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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Deferribacter desulfuricans is a species of sulfur-, nitrate- and arsenate-reducing thermophile first isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is an anaerobic, heterotrophic thermophile with type strain SSM1T.
Phorcysia is a bacteria genus from the family Desulfurobacteriaceae.
Caldanaerobacter is a Gram-positive or negative and strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Thermoanaerobacteraceae.
Tepidanaerobacter is a genus of anaerobic, moderately thermophilic, syntrophic bacteria from the family Tepidanaerobacteraceae.
Caldimicrobium is a genus of bacteria from the family of Thermodesulfobacteriaceae.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Caloranaerobacter azorensis is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent site from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Hippea is an obligate anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae. Hippea is named after the German microbiologist Hans Hippe.
Vulcanibacillus is a genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae with one known species. Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Rainbow Vent Field.
Anaerolineaceae is a family of bacteria from the order of Anaerolineales. Anaerolineaceae bacteria occur in marine sediments. There are a total of twelve genera in this family, most of which only encompass one species. All known members of the family are Gram-negative and non-motile. They also do not form bacterial spores and are either mesophilic or thermophilic obligate anaerobes. It is also known that all species in this family are chemoheterotrophs.
Lebetimonas acidiphila is a thermophilic, acidophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing and motile bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas. To observe growth, the temperature should be between 30 and 68 degrees Celsius.
Lebetimonas natsushimae is a moderately thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Okinawa Trough.
Thermostilla is a thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Planctomycetaceae with one known species. Thermostilla marina has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from a Vulcano Island in Italy.
Nitratifractor is a genus of bacteria from the order Campylobacterales, with one known species.
Inmirania is a thermophilic and facultatively autotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Inmirania thermothiophila has been isolated from water and sediments from a thermal spring from the Kuril Islands.
Thiogranum is an obligately chemolithoautotrophic genus of bacteria from the family of Ectothiorhodospiraceae with one known species. Thiogranum longum has been isolated from a rock from a deep-sea hydrothermal field from the coast of Suiyo Seamount in Japan.
Nitratiruptor sp. is a genus of deep sea gram-negative Campylobacterota isolated from Iheya North Hydrothermal field in Okinawa Trough (Japan). This rod-shaped microorganism grows chemolithoautotrophically in a wide variety of electron donors and acceptors in absence of light and oxygen. It is also a thermophilic group capable of growing within the range of 37–65 °C with the optimal at 55 °C.
Thioreductor is a Gram-negative, mesophilic, hydrogen-oxidizing, sulfur-reducing and motile genus of bacteria from the phylum Campylobacterota with one known species. Thioreductor micantisoli has been isolated from hydrothermal sediments from the Iheya North from the Mid-Okinawa Trough in Japan.
The Campylobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria. It used to be known as Epsilonproteobacteria. Only a few genera have been characterized, including the curved to spirilloid Wolinella, Helicobacter, and Campylobacter.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Lebetimonas". LPSN .
- ↑ "Lebetimonas". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (1 January 2003). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M. (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the genera". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/tx.8666.
- ↑ Satyanarayana, Tulasi; Littlechild, Jennifer; Kawarabayasi, Yutaka (2013). Thermophilic Microbes in Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology: Biotechnology of Thermophiles. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400758995.
- ↑ Falkiewicz-Dulik, Michalina; Janda, Katarzyna; Wypych, George (2015). Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostablization. Elsevier. ISBN 9781927885024.
