Clinical Procedure Tutorials

Chapter CP1: Clinical Procedure Tutorial: Central Venous Catheter Placement
Chapter CP2: Clinical Procedure Tutorial: Thoracentesis
Chapter CP3: Clinical Procedure Tutorial: Abdominal Paracentesis
Chapter CP4: Clinical Procedure Tutorial: Endotracheal Intubation
Chapter CP5: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Percutaneous Arterial Blood Gas Sampling
Chapter CP6: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Lumbar Puncture
Chapter CP7: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Phlebotomy
Chapter CP8: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Insertion of Female Urethral Catheter
Chapter CP9: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Insertion of Male Urethral Catheter
Chapter CP10: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Fine Needle Aspiration of Breast Cyst
Chapter CP11: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: IV Insertion
Chapter CP12: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Fine Needle Aspiration of Thyroid Nodules
Chapter CP13: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Gynecologic Examination with Pap Smear
Chapter CP14: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Knee Arthrocentesis
Chapter CP15: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Pericardiocentesis
Chapter CP16: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Bone Marrow Biopsy
Chapter CP17: Clinical Procedures Tutorial: Basic Suturing

Editors

The following is the list of editors, showing which editions they were an editor. Shaded boxes denote the chief editor of that edition.^[7]

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21
T. R. Harrison	X	X	X	X	X
W. R. Resnick	X	X	X	X	X
M. M Wintrobe	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
G. W. Thorn	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
R. D. Adams		X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
P. B. Beeson	X	X
I. L. Bennett, Jr.			X	X	X	X
E. Braunwald						X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
K. J. Isselbacher						X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
R. G. Petersdorf						X	X	X	X	X	X	X
J. D. Wilson									X	X	X	X	X	X
J. B. Martin										X	X	X	X	X
A. S. Fauci											X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
R. Root												X
D. L. Kasper													X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
S. L. Hauser														X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
D. L. Longo														X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
J. L. Jameson															X	X	X	X	X	X	X
J. Loscalzo																	X	X	X	X	X

Related Research Articles

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms. A disease may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions. For example, internal dysfunctions of the immune system can produce a variety of different diseases, including various forms of immunodeficiency, hypersensitivity, allergies, and autoimmune disorders.

Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare neurological condition wherein the spinal cord is inflamed. The adjective transverse implies that the spinal inflammation (myelitis) extends horizontally throughout the cross section of the spinal cord; the terms partial transverse myelitis and partial myelitis are sometimes used to specify inflammation that affects only part of the width of the spinal cord. TM is characterized by weakness and numbness of the limbs, deficits in sensation and motor skills, dysfunctional urethral and anal sphincter activities, and dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system that can lead to episodes of high blood pressure. Signs and symptoms vary according to the affected level of the spinal cord. The underlying cause of TM is unknown. The spinal cord inflammation seen in TM has been associated with various infections, immune system disorders, or damage to nerve fibers, by loss of myelin. As opposed to leukomyelitis which affects only the white matter, it affects the entire cross-section of the spinal cord. Decreased electrical conductivity in the nervous system can result.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease of zoonotic origin caused by the virus SARS-CoV-1, the first identified strain of the SARS-related coronavirus. The first known cases occurred in November 2002, and the syndrome caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. In the 2010s, Chinese scientists traced the virus through the intermediary of Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats in Xiyang Yi Ethnic Township, Yunnan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shortness of breath</span> Feeling of difficulty breathing

Shortness of breath (SOB), also medically known as dyspnea or dyspnoea, is an uncomfortable feeling of not being able to breathe well enough. The American Thoracic Society defines it as "a subjective experience of breathing discomfort that consists of qualitatively distinct sensations that vary in intensity", and recommends evaluating dyspnea by assessing the intensity of its distinct sensations, the degree of distress and discomfort involved, and its burden or impact on the patient's activities of daily living. Distinct sensations include effort/work to breathe, chest tightness or pain, and "air hunger". The tripod position is often assumed to be a sign.

Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are infections of blood caused by blood-borne pathogens. Blood is normally a sterile environment, so the detection of microbes in the blood is always abnormal. A bloodstream infection is different from sepsis, which is characterized by severe inflammatory or immune responses of the host organism to pathogens.

Dysautonomia, autonomic failure, or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This may affect the functioning of the heart, bladder, intestines, sweat glands, pupils, and blood vessels. Dysautonomia has many causes, not all of which may be classified as neuropathic. A number of conditions can feature dysautonomia, such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies, Ehlers–Danlos syndromes, autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy and autonomic neuropathy, HIV/AIDS, mitochondrial cytopathy, pure autonomic failure, autism, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome.

Wernicke encephalopathy (WE), also Wernicke's encephalopathy, or wet brain is the presence of neurological symptoms caused by biochemical lesions of the central nervous system after exhaustion of B-vitamin reserves, in particular thiamine (vitamin B₁). The condition is part of a larger group of thiamine deficiency disorders that includes beriberi, in all its forms, and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. When it occurs simultaneously with alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome it is known as Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome.

Valvular heart disease is any cardiovascular disease process involving one or more of the four valves of the heart. These conditions occur largely as a consequence of aging, but may also be the result of congenital (inborn) abnormalities or specific disease or physiologic processes including rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy.

Neuritis is inflammation of a nerve or the general inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. Inflammation, and frequently concomitant demyelination, cause impaired transmission of neural signals and leads to aberrant nerve function. Neuritis is often conflated with neuropathy, a broad term describing any disease process which affects the peripheral nervous system. However, neuropathies may be due to either inflammatory or non-inflammatory causes, and the term encompasses any form of damage, degeneration, or dysfunction, while neuritis refers specifically to the inflammatory process.

Blood in stool or rectal bleeding looks different depending on how early it enters the digestive tract—and thus how much digestive action it has been exposed to—and how much there is. The term can refer either to melena, with a black appearance, typically originating from upper gastrointestinal bleeding; or to hematochezia, with a red color, typically originating from lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Evaluation of the blood found in stool depends on its characteristics, in terms of color, quantity and other features, which can point to its source, however, more serious conditions can present with a mixed picture, or with the form of bleeding that is found in another section of the tract. The term "blood in stool" is usually only used to describe visible blood, and not fecal occult blood, which is found only after physical examination and chemical laboratory testing.

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also known as bronchoalveolar washing, is a diagnostic method of the lower respiratory system in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into an appropriate airway in the lungs, with a measured amount of fluid introduced and then collected for examination. This method is typically performed to diagnose pathogenic infections of the lower respiratory airways, though it also has been shown to have utility in diagnosing interstitial lung disease. Bronchoalveolar lavage can be a more sensitive method of detection than nasal swabs in respiratory molecular diagnostics, as has been the case with SARS-CoV-2 where bronchoalveolar lavage samples detect copies of viral RNA after negative nasal swab testing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ménétrier's disease</span> Medical condition

Ménétrier disease is a rare, acquired, premalignant disease of the stomach characterized by massive gastric folds, excessive mucous production with resultant protein loss, and little or no acid production. The disorder is associated with excessive secretion of transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α). It is named after a French physician Pierre Eugène Ménétrier, 1859–1935.

Coccidioides is a genus of dimorphic ascomycetes in the family Onygenaceae. Member species are the cause of coccidioidomycosis, also known as San Joaquin Valley fever, an infectious fungal disease largely confined to the Western Hemisphere and endemic in the Southwestern United States. The host acquires the disease by respiratory inhalation of spores disseminated in their natural habitat. The causative agents of coccidioidomycosis are Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. Both C. immitis and C. posadasii are indistinguishable during laboratory testing and commonly referred in literature as Coccidioides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nausea</span> Medical symptom or condition

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">W. Ian Lipkin</span> Professor, microbiologist, epidemiologist

