History of rail transport in Indonesia

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Most railway lines in Indonesia were constructed during the Dutch colonial rule. After independence in 1945, many lines were abandoned. The current national rail operator, PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero), was founded on 28 September 1945.

Contents

Pre-independence era

First railway line

The platform of the first station of Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Dutch-Indies Railway Company) in Semarang COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het perron van het eerste station van de Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij te Semarang TMnr 10013983.jpg
The platform of the first station of Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (Dutch-Indies Railway Company) in Semarang

Indonesia (Dutch East Indies) was the second country in Asia to establish a rail transport, after India; China and Japan were next to follow. [1] On 7 June 1864, Governor General Baron Sloet van den Beele initiated the first railway line in Indonesia on Kemijen village, Semarang, Central Java. [1] It began operations on 10 August 1867 in Central Java and connected the first built Semarang station to Tanggung for 25 kilometers. [1] [2] By 21 May 1873, the line had connected to Solo, both in Central Java and was later extended to Yogyakarta. This line was operated by a private company, Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS or NISM) and used the 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge gauge. Later construction by both private and state railway companies used the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.

The liberal Dutch government of the era was then reluctant to build its own railway, preferring to give a free rein to private enterprises. However, private railways could not provide the expected return of investment (even NIS required some financial assistance from the government), and the Dutch Ministry of Colonies finally approved a state railway system, the Staatsspoorwegen (SS), extending from Buitenzorg (now Bogor) in the west, to Surabaya in the east. Construction began from both ends, the first line (from Surabaya) being opened on 16 May 1878, and both cities were connected by 1894.

NIS standard gauge train in Java, c. 1900s COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Locomotief en trein van de Nederlands-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij TMnr 10014036.jpg
NIS standard gauge train in Java, c. 1900s

By the 1920s, the system in Java had reached its greatest extent, with most towns and cities connected by rail, with branches and tramways connecting sugar plantations to factories.

The Great Depression of the 1930s put laid to plans of constructing railway lines in Borneo, Celebes, connecting the lines in Sumatra and electrification of the lines in Java.

After the Dutch state started railway construction, private enterprises did not completely get out of the picture, and at least 15 light railway companies operated in Java. These companies operated as "steam tram companies", but despite the name, were better described as regional secondary lines.

Java

B25 02 at the Ambarawa Railway Museum B2502 Locomotive - Amabarawa - Indonesia.jpg
B25 02 at the Ambarawa Railway Museum

As befits a colonial enterprise, most railway lines in Indonesia had a dual purpose: economic and strategic. In fact, a condition for the financial assistance for the NIS was that the company build a railway line to Ambarawa, which connected to the one of an important military base named Fort Willem I for the Dutch king. The first state railway line was built through the mountains on the southern part of Java, instead of the flat regions on the north, for a similar strategic reason. The state railway in Java connected Anyer on the western coast of the island, to Banyuwangi on the eastern coast.

Sumatra

Rail yard in Medan, June 1950 MedanSumatraJune1950.jpg
Rail yard in Medan, June 1950

In Sumatra, railways were first used for military purposes, with a railway line connecting Banda Aceh and its port of Uleelhee in 1876. This railway, the Atjeh Staats Spoorwegen (ASS), first built to a 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge which was later regauged to 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) and extended south. This line was only transferred to the Ministry of Colonies from the Ministry of War on 1 January 1916, following the relative pacification of Aceh.

The Western Sumatra's state railway in the Minangkabau area, the Staatsspoorwegen ter Sumatra's Westkust (SSS) transported coal from inland mines to the port at Padang and was built between 1891 and 1894

The Southern Sumatra's state railway, the Staatsspoorwegen op Zuid-Sumatra (ZSS), was completed in the 1930s. It served a fertile plantation area and an important coal mine.

Another important private railway line was the Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij (DSM). This line served regions producing rubber and tobacco in Deli.

Sulawesi

Between July 1922 and 1930, a 47 kilometres (29 mi)-long railway line operated in South Sulawesi. This line was to be extended to North Sulawesi, as part of a massive project of railway construction in Borneo and Sulawesi, connection of separate railway systems in Sumatra and electrification of the main lines in Java. The Great Depression of 1929 put paid to these plans.

