Parechovirus | |
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Virus classification ![]() | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
Order: | Picornavirales |
Family: | Picornaviridae |
Genus: | Parechovirus |
Species | |
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Parechovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae . Humans, ferrets, and various rodents serve as natural hosts. [1] The genus currently consists of six accepted species. Human parechoviruses may cause gastrointestinal or respiratory illness in infants, and they have been implicated in cases of myocarditis and encephalitis. [2]
Eighteen types of human parechovirus have been identified: human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1, formerly echovirus 22), human parechovirus 2 (formerly echovirus 23), and HPeV3 to HPeV18. [3] [4] [5] [6] A total of 15 genotypes are currently recognised. [7]
The ICTV recognises the following six species: [1] [8]
An additional two species are recognised by Picornaviridae.com but not by the ICTV: [8]
Parechoviruses are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 7.3kb in length. [10]
Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parechovirus | Icosahedral [10] | Pseudo T=3 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. [11]
Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parechovirus | Humans | Respiratory tract; gastrointestinal tract | Cell receptor endocytosis | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Unknown |
Human parechoviruses cause mild, gastrointestinal or respiratory illness, but have been implicated in cases of myocarditis and encephalitis. Human parechoviruses are commonly spread and more than 95% of human cases are infected early in life, within two to five years of age. [12] [13] Parechovirus B has been proposed as a zoonotic virus, associated with diabetes and intrauterine fetal death in humans. [14] [15] However, the data regarding these features are currently limited and need to be confirmed. Parechovirus is a Biosafety Level 2 organism.[ citation needed ]
The first parechoviruses (E22 and E23) were isolated in 1956, and recognized as a new genus in 1996. [16] [17] Parechovirus B was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus, formerly Clethrionomys glareolus) in the mid-1990s. [18] Human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) was found in at least 20 U.S. young infants in 2014. Those numbers include a set of identical triplets from central Wisconsin, who contracted the virus and were diagnosed nearly two months later after a flurry of tests, as this was the first known case in those health systems. [19] The 2014 outbreak is a higher number than expected, and is thought to be linked to maternal-fetal transmission. [20]
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Parechovirus B, formerly called the Ljungan virus, was first discovered in the mid-1990s after being isolated from a bank vole near the Ljungan river in Medelpad county, Sweden. It has since been established that Parechovirus B, which is also found in several places in Europe and America, causes serious illness in wild as well as laboratory animals. Several scientific articles have recently reported findings indicating that Parechovirus B is associated with malformations, intrauterine fetal death, and sudden infant death syndrome in humans. In addition, studies are being conducted worldwide to investigate the possible connection of the virus to diabetes, neurological and other illnesses in humans.
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