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There are several forms of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. These include asymptomatic infections, the primary infection, infectious mononucleosis, and the progression of asymptomatic or primary infections to: 1) any one of various Epstein–Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases such as chronic active EBV infection, EBV+ hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and Epstein–Barr virus positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified); 2) non-lymphoid cancers such as Epstein–Barr virus associated gastric cancer, soft tissue sarcomas, leiomyosarcoma, and nasopharyngeal cancers; and 3) Epstein–Barr virus-associated non-lymphoproliferative diseases such as some cases of the immune disorders of multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosis and the childhood disorders of Alice in Wonderland Syndrome and acute cerebellar ataxia.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to emergency medicine:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Post viral cerebellar ataxia</span> Medical condition

Post-viral cerebellar ataxia also known as acute cerebellitis and acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) is a disease characterized by the sudden onset of ataxia following a viral infection. The disease affects the function or structure of the cerebellum region in the brain.

The stages of HIV infection are acute infection, latency, and AIDS. Acute infection lasts for several weeks and may include symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, inflammation of the throat, rash, muscle pain, malaise, and mouth and esophageal sores. The latency stage involves few or no symptoms and can last anywhere from two weeks to twenty years or more, depending on the individual. AIDS, the final stage of HIV infection, is defined by low CD4+ T cell counts, various opportunistic infections, cancers, and other conditions.

The symptoms of COVID-19 are variable depending on the type of variant contracted, ranging from mild symptoms to a potentially fatal illness. Common symptoms include coughing, fever, loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia), with less common ones including headaches, nasal congestion and runny nose, muscle pain, sore throat, diarrhea, eye irritation, and toes swelling or turning purple, and in moderate to severe cases, breathing difficulties. People with the COVID-19 infection may have different symptoms, and their symptoms may change over time. Three common clusters of symptoms have been identified: one respiratory symptom cluster with cough, sputum, shortness of breath, and fever; a musculoskeletal symptom cluster with muscle and joint pain, headache, and fatigue; and a cluster of digestive symptoms with abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. In people without prior ear, nose, or throat disorders, loss of taste combined with loss of smell is associated with COVID-19 and is reported in as many as 88% of symptomatic cases.

References

↑ Simonson, MT (July 2000). "Product review. Harrison's Online". National Network (Dallas, Tex.). 25 (1): 28–29. PMID 11184336.
↑ Malani, Preeti N. (7 November 2012). "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 308 (17): 1813. doi:10.1001/jama.308.17.1813-b.
1 2 "Legendary Tinsley Harrison – UAB med school pioneer, doctor, teacher – subject of new bio". AL.com. Retrieved 2018-07-16.
↑ "Blakiston Books Sold; McGraw-Hill Acquires Medical Subsidiary of Doubleday". The New York Times. 1954-10-18. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-11-10.
↑ results, search; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2018). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (20th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. ISBN 978-1259644030.
↑ Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen; Longo, Dan; Larry Jameson, J. (2022). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. ISBN 978-1264268504.
↑ Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan Louis; Larry Jameson, J. (2022). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. ISBN 978-1264268504.

Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2008). Harrison's principles of internal medicine (17th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division. ISBN 978-0-07-146633-2.

External links

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[1] Simonson, MT (July 2000). "Product review. Harrison's Online". National Network (Dallas, Tex.). 25 (1): 28–29. PMID 11184336.

[2] Malani, Preeti N. (7 November 2012). "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 308 (17): 1813. doi:10.1001/jama.308.17.1813-b.

[:0-3] 1 2 "Legendary Tinsley Harrison – UAB med school pioneer, doctor, teacher – subject of new bio". AL.com. Retrieved 2018-07-16.

[4] "Blakiston Books Sold; McGraw-Hill Acquires Medical Subsidiary of Doubleday". The New York Times. 1954-10-18. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2019-11-10.

[5] results, search; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan L.; Loscalzo, Joseph (2018). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (20th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education / Medical. ISBN 978-1259644030.

[6] Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen; Longo, Dan; Larry Jameson, J. (2022). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. ISBN 978-1264268504.

[7] Loscalzo, Joseph; Fauci, Anthony S.; Kasper, Dennis L.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Longo, Dan Louis; Larry Jameson, J. (2022). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. ISBN 978-1264268504.

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