Japanese occupation

During the Japanese occupation between 1942 and 1945, the different railway lines in Java were managed as one entity. The Sumatra systems, being under the administration of a different branch of the Japanese armed forces, remained separate.

The occupiers also converted the (1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge lines in Java into 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in), thereby resolving the dual gauge issue. This was not an actual "problem" as there was not much transfer of materials between the systems, and much of the 1,435 mm system had been fitted with a third rail by 1940, creating a mixed-gauge railway. Many locomotives were seized and transported to Malaya, Burma and elsewhere.[ citation needed ] The railway network was reduced from 6,811 km (4,232 mi) in 1939 to 5,910 km (3,670 mi) in 1950 in order to provide material for railway construction in Burma. [3]

Independence era

During the war for independence between 1945 and 1949, freedom fighters took over the railways, creating the first direct predecessor to today's PT Kereta Api, the Djawatan Kereta Api Repoeblik Indonesia (Railway Bureau of the Republic of Indonesia), on 28 September 1945. This date, not the 1867 one, is regarded as the birth date of Indonesian railways and commemorated as Railway Day every year, on political grounds.

On the other hand, the Dutch by Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA) formed their own combined railway system to manage the railway lines located on their occupied territory, the Staatsspoorwegen/Verenigd Spoorwegbedrijf (SS/VS or Combined Railways). This company consisted of a combined state-owned and many private-owned railway companies, except Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij (Deli Railway). By the time of Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence, the SS/VS had most railway lines under their management, though not all were in operation.

With Indonesia's full independence in 1949, the separate systems (except the Deli Railway) were combined into the Djawatan Kereta Api. Non-state railway systems in Java retained their paper existence until 1958, when all railway lines in Indonesia were nationalized, including the Deli Railway, thereby creating the Perusahaan Negara Kereta Api (PNKA: State Railway Corporation) in 1963. [4] On 15 September 1971 the name of PNKA was changed to Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api (PJKA, the Indonesian Railway Systems). [5] Later then, on 2 January 1991, PJKA was changed its name and status as Perusahaan Umum Kereta Api (Perumka, the Indonesian Railways Public Company), [6] and since 1 June 1999, this company was changed to a limited company, PT Kereta Api (Persero) (PT KA). [7] In May 2010, the name of "PT KA" was changed to PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) (PT KAI, The Indonesian Railways Company) till present. [8]

The headquarters of the state railway system, since Dutch colonial days, had been located in Bandung, West Java. Private railway companies were headquartered elsewhere, in Semarang, Tegal, Surabaya and Medan.

Kualanamu Airport Rail Link, the first airport rail link in Indonesia Kualanamu AirportRail.JPG
Kualanamu Airport Rail Link, the first airport rail link in Indonesia

Construction of new railway lines has been scarce. In 1997, a line was inaugurated from Citayam to Nambo in West Java. At the beginning, this line was planned to be incorporated into a larger circular line network, ranging from Cikarang to Parung Panjang. [9] This plan had to be postponed due to the 1997 economic crisis. [10] The first airport rail link in Indonesia, the Kualanamu Airport Rail Link, connects Medan with Kualanamu International Airport, which was inaugurated on 4 September 2013. [11] [12] The Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link was opened between Soekarno–Hatta International Airport and BNI City on 26 December 2017. [13] Minangkabau Ekspres, connecting Minangkabau International Airport and Padang, was inaugurated on 21 May 2018. [14] The Adisumarmo Airport Rail Link, connecting Adisoemarmo International Airport station and Solo Balapan, opened on 29 December 2019. [15] Yogyakarta International Airport Rail Link, connecting Yogyakarta International Airport with Yogyakarta was completed in September 2021. [16] The Trans-Sulawesi Railway are built with 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge which is wider than the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) cape gauge used in Java and Sumatra to accommodate more weight and speed, [17] [18] the first phase includes 146 kilometers route from Makassar to Parepare, which was completed in November 2022 and has been operating ever since, [19] the total plan for the railway would be around 2,000 kilometres spanning from Makassar to Manado, [20] most of other sections are still under construction. [19] [20]

Most new construction is concentrated on double- and quad-tracking of existing railway lines. In 2011, double-tracking of the line from Semarang to Surabaya Pasar Turi was begun. [21] The project was finished with the double-tracking of the final segment between Bojonegoro and Surabaya Pasar Turi on 8 May 2014. [22] The line between Manggarai and Cikarang on Rajawali-Cikampek line is being quadrupled, with the first section between Jatinegara and Cakung opened on 14 April 2019. [23]

