Parechovirus

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Parechovirus
Virus classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Pisuviricota
Class: Pisoniviricetes
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Picornaviridae
Genus:Parechovirus
Species
  • Parechovirus A
  • Parechovirus B
  • Parechovirus C
  • Parechovirus D
  • Parechovirus E
  • Parechovirus F

And see text

Parechovirus is a genus of viruses in the family Picornaviridae . Humans, ferrets, and various rodents serve as natural hosts. [1] The genus currently consists of six accepted species. Human parechoviruses may cause gastrointestinal or respiratory illness in infants, and they have been implicated in cases of myocarditis and encephalitis. [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

Eighteen types of human parechovirus have been identified: human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1, formerly echovirus 22), human parechovirus 2 (formerly echovirus 23), and HPeV3 to HPeV18. [3] [4] [5] [6] A total of 15 genotypes are currently recognised. [7]

Species

The ICTV recognises the following six species: [1] [8]

An additional two species are recognised by Picornaviridae.com but not by the ICTV: [8]

Structure

Parechoviruses are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 7.3kb in length. [10]

GenusStructureSymmetryCapsidGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
ParechovirusIcosahedral [10] Pseudo T=3Non-envelopedLinearMonopartite

Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. [11]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
ParechovirusHumansRespiratory tract; gastrointestinal tractCell receptor endocytosisLysisCytoplasmCytoplasmUnknown

Clinical information

Human parechoviruses cause mild, gastrointestinal or respiratory illness, but have been implicated in cases of myocarditis and encephalitis. Human parechoviruses are commonly spread and more than 95% of human cases are infected early in life, within two to five years of age. [12] [13] Parechovirus B has been proposed as a zoonotic virus, associated with diabetes and intrauterine fetal death in humans. [14] [15] However, the data regarding these features are currently limited and need to be confirmed. Parechovirus is a Biosafety Level 2 organism.[ citation needed ]

History

The first parechoviruses (E22 and E23) were isolated in 1956, and recognized as a new genus in 1996. [16] [17] Parechovirus B was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus, formerly Clethrionomys glareolus) in the mid-1990s. [18] Human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3) was found in at least 20 U.S. young infants in 2014. Those numbers include a set of identical triplets from central Wisconsin, who contracted the virus and were diagnosed nearly two months later after a flurry of tests, as this was the first known case in those health systems. [19] The 2014 outbreak is a higher number than expected, and is thought to be linked to maternal-fetal transmission. [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhinovirus</span> Genus of viruses (Enterovirus)

The rhinovirus is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae. Rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold.

<i>Orthohantavirus</i> Genus of viruses

Orthohantavirus is a genus of single-stranded, enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses in the family Hantaviridae within the order Bunyavirales. Members of this genus may be called orthohantaviruses or simply hantaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Picornavirus</span> Family of viruses

Picornaviruses are a group of related nonenveloped RNA viruses which infect vertebrates including fish, mammals, and birds. They are viruses that represent a large family of small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a 30 nm icosahedral capsid. The viruses in this family can cause a range of diseases including the common cold, poliomyelitis, meningitis, hepatitis, and paralysis.

<i>Foot-and-mouth disease virus</i> Species of virus

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a virus in the genus Aphthovirus that causes foot-and-mouth disease. As a member of the family Picornaviridae, FMDV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Like other members of the Picornavirus family, FMDV is small and unenveloped, with an icosahedral capsid.

<i>Polyomaviridae</i> Family of viruses

Polyomaviridae is a family of viruses whose natural hosts are primarily mammals and birds. As of 2024, there are eight recognized genera. 14 species are known to infect humans, while others, such as Simian Virus 40, have been identified in humans to a lesser extent. Most of these viruses are very common and typically asymptomatic in most human populations studied. BK virus is associated with nephropathy in renal transplant and non-renal solid organ transplant patients, JC virus with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and Merkel cell virus with Merkel cell cancer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rubella virus</span> Species of virus

Rubella virus (RuV) is the pathogenic agent of the disease rubella, transmitted only between humans via the respiratory route, and is the main cause of congenital rubella syndrome when infection occurs during the first weeks of pregnancy.

<i>Enterovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Enterovirus is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. Enteroviruses are named by their transmission-route through the intestine.

Echovirus is a polyphyletic group of viruses associated with enteric disease in humans. The name is derived from "enteric cytopathic human orphan virus". These viruses were originally not associated with disease, but many have since been identified as disease-causing agents. The term "echovirus" was used in the scientific names of numerous species, but all echoviruses are now recognized as strains of various species, most of which are in the family Picornaviridae.