Trams formerly existed in Jakarta, Surabaya, Malang, and Semarang before their service was closed after independence. In Jakarta the tram lines are operated using track gauge 1,188 mm (3 ft 10+25⁄32 in) operated by Bataviasche Verkeers Maatschappij and Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta, while in other areas track gauge 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) were used. In Greater Jakarta, KRL Commuterline and Jabodebek LRT is operational urban rail network, serving commuter routes which comprises cities of DKI Jakarta, Depok, Bogor, Bekasi, Tangerang, and South Tangerang as well as regencies of Bogor, Bekasi, and Lebak. The other operational urban rail networks are Jakarta provincially-owned Jakarta MRT, Jakarta LRT, and Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link to support the public transport network in the area.

Indonesia operates a high-speed rail line connecting its two largest cities, the Jakarta–Bandung high-speed rail line, which will allow trains to reach up to 420 km/h, with operational speed of 350 km/h. Commenced operations on October 2, 2023, this High Speed Rail line is the first in Southeast Asia [24] [25] [26]

Defunct railway

List of defunct railway in Indonesia

Span of the former Batavia Noord railroad bridge on the line leading to Batavia NIS Station. Bentang jembatan rel bekas jalur Batavia Noord..jpg
Span of the former Batavia Noord railroad bridge on the line leading to Batavia NIS Station.

Defunct railway in Indonesia are railway lines that once existed and were used as passenger transportation and/or freight transportation in Indonesia, but are now no longer functioning, and in some places, there are even no traces of them anymore.

According to data from the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia as of 2017, there are 2,723 kilometers of inactive railway lines in Indonesia out of a total of 8,157 kilometers that were in operation as of 1939. [27] So that within a period of 78 years (1939-2017), there is a tendency for a decrease in the infrastructure of the operated railway lines.

A view of the span of the Salemba line railway bridge on the Cikini-Salemba line. Tampak bentang jembatan KA jalur Salemba..jpg
A view of the span of the Salemba line railway bridge on the Cikini-Salemba line.

The tabulation of railroad lines is based on their crossing numbers in the Buku Jarak untuk Angkutan Barang Jawa dan Madura (Distance Book for Goods Transportation in Java and Madura) published by PJKA in 1982, unless otherwise stated. [28]

Remains of the bridge under Jayakarta Station (JAKK direction) from the Manggarai-Jakarta Kota lines while still on the ground. Sisa jembatan jalur bawah Stasiun Jayakarta (arah JAKK)..jpg
Remains of the bridge under Jayakarta Station (JAKK direction) from the Manggarai-Jakarta Kota lines while still on the ground.

Java

Pre-independence inactivity

There are railroad lines that were successfully reactivated by Djawatan Kereta Api Republik Indonesia (DKARI) in the early days of independence. This reactivated line is considered important and has high economic potential so it needs to be reactivated. In addition, there are railroad lines that are considered important for military movements. [29] However, among the lines that DKARI successfully reactivated, many of them were deactivated for the second time in the 1970s to 1990s in the PJKA era.

Railroad lineDate inauguratedDate closedInaugurating company
Tasikmalaya-Singaparna June 1, 19111943 [30] [31] Staatsspoorwegen
Rancaekek-Tanjungsari February 13, 1921 [32] 1942 [30]
Dayeuhkolot-Majalaya March 3, 1922 [32] 1942 [30]
Jatibarang–Karangampel 1 May 1926 [33] 1 November 1932 [34]
Tulungagung–Tugu 15 July 1921 (segment Tulungagung–Campurdarat)
1 Juli 1922 (segment Campurdarat–Tugu) [35] 		1 November 1932 [36]
Ponorogo–Badegan 1907-19221943 [30] [35]
Bedilan–Waruduwur 18971943 [30] [35] Semarang–Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij
Weleri-Besokor 1 April 1901
Pekalongan–Wonopringgo 7 February 1916 (segment Pekalongan–Kedungwuni)
1 December 1916 (segment Kedungwuni–Wonopringgo)		1943 [30] [35]
Klangenan-Gunung Giwur July 1, 19221933
Maos-Purwokerto Timur July 16, 18961943 [30] Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij
Spiritus Factory Wates-Mojokerto Kota-Gemekan- Ngoro/Dinoyo 1889-19091943 [30] [31] Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij
Warungdowo-Ngempit railroad 1 December 19121932 Pasoeroean Stoomtram Maatschappij
Mayong-Welahan 10 November 1900 [35] 1942 [30] Samarang–Joana Stoomtram Maatschappij
Semarang tram lines 1882-18991940
Kudus–Mayong–Pecangaan (segment Bakalan–Pecangaan) 6 September 1887 (segment Kudus–Mayong)
5 May 1895 (segment Mayong–Pecangaan) [35] 		1942 [30]
Jalur-jalur cabang KSM (except Pare–Pelem–Papar, dismantled during the Dutch Military Aggression II) 1897-19001943 [30] [35] Kediri Stoomtram Maatschappij
Kepanjen–Gondanglegi 10 Juni 19001943 [30] [35] Malang Stoomtram Maatschappij
Ngabean–Pundong 1917-19191943 [30] [35] Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij
Kelanjutan jalur kereta api Yogyakarta–Palbapang, menuju Sewugalur 21 May 1895 [37] 1943 [30] [35]
Segmen Sumari–Gresik 1 Juni 19021943
Cabang-cabang Stasiun Samarang 1868-19241924-1942/1943
Post-independence inactivity
Lines numbers in the 1982 distance tableRailroad lineDate inauguratedCompany that inauguratedAsset territoryReactivation status
1 (Banten) Labuan-Pandeglang 18 June 1906 [32] Staatsspoorwegen I Jakarta Dark Red x.svg
Rangkasbitung-Pandeglang Yes check.svg
Cigading–Anyer Kidul 20 December 1900 [32] Dark Red x.svg
2 (Lintas Jakarta) Pegangsaan–Salemba 1904 [32] Dark Red x.svg
5 (Jakarta–Cirebon) Jatibarang–Indramayu 8 June 1912 [38] III Cirebon Dark Red x.svg
6/12 (Semarang–Cirebon) Kalibodri–Kendal–Kaliwungu 2 May–1 November 1897 [39] Semarang–Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij IV Semarang Dark Red x.svg
8 (Cilacap–Yogyakarta) Kutoarjo–Purworejo 20 July 1887 [32] Staatsspoorwegen V Purwokerto Yes check.svg (Activated by the end of 2023)
SS Tram Cikampek Cikampek–Cilamaya 1 July 1909 [32] I Jakarta Dark Red x.svg
Cikampek–Wadas 15 July 1912 [32] Dark Red x.svg
Karawang–Rengasdengklok 15 June 1919 [32] Dark Red x.svg
Lamaran–Wadas 9 February 1920 [32] Dark Red x.svg
10 (SCS dan SDS) Purwokerto–Wonosobo 1896-1917 [40] Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij V Purwokerto Yes check.svg
Banjarsari-Purbalingga —
Cirebon–Kadipaten 29 December 1901 [41] Semarang–Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij III Cirebon Yes check.svg
11 (Bandung Inspection cross-branch) Cikudapateuh–Ciwidey 13 February 1921-17 June 1924 [42] Staatsspoorwegen II Bandung Yes check.svg
Banjar–Cijulang 15 Desember 1916-1 Juni 1921 [32] Yes check.svg
Cikajang-Garut 1 August 1930 [43] Yes check.svg
13 (Pantura Jawa Timur) Wirosari–Kradenan (bersama lintas 18)1 November 1898 [44] Samarang–Joana Stoomtram Maatschappij IV Semarang Dark Red x.svg
14 (Vorstenlanden) Yogyakarta–Palbapang 21 May 1895 [37] Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij VI Yogyakarta Dark Red x.svg
15 (Magelang) Kedungjati–Secang 21 May 1873 and 1 February 1905 [37] [45] [46] [47] IV Semarang (only to Gemawang)

VI Yogyakarta (Gemawang dst.)