<i>Bunyavirales</i> Order of RNA viruses

Bunyavirales is an order of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses with mainly tripartite genomes. Member viruses infect arthropods, plants, protozoans, and vertebrates. It is the only order in the class Ellioviricetes. The name Bunyavirales derives from Bunyamwera, where the original type species Bunyamwera orthobunyavirus was first discovered. Ellioviricetes is named in honor of late virologist Richard M. Elliott for his early work on bunyaviruses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arenavirus</span> Family of RNA viruses

An arenavirus is a bi- or trisegmented ambisense RNA virus that is a member of the family Arenaviridae. These viruses infect rodents and occasionally humans. A class of novel, highly divergent arenaviruses, properly known as reptarenaviruses, have also been discovered which infect snakes to produce inclusion body disease, mostly in boa constrictors. At least eight arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Hemorrhagic fever syndromes, including Lassa fever, are derived from infections such as Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Lassa virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Sabia virus, or Whitewater Arroyo virus. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and bunyaviruses are designated as roboviruses.

<i>Hepacivirus</i> Genus of viruses

Hepacivirus is a genus of positive-strand RNA viruses in the family Flaviviridae. The hepatitis C virus (HCV), in species Hepacivirus C, infects humans and is associated with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. There are fourteen species in the genus which infect a range of other vertebrate.

<i>Cardiovirus</i> Genus of viruses

Cardiovirus are a group of viruses within order Picornavirales, family Picornaviridae. Vertebrates serve as natural hosts for these viruses.

<i>Murine coronavirus</i> Species of virus

Murine coronavirus (M-CoV) is a virus in the genus Betacoronavirus that infects mice. Belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus, murine coronavirus strains are enterotropic or polytropic. Enterotropic strains include mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strains D, Y, RI, and DVIM, whereas polytropic strains, such as JHM and A59, primarily cause hepatitis, enteritis, and encephalitis. Murine coronavirus is an important pathogen in the laboratory mouse and the laboratory rat. It is the most studied coronavirus in animals other than humans, and has been used as an animal disease model for many virological and clinical studies.

Parechovirus B, formerly called the Ljungan virus, was first discovered in the mid-1990s after being isolated from a bank vole near the Ljungan river in Medelpad county, Sweden. It has since been established that Parechovirus B, which is also found in several places in Europe and America, causes serious illness in wild as well as laboratory animals. Several scientific articles have recently reported findings indicating that Parechovirus B is associated with malformations, intrauterine fetal death, and sudden infant death syndrome in humans. In addition, studies are being conducted worldwide to investigate the possible connection of the virus to diabetes, neurological and other illnesses in humans.

Kobuvirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Humans and cattle serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: gastroenteritis. The genus was named because of the virus particles' lumpy appearance by electron microscopy; "kobu" means "knob" in Japanese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1) cis regulatory element (CRE)</span>

The Human Parechovirus 1 cis regulatory element is an RNA element which is located in the 5'-terminal 112 nucleotides of the genome of human parechovirus 1 (HPeV1). The element consists of two stem-loop structures together with a pseudoknot. Disruption of any of these elements impairs both viral replication and growth.

Gyrovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Anelloviridae. Until 2011, chicken anemia virus was the only Gyrovirus identified, but since then gyroviruses have also been identified in humans. Diseases associated with this genus include: chicken infectious anemia, which is associated with depletion of cortical thymocytes and erythroblastoid cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ampullaviridae</span> Family of viruses

Bottigliavirus is the only genus in the family Ampullaviridae and contains 3 species. Ampullaviridae infect archaea of the genus Acidianus. The name of the family and genus is derived from the Latin word for bottle, ampulla, due to the virions having the shape of a bottle. The family was first described during an investigation of the microbial flora of hot springs in Italy.

Tula orthohantavirus, formerly Tula virus (TULV), is a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of orthohantavirus first isolated from a European common vole found in Central Russia and primarly carried by rodents. It causes Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The Microtus species are also found in North America, Europe, Scandinavia, Slovenia, Asia, and Western Russia. Human cases of Tula orthohantavirus have also been reported in Switzerland and Germany.

Echovirus 9 is a serotype of echovirus. When first discovered, it was labelled as a coxsackie A virus, A23. It was later discovered that A23 was an echovirus antigenically identical to the already-known echovirus 9.