Yes check.svg
Parakan–Secang 1 July 1907 [38] Dark Red x.svg
Yogyakarta–Secang 1 July 1898 [37] and 15 May 1903 [41] Replaced with a new trajectory from DJKA
16 (Solo Raya) Wonogiri–Baturetno 1 October 1923 VI Yogyakarta Dark Red x.svg
Purwosari–Boyolali 1892 [35] [48] Solosche Tramweg Maatschappij Dark Red x.svg
17 (SJS Kudus) Kudus–Mayong–Bakalan 1887-1895 [44] Samarang–Joana Stoomtram Maatschappij IV Semarang Dark Red x.svg
Jurnatan–Demak– Kudus– Juwana– Rembang– Rembang–Lasem 1883-1900 [44] Yes check.svg (Demak-Rembang)
Juwana–Tayu 1899-1900 [44] Dark Red x.svg
18 (SJS Blora) Demak–Purwodadi– Wirosari–Blora 1888-1894 [44] Dark Red x.svg
Rembang–Blora –Cepu 1901-1903 [44] Dark Red x.svg
Purwodadi–Gundih 28 November 1884 [43] Poerwodadie–Goendih Stoomtram Maatschappij Dark Red x.svg
19 (around Bojonegoro) Lasem–Bojonegoro 1914-1919 Samarang–Joana Stoomtram Maatschappij dan Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij IV Semarang dan VIII Surabaya Yes check.svg (Contained in the contents of the Annex to Presidential Regulation No. 80/2019)
Merakurak–Babat 1 Agustus 1920 [41] Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij VIII Surabaya Yes check.svg (Contained in the contents of the Annex to Presidential Regulation No. 80/2019)
Babat–Jombang 1899-1902 Babat–Djombang Stoomtram Maatschappij VII Madiun Yes check.svg
20 (Gresik) Gresik–Indro Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij VIII Surabaya Yes check.svg
21 (Tram OJS Surabaya) Surabaya tram lines 1898

1923 (electric tram)

 Oost-Java Stoomtram Maatschappij Dark Red x.svg
23 (Greater Malang) Malang Kotalama–Gondanglegi– Dampit 1897-1899 Malang Stoomtram Maatschappij Dark Red x.svg
Blimbing–Tumpang 1901-1903Dark Red x.svg
Malang Kotalama–Blimbing–Singosari Dark Red x.svg
25 (Banyuwangi) Rogojampi–Benculuk 1921-1922 Staatsspoorwegen IX Jember Dark Red x.svg
Kabat-Banyuwangi 2 February 1903Dark Red x.svg
26 (Jember Inspection cross-line) Klakah–Lumajang–Pasirian 16 May 1896Dark Red x.svg
Lumajang–Balung 1927-1928Dark Red x.svg
Rambipuji–Balung–Puger 3 May 1913Dark Red x.svg
Balung–Ambulu Dark Red x.svg
Kalisat–Panarukan 1 October 1897Yes check.svg (Contained in the contents of the Annex to Presidential Regulation No. 80/2019)
Situbondo-Panji 1 May 1912Dark Red x.svg
Probolinggo–Paiton 1897-1898 Probolinggo Stoomtram Maatschappij Dark Red x.svg
Pasuruan–Warung Dowo –Winongan 1896-1898 Pasoeroean Stoomtram Maatschappij Dark Red x.svg
Warung Dowo–Wonorejo 1901Dark Red x.svg
27 (Mojokerto) Mojokerto–Japanan–Porong/Bangil 1898-1899 Modjokerto Stoomtram Maatschappij VIII Surabaya Dark Red x.svg
Bangsal–Pugeran 18 September 1899Dark Red x.svg
28 Jombang–Kediri 7 January 1897 Kediri Stoomtram Maatschappij VII Madiun Dark Red x.svg
Pelem–Papar 8 May 1897Dark Red x.svg
Madiun–Ponorogo– Slahung 1907-1922 Staatsspoorwegen Yes check.svg
33 Krian–Ploso 1912-1921 VIII Surabaya Dark Red x.svg
Rikuyu Sokyuku 1 Saketi–Bayah 1942-1944Rikuyu Sokyoku I Jakarta —
- Rajapolah-Pirusa 1 Desember 1983 Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api II Bandung Dark Red x.svg

Madura

Lines numbers in the 1982 distance tableRailroad lineDate inauguratedCompany that inauguratedAsset territoryReactivation status
29 Madurese lines 1899-1913 Madoera Stoomtram Maatschappij VIII Surabaya Yes check.svg Contained in the contents of the Perpres Appendix No. 80 of 2019 (specifically the Kamal-Sumenep segment)

Sumatra

Lines numberRailroad lineDate inauguratedCompany that inauguratedAsset territoryReactivation status
AT/ASS Aceh Lines 1886-1917 Atjeh Tram/Atjeh Staatsspoorwegen Divre I Medan Replaced with a new trase from DJKA
DSM Besitang–Medan
(segmen Besitang-Kuala Bingai)		1887-1919 Deli Spoorweg Maatschappij Yes check.svg
Medan–Batu/Pancur Batu dan Delitua 4 September 1887, October 1907, dan 1916 [43] Dark Red x.svg
Lubuk Pakam–Bangun Purba 10 April 1904 [43] Dark Red x.svg
Binjai–Kuala 1890-1902Dark Red x.svg
Tanjungbalai-Teluk Nibung 1915Dark Red x.svg
SSS Padangpanjang–Payakumbuh–Limbanang 1891-1896 Staatsspoorwegen ter Sumatra's Westkust Divre II Padang Yes check.svg
Lubuk Alung–Sawahlunto
(segmen Kayutanam–Muarakalaban)		1891-1894Yes check.svg
Muarakalaban–Muaro 1 March 1924 [49] Yes check.svg
Naras–Sungai Limau 1 January 1911Yes check.svg
Percabangan menuju Pelabuhan Teluk Bayur 1 October 1892Dark Red x.svg
ZSS Garuntang-Telukbetung 27 May 1921 Zuid-Sumatra Staatsspoorwegen Divre IV Tanjungkarang Dark Red x.svg
Tanjung Enim Baru-Tanjung Enim 1 September 1910Dark Red x.svg
Pekanbaru–Muaro 15 August 1945Rikuyu Sokyoku Divre II Padang Replaced with a new trase from DJKA

Sulawesi

Lines numberRailroad lineDate inauguratedCompany that inauguratedAsset territoryReactivation status
STC 1 Pasarbutung–Takalar (lintas STC) 1 July 1923 [50] Staatstramwegen op Celebes

(Grup Staatsspoorwegen)

-Replaced with a new trase from DJKA

See also

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Depok Station (DP) is a railway station located in Pancoran Mas, Pancoran Mas, Depok, West Java. This station is commonly known as Depok Lama, to distinguish with Depok Baru Station. The station is one of the oldest station in Jakarta metropolitan area. At present it serves as a station of Jakarta Commuter Rail. Depok EMU depot is located to the southwest of the station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bogor railway station</span> Railway station in Indonesia

Bogor Station (BOO), formerly Buitenzorg Station, is a railway station located in the city of Bogor, West Java. This station serves as the terminus for the Red Line service of KRL Commuterline. The station has five island platforms and two side platforms. The station is located +246 meters above sea level.

The Jakarta Kota–Manggarai railway, nicknamed the rainbow line, is an elevated, 15 km long railway line that connects Jakarta Kota with Manggarai. Given its central position in the city, it is one of the most important railways in Jakarta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Karawang railway station</span> Railway station in Indonesia

Karawang Station (KW) is a railway station located in Nagasari, West Karawang, Karawang Regency. The station, which is located at an altitude of 16 meters, is included in the Operation Area I Jakarta and is the station that is located in the westernmost of Karawang Regency.

<i>Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij</i> Railway company in Java, Dutch East Indies

N.V. Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij, abbreviated to NIS, NISM or N.V. NISM was a private-owned railways company in charge of rail transport in Java, Dutch East Indies. The company's headquarters were in Semarang, Central Java. The company started its maiden route from Semarang to the Vorstenlanden and in 1873 they also built their line to the Willem I Railway Station of Ambarawa–Kedungjati and Batavia–Buitenzorg lines. Later the network expanded to Bandung and Surabaya. It was absorbed into the present Kereta Api Indonesia after Indonesian independence in 1949. It was the main competitor to Staatsspoorwegen as state-owned railway company and established on April 6, 1875.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Staatsspoorwegen</span> State-owned national railway company of the Dutch East Indies

Staatsspoorwegen was a state-owned railway company managed by the Dutch East Indies colonial government. It was absorbed into the present Kereta Api Indonesia after Indonesian independence in 1945. The main competitor was Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) as private-owned railways company which had standard gauge and cape gauge lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cikampek railway station</span> Railway station in Indonesia