References

  1. 1 2 "ICTV Master Species List 2018a v1". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archived from the original on March 14, 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
  2. ↑ Bissel, SJ; Auer, RN; Chiang, CH; Kofler, J; Murdoch, GH; Nix, WA; Painter, M; Richer, M; Sartelet, H; Wang, G; Wiley, CA (2015). "Human Parechovirus 3 Meningitis and Fatal Leukoencephalopathy". Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 74 (8): 767-777. doi:10.1097/NEN.0000000000000215. PMID   26115191.
  3. ↑ Ito M, Yamashita T, Tsuzuki H, Takeda N, Sakae K (2004). "Isolation and identification of a novel human parechovirus". J. Gen. Virol. 85 (2): 391–398. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19456-0 . PMID   14769896.
  4. ↑ Al-Sunaidi M, Williams CH, Hughes PJ, Schnurr DP, Stanway G (2007). "Analysis of a new human parechovirus allows the definition of parechovirus types and the identification of RNA structural domains". J. Virol. 81 (2): 1013–21. doi:10.1128/JVI.00584-06. PMC   1797470 . PMID   17005640.
  5. ↑ Watanabe K, Oie M, Higuchi M, Nishikawa M, Fujii M (June 2007). "Isolation and characterization of novel human parechovirus from clinical samples". Emerg Infect Dis. 13 (6): 889–95. doi:10.3201/eid1306.060896. PMC   2792847 . PMID   17553229.
  6. ↑ "Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release". talk.ictvonline.org. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  7. ↑ Chieochansin T, Vichiwattana P, Korkong S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y (2011) Molecular epidemiology, genome characterization, and recombination event of human parechovirus. Virology
  8. 1 2 "Parechovirus". Picornaviridae.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  9. ↑ "Picornaviridae.com: Manhattan PeV gene sequences". Archived from the original on 2019-02-16. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  10. 1 2 Shakeel, Shabih; Westerhuis, Brenda M.; Ora, Ari; Koen, Gerrit; Bakker, Arjen Q.; Claassen, Yvonne; Wagner, Koen; Beaumont, Tim; Wolthers, Katja C.; Butcher, Sarah J. (2015). "Structural Basis of Human Parechovirus Neutralization by Human Monoclonal Antibodies". Journal of Virology. 89 (18): 9571–9580. doi:10.1128/JVI.01429-15. PMC   4542383 . PMID   26157123.
  11. ↑ "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  12. ↑ Stanway G, Joki-Korpela P, Hyypiä T (2000). "Human parechoviruses--biology and clinical significance". Rev. Med. Virol. 10 (1): 57–69. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(200001/02)10:1<57::AID-RMV266>3.0.CO;2-H. PMID   10654005. S2CID   1284023.
  13. ↑ Joki-Korpela P, Hyypiä T (2001). "Parechoviruses, a novel group of human picornaviruses". Ann. Med. 33 (7): 466–71. doi:10.3109/07853890109002095. PMID   11680794. S2CID   37499760.
  14. ↑ Niklasson B, Samsioe A, Papadogiannakis N, Kawecki A, Hörnfeldt B, Saade GR, Klitz W (2007). "Association of zoonotic Ljungan virus with intrauterine fetal deaths". Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 79 (6): 488–93. doi:10.1002/bdra.20359. PMID   17335057.
  15. ↑ Niklasson B, Heller KE, Schonecker B, Bildsoe M, Daniels T, Hampe CS, Widlund P, Simonson WT, Schaefer JB, Rutledge E, Bekris L, Lindberg AM, Johansson S, Örtqvist E, Persson B, Lernmark Å (2003). "Development of type 1 diabetes in wild bank voles associated with islet autoantibodies and the novel ljungan virus". Int. J. Exp. Diabesity. Res. 4 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1080/15438600303733. PMC   2480497 . PMID   12745669.
  16. ↑ Stanway, G. & Hyypiä, T. (1999). "Parechoviruses". Journal of Virology. 73 (7): 5249–5254. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.7.5249-5254.1999. PMC   112579 . PMID   10364270.
  17. ↑ Pringle, C.R. (1996). "Virus Taxonomy 1996". Archives of Virology. 141 (11): 2251–2256. doi:10.1007/BF01718231. PMC   7086844 . PMID   8992952.
  18. ↑ Niklasson B, Kinnunen L, Hörnfeldt B, Hörling J, Benemar C, Hedlund KO, Matskova L, Hyypiä T, Winberg G (1999). "A new picornavirus isolated from bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)". Virology. 255 (1): 86–93. doi: 10.1006/viro.1998.9557 . PMID   10049824.
  19. ↑ "Parechovirus.com". Parechovirus Research. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  20. ↑ "Viral meningitis in Kansas City-area babies probed". The Kansas City Star. The Associated Press. August 13, 2014.
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