Cikampek Station (CKP) is a large class type B railway station located in Cikampek Kota, Cikampek, Karawang Regency. The station, which is located at an altitude of +46 meters, is the station that is located in the easternmost part of the Operational Area I Jakarta and Karawang Regency, and is the largest railway station in Karawang Regency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solo Jebres railway station</span> Railway station in Indonesia

Solo Jebres Station, also known as Jebres Station, is a type-C large class railway station in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. The station, which is located 97 metres (318 ft) above sea level, is operated by Operational Area VI Yogyakarta of Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI). It is one of the major railway stations in the city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bangil railway station</span> Railway station in Indonesia

Bangil Station (BG) is a class I (one) railway station located in Pogar, Bangil, Pasuruan Regency; entered within eastern border of Operational Area VII Surabaya of Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) at the height of ± 9 meters above sea level. To the east of this station, there are branches towards Pasuruan-Probolinggo-Jember-Banyuwangi and to Malang.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "142 Tahun Stasiun Ambarawa - Wisata Sejarah Kereta Api Indonesia". heritage.kereta-api.co.id, PT Kereta Api Indonesia (in Indonesian). Kompas. 23 May 2015. p. 12.
  2. ↑ "Dimanakah Stasiun Kereta Api Pertama di Indonesia? Ini Jawabannya". 1 March 2014.
  3. ↑ Mohammad, Yandi (30 September 2015). "Jalur kereta yang kian menyusut". beritagar.id. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
  4. ↑ 1963 Indonesian Government's Regulation No. 22
  5. ↑ 1971 Indonesian Government's Regulation No. 61
  6. ↑ 1990 Indonesian Government's Regulation No. 57
  7. ↑ 1998 Indonesian Government's Regulation No. 19, 1999 President's Decree No. 39, and Imas Fatimah's Notarial Document
  8. ↑ 2010 The Indonesian Railways Directors' Decree No. 16/OT.203/KA 2010
  9. ↑ Buku Informasi Direktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian Republik Indonesia Tahun 2014 (PDF) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  10. ↑ "Sejarah dan Drama di Balik Pengoperasian KRL Jalur Nambo" (in Indonesian). Kaori Nusantara. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  11. ↑ Muhardiansyah, Yan (27 March 2014). "Pukul gondang batak, Presiden SBY resmikan Bandara Kualanamu". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  12. ↑ "Kereta Bandara Diresmikan". Solopos.com (in Indonesian). 5 September 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  13. ↑ "Ini Panduan ke Bandara Soekarno-Hatta Naik Kereta Bandara". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  14. ↑ Agustiyanti (22 May 2018). "Tiket Kereta Bandara Minangkabau Hanya Rp10 Ribu". CNN Indonesia. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
  15. ↑ developer, mediaindonesia com (29 December 2019). "Resmi Beroperasi, Kereta BIAS Digratiskan Selama Dua Bulan". mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  16. ↑ Yati, Rahmi (1 September 2021). Pradana, Rio Sandy (ed.). "KA Bandara YIA Mulai Beroperasi Hari Ini, Cek Jadwal dan Rutenya". Bisnis.com. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  17. ↑ "Proyek Kereta Api Sulawesi Lebih Cepat dari Jawa". Tribun Jateng (in Indonesian). 24 October 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  18. ↑ Bintang, Amri (30 November 2017). "Buatan PT INKA! Inilah Kereta Inspeksi Trans Sulawesi Milik Kemenhub". KAORI Nusantara (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  19. 1 2 "Pernah Direncanakan Tahun 1915, Kereta Api Pertama di Sulawesi Akhirnya Beroperasi". merdeka.com. 10 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  20. 1 2 Damayanti, Aulia. "Jokowi Targetkan Kereta Sulawesi Nyambung dari Makassar hingga Manado". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  21. ↑ "Pembangunan Jalur KA Double Track Surabaya-Bojonegoro Dimulai". detiknews. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  22. ↑ Ritonga, Efri NP (9 May 2014). "Rel Ganda Tersambung, Bulan Depan Kereta Ditambah". Tempo (in Indonesian). Retrieved 11 April 2018.
  23. ↑ Gideon, Arthur (14 April 2019). "Senin, Perjalanan KRL Masih Terganggu Pengoperasian Jalur Dwiganda". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  24. ↑ T, Sharon. "Indonesia electrifies railway from Jakarta to Bandung". AFM. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  25. ↑ TFI
  26. ↑ "Melesat di Kecepatan 320 Km per Jam, Kereta Cepat Minim Guncangan". mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian). 25 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
  27. ↑ Review Rencana Induk Perkeretaapian Nasional 2018 (PDF). Jakarta: Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia. 2018. p. II-1.
  28. ↑ Subdit Jalan Rel dan Jembatan (1982). Buku Jarak untuk Angkutan Barang Jawa dan Madura. Bandung: Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api.
  29. ↑ Nusantara, Telaga Bakti; Perkeretaapian, Asosiasi (1997). Sejarah Perkeretaapian Indonesia Jilid 2. Bandung: Angkasa.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Bruin, Jan de (2003). Het Indische Spoor in Oorlogstijd: de spoor- en tramwegmaatschappijen in Nederlands-Indië in de vuurlinie, 1873-1949. Uquilair B.V.
  31. 1 2 Nusantara, Telaga Bakti; Railways, Association (1997). History of Indonesian Railways Volume 1. Bandung: Angkasa.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Staatsspoorwegen (1921–1932). Verslag der Staatsspoor-en-Tramwegen in Nederlandsch-Indië 1921-1932. Batavia: Burgerlijke Openbare Werken.
  33. ↑ (in Dutch) P. den Hengst en Zoon.1926.Tramwegen op Java.Amsterdam:Algemeen Handelsblad
  34. ↑ (in Dutch) "Spoor- en tramwegen; tijdschrift voor het spoor- en tramwegwezen in Nederland en Indië, jrg 8, 1935, no 16, 30-07-1935". Moorman's Periodieke PersDen Haag. 30 July 1935. p. 380. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nusantara, Telaga Bakti; Perkeretaapian, Asosiasi (1997). Sejarah Perkeretaapian Indonesia Jilid 1. Bandung: Angkasa.
  36. ↑ (in Dutch) "Spoorlijn opgeheven". www.delpher.nl. Jakarta: Bataviaasch nieuwsblad. 1932. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Archiv Für Eisenbahnwesen. Vol. 58. 1935.
  38. 1 2 Anonim (1921). Regeerings-Almanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië. Batavia: Landsdrukkerij.
  39. ↑ Semarang–Cheribon Stoomtram Maatschappij (1916). Verslag der SCS. Den Haag: SCS.
  40. ↑ Serajoedal Stoomtram Maatschappij (1917). Verslag der SDS. Den Haag: SDS.
  41. 1 2 3 Reitsma, S.A. (1920). Indische Spoorweg-Politiek. Landsdrukkerij.
  42. ↑ Staatsspoorwegen (1928). Jaarstatistieken. Batavia: Burgerlijke Openbare Werken.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Weijerman, A.W.E. (1904). Geschiedkundig overzicht van het ontstaan der spoor- en tramwegen in Nederlandsch-Indië. Javasche Boekhandel & Drukkerij.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Samarang–Joana Stoomtram. Verslag der Samarang–Joana Stoomtram Maatschappij. SJS.
  45. ↑ Schetskaart van de spoorweg Samarang-Vorstenlanden door de Raad van Beheer der Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg-Maatschappij aan de Heeren leden van de Staten-Generaal aangeboden. 1869.
  46. ↑ Banck, J.E. (1869). Geschiedenis van het Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij. M.J. Fisser.
  47. ↑ Perquin, B.L.M.C. (1921). Nederlandsch Indische staatsspooren tramwegen. Bureau Industria.
  48. ↑ X., Nadar, F.; Rochani., Adi, Ida; Dwi., Hardjanto, Tofan; Budaya., Universitas Gadjah Mada. Fakultas Ilmu (2009). Lenses : thoughts on culture, literature and linguistics (Ed. 1., cet. 2 ed.). Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta: Faculty of Cultural Sciences, University Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta. ISBN   9789799821850. OCLC   593669122.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  49. ↑ Bijlagen van der Verslag van de handelingen der Staten-Generaal. Den Haag: Staatsdrukkerij- en Uitgeverijbedrijf. 1925–1928.
  50. ↑ (in Dutch)Reitsma, Steven Anne (1928). Korte geschiedenis der Nederlandsch-Indische spoor- en tramwegen. Weltevreden: G. Kolff & Co